Oral cancer or mouth cancer, a type of head and neck cancer, is any cancerous tissue growth
located in the oral cavity.
The Case Study was conducted in 2014 as a part of an Investigatory Project Work on the Number Of Oral Cancel in the District of Balasore of Odisha in that Year
Oral cancer screening involves examination of the mouth by a dentist or doctor to identify signs of cancer early. Screening methods include visual examination with tools like a mouth mirror [1], as well as adjunct tests to identify abnormal cells, like oral cytology or brush biopsy [2]. Additional aids like vital stains that detect high nucleic acid areas can specify sites for biopsy [3]. Early detection through regular screening is important as 5-year survival rates for oral cancer remain below 50% [1].
The document summarizes the risk factors and prevention strategies of oral cancer in India. It finds that oral cancer is the most common cancer in India, accounting for 4 in 10 cancers. India has a high prevalence due to widespread tobacco consumption, especially gutka and quid. About 130,000 people die from oral cancer annually in India. Prevention strategies such as reducing tobacco consumption and early detection are needed to reduce the oral cancer burden.
The document discusses oral cancer as a major health problem in India. It notes that oral cancer is the 6th leading cause of cancer worldwide and has a 52% survival rate. Prevention through lifestyle changes like avoiding tobacco and regular screening is key to reducing the disease burden. Early detection is important as 60-80% of patients in India present with advanced disease, whereas in developed countries it is only 40%. Finding cancer early would improve cure rates and lower treatment costs and morbidity. A randomized trial found that an intervention of screening reduced oral cancer mortality by detecting cases at an earlier stage.
This document discusses oral cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It notes that oral cancer is the 5th most common cancer in men and 7th most common in women, with over 400,000 new cases per year globally. The main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol use. Diagnosis involves visual examination, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination, depending on the cancer's stage and location. The document provides details on each of these therapeutic approaches.
This document provides information on head and neck cancer including:
1. It describes the anatomy of the head and neck region including lymph nodes and locations of salivary glands.
2. It discusses imaging techniques like CT and PET scans which are used to detect and stage head and neck cancers.
3. It outlines the AJCC TNM staging system for various head and neck cancers and describes how the cancer can spread from different primary sites.
A 48-year-old female presented with a 6-month history of pain and a 4-month history of an ulcerative lesion on the right side of her tongue. Examination revealed a 4cm x 3cm x 1cm tender ulcerative growth that bled on touch, consistent with early carcinoma of the tongue. Given her history of tobacco and betel nut chewing for 30 years, squamous cell carcinoma was considered the most likely diagnosis. Investigations including biopsy and imaging of the neck were planned to confirm diagnosis and assess spread, and right hemiglossectomy with neck dissection was proposed as treatment.
A 67-year-old male presented with a 3-month history of an ulcerative and proliferative growth in his lower left jaw. On examination, a tender ulcerative growth measuring 2.8 x 0.7 cm was found. The provisional diagnosis was early carcinoma of the lower alveolus, stage II. Confirmatory tests including an incisional biopsy and imaging were planned. The proposed treatment was a left selective neck dissection of level IV along with postoperative follow-up.
Oral cancer is cancer that starts in the mouth or throat. It is caused by abnormal cell growth and is defined by characteristics like clonality, autonomy, anaplasia, and metaplasia. The main risk factors for oral cancer are tobacco use in forms like smoking and smokeless tobacco. Symptoms may include lumps, sores, bleeding, or pain in the mouth. Diagnosis involves examination for lesions followed by biopsy and imaging. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or combinations. Prevention strategies focus on regulatory policies to reduce tobacco use along with educational programs.
Oral cancer screening involves examination of the mouth by a dentist or doctor to identify signs of cancer early. Screening methods include visual examination with tools like a mouth mirror [1], as well as adjunct tests to identify abnormal cells, like oral cytology or brush biopsy [2]. Additional aids like vital stains that detect high nucleic acid areas can specify sites for biopsy [3]. Early detection through regular screening is important as 5-year survival rates for oral cancer remain below 50% [1].
The document summarizes the risk factors and prevention strategies of oral cancer in India. It finds that oral cancer is the most common cancer in India, accounting for 4 in 10 cancers. India has a high prevalence due to widespread tobacco consumption, especially gutka and quid. About 130,000 people die from oral cancer annually in India. Prevention strategies such as reducing tobacco consumption and early detection are needed to reduce the oral cancer burden.
The document discusses oral cancer as a major health problem in India. It notes that oral cancer is the 6th leading cause of cancer worldwide and has a 52% survival rate. Prevention through lifestyle changes like avoiding tobacco and regular screening is key to reducing the disease burden. Early detection is important as 60-80% of patients in India present with advanced disease, whereas in developed countries it is only 40%. Finding cancer early would improve cure rates and lower treatment costs and morbidity. A randomized trial found that an intervention of screening reduced oral cancer mortality by detecting cases at an earlier stage.
This document discusses oral cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It notes that oral cancer is the 5th most common cancer in men and 7th most common in women, with over 400,000 new cases per year globally. The main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol use. Diagnosis involves visual examination, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination, depending on the cancer's stage and location. The document provides details on each of these therapeutic approaches.
This document provides information on head and neck cancer including:
1. It describes the anatomy of the head and neck region including lymph nodes and locations of salivary glands.
2. It discusses imaging techniques like CT and PET scans which are used to detect and stage head and neck cancers.
3. It outlines the AJCC TNM staging system for various head and neck cancers and describes how the cancer can spread from different primary sites.
A 48-year-old female presented with a 6-month history of pain and a 4-month history of an ulcerative lesion on the right side of her tongue. Examination revealed a 4cm x 3cm x 1cm tender ulcerative growth that bled on touch, consistent with early carcinoma of the tongue. Given her history of tobacco and betel nut chewing for 30 years, squamous cell carcinoma was considered the most likely diagnosis. Investigations including biopsy and imaging of the neck were planned to confirm diagnosis and assess spread, and right hemiglossectomy with neck dissection was proposed as treatment.
A 67-year-old male presented with a 3-month history of an ulcerative and proliferative growth in his lower left jaw. On examination, a tender ulcerative growth measuring 2.8 x 0.7 cm was found. The provisional diagnosis was early carcinoma of the lower alveolus, stage II. Confirmatory tests including an incisional biopsy and imaging were planned. The proposed treatment was a left selective neck dissection of level IV along with postoperative follow-up.
Oral cancer is cancer that starts in the mouth or throat. It is caused by abnormal cell growth and is defined by characteristics like clonality, autonomy, anaplasia, and metaplasia. The main risk factors for oral cancer are tobacco use in forms like smoking and smokeless tobacco. Symptoms may include lumps, sores, bleeding, or pain in the mouth. Diagnosis involves examination for lesions followed by biopsy and imaging. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or combinations. Prevention strategies focus on regulatory policies to reduce tobacco use along with educational programs.
This document discusses cancer screening guidelines for several common cancers. It recommends screening for breast cancer with annual mammograms and clinical exams starting at age 40, and beginning earlier or including MRI for those at high risk. Cervical cancer screening should begin at age 21 with Pap tests every 3 years or co-testing with HPV every 5 years. Colorectal cancer screening options include colonoscopy every 10 years, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or annual fecal tests. Genetic screening is recommended for those with a family history suggesting inherited cancer risk. Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT is advised for high-risk smokers aged 55-74. Prostate cancer screening involves PSA testing and DRE for men aged 50-69
1. Oral cancer is a major public health problem in India, where it accounts for over 30% of all cancers. It is most commonly diagnosed at later stages, resulting in low treatment outcomes and costs for patients. 2. Tobacco use, in forms such as chewing tobacco and smoking, is the most important risk factor for oral cancer in India. 3. Efforts toward early detection of oral cancer through screening programs and prevention education on reducing tobacco use have the potential to significantly reduce the disease burden in India.
This document discusses the epidemiology of oral cancer. It begins by introducing oral cancer as a major public health threat worldwide. India has a high prevalence of oral cancer, particularly among males. Common risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and HPV/EBV infections. The document then examines tobacco products and consumption patterns in India. It also covers clinical features of oral cancer and precancerous lesions. Global initiatives for oral cancer prevention focus on tobacco control policies, education programs, and early detection services.
Oral cancer is one of the deadliest diseases affecting the human population, being one among the top ten causes of death occurring worldwide. Its high morbidity and mortality rate has not changed for the past 30 years, even after revolutions that are happening in its diagnosis and management. This alarming stage is a sequelae of its late diagnosis, with 80% of cases being diagnosed at late stages. A good number of screening techniques have been time tested for the predictive value in diagnosing oral cancer in an early premalignant stage. Although surgical biopsy is a gold standard for diagnosing, it needs professional services. Hence screening methods which are noninvasive and highly sensitive are accepted as an alternative of histopathology. Vital staining and vizilite are widely accepted methods among all the screening techniques and are widely used in a clinical setup.
This document discusses cancer screening. It defines screening as testing asymptomatic individuals at regular intervals to detect cancer early. The goals of screening are to detect cancer early to prevent death and suffering while using minimal treatment. For screening to be effective, the disease must have a detectable preclinical phase and early treatment must improve outcomes. Screening can detect cancer earlier and allow less invasive treatment, but also has risks like overdiagnosis and false positives. Proper evaluation of screening programs is important to understand outcomes and costs. Guidelines recommend screening for breast, cervical and prostate cancers in average risk individuals.
- Oral mucositis is a common side effect of cancer therapy like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It involves inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the mouth.
- Chemotherapy-induced mucositis is caused by drugs damaging the basal epithelial cells. This triggers an inflammatory response and ulceration. Risk is higher with certain chemo agents and combinations with radiation.
- Radiation-induced mucositis occurs as radiation damages the mucosal stem cells, inhibiting cell regeneration and causing the epithelium to break down over the treatment period. The severity depends on factors like daily dose and total cumulative dose.
This document provides information about cancer awareness from Dr. Ankita Singh Patel of Apex Hospital Cancer Institute. It discusses that cancer causes 20% of deaths annually in India with 8 lakh new cases detected each year. The top causes of cancer are discussed as tobacco, alcohol, obesity, viruses, and heredity. Common signs and symptoms of different cancers are outlined. Methods for cancer prevention focus on avoiding risk factors like tobacco and increasing healthy behaviors like exercise and fiber intake. The importance of screening and early detection for improving cancer treatment outcomes is emphasized. Breast cancer facts, risks, signs, and screening recommendations are specifically covered.
This document discusses tobacco-related oral cancer and precancerous conditions. It begins with an introduction to oral cancer epidemiology, noting that tobacco use accounts for about 40% of oral cancer cases. It then covers the main risk factors for oral cancer like smoking, smokeless tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid chewing. The document defines several precancerous oral lesions including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, lichen planus and submucous fibrosis. It also describes several clinical trials investigating treatments for oral cancer. In summary, the document provides an overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, precancerous lesions and clinical trials related to tobacco-induced oral cancer.
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and constitutes the third most common cancer in developing countries. It affects lips and other intraoral sites. The main risk factors are tobacco, alcohol, poor diet/nutrition, viral infections, and chronic irritation. Precancerous lesions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia can develop due to these risk factors and have a higher risk of becoming cancerous. Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors through education, screening, and early detection/treatment of precancerous lesions. Diagnosis and management depends on the stage, with surgery and radiation used for early stages and palliative care for late stages.
This document discusses oral cancer, including its definition, types, signs and symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and prevention. Oral cancer is defined as an indurated, ulcerated lump or sore in the mouth that may be painful and associated with cervical lymph node swelling. Tobacco use, including chewing tobacco, is the main risk factor and causes around 90% of oral cancers. Prevention strategies include education programs, screening and early detection, and maintaining good oral hygiene.
Oral cancer is an uncontrolled growth of oral tissues that persists even after the initiating factor is removed. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma originating from the surface epithelium. Tobacco, alcohol, viruses, poor oral hygiene, radiation, and genetic syndromes are risk factors. Oral cancers are staged based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and reconstruction. Early stage cancers are treated with single modality therapy while advanced cancers require combined surgery and radiation. Prognosis depends on stage, with early stages having better survival rates than advanced stages. Dental practitioners play an important role in prevention, early detection, pre-radiation dental care, and prosthetic rehabilitation
Mucositis refers to inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. It is a common side effect of cancer treatment like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Several patient-related factors like age, oral hygiene, nutrition status and treatment-related factors like chemotherapy agents and dosage increase the risk. The pathogenesis involves initiation of DNA damage, primary damage response, signalling and amplification of the injury, ulceration and healing. Nurses can help manage oral mucositis and its symptoms to improve patients' quality of life during cancer treatment.
This document summarizes key information about oral cancer:
1) Oral cancer is a major malignancy in the Indian subcontinent, affecting males over 60 years old at a higher rate. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, betel nut and spice chewing.
2) Premalignant lesions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia are associated with increased risk of oral cancer. Conditions like submucous fibrosis from betel chewing can also progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma.
3) Patient workup for oral cancer involves history, clinical exam, biopsy or FNAC of suspicious lesions, and imaging tests. Staging follows AJCC guidelines and helps determine prognosis and guide treatment.
This document contains information about Dr. Kanhu Charan Patro, a radiation oncologist based in Visakhapatnam, India. It discusses various cancer-related topics including common myths about cancer, cancer survival rates, what cancer is, cancer statistics, cancer stages, cancer symptoms, causes of cancer like heredity, infection, chemicals, lifestyle factors, cancer prevention, cancer treatment options, side effects of treatment, tobacco and its health effects, and actions individuals can take to prevent cancer.
The document discusses several studies conducted on screening for oral cancer in India and Taiwan. The Kerala, India study was a cluster-randomized controlled trial that screened over 35,000 individuals aged 15+ using oral visual examination by trained health workers. It found a 38% reduction in oral cancer incidence and 81% reduction in mortality among those screened 4 times over 15 years. The Taiwan study was a nationwide screening program of over 4 million smokers/betel nut chewers screened biennially by dentists/physicians. It reported a 17% reduction in oral cancer incidence and 26% reduction in mortality after screening from 2004-2012. Both studies demonstrated that screening by oral visual examination can help reduce oral cancer rates.
This document discusses HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer. It notes that HPV is a common virus, and certain HPV types can cause cancers like oropharyngeal, cervical, anal and others. HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer rates have been rising dramatically and now account for most oropharynx cancers. HPV-positive cancers often present with neck masses and occult primaries, and have better survival rates than HPV-negative cancers. Ongoing trials are exploring de-escalated treatment approaches for HPV-positive patients given their superior outcomes with standard chemoradiation. The document reviews staging, symptoms, imaging, treatment and outcomes for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.
Oral cancers are a major public health issue, especially in India which accounts for 86% of global oral cancer cases. Tobacco use, in forms such as chewing tobacco, is the main risk factor, causing around 90% of oral cancers. The National Cancer Control Programme aims to prevent oral cancers through tobacco control and early detection, and treat them through strengthening cancer facilities and palliative care. However, banning tobacco is challenging due to its economic role.
Oral cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that involves abnormal cell growth in the mouth. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, which can develop in the tongue, lips, palate, or other areas of the mouth. Symptoms may include white or red patches in the mouth, lumps or swelling, difficulty chewing or swallowing, or unexplained bleeding or numbness. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and sun exposure. Early diagnosis through self-screening is important, as treatment options like radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery work best when cancer is detected early.
This document discusses oral cancer, including:
- Oral cancer is common in Saudi Arabia, accounting for over 25% of cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma makes up over 90% of oral cancers.
- Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, poor nutrition, and older age. Tobacco and alcohol can damage oral cells and DNA.
- Precancerous lesions include leukoplakia and erythroplakia, which have high potential to become cancerous if not resolved.
- Symptoms may not appear until the cancer is advanced. Early detection through screening can increase 5-year survival rates to 85%.
This document provides an overview of malignancies of the lips and oral cavity. It discusses the cellular biology of the oral epithelium and various molecular markers. Risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, and genetic syndromes. Common sites are the tongue, floor of mouth, and lower alveolus. Symptoms include sores that don't heal, lumps, pain, and difficulty swallowing. Molecular changes involve tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes.
Oral cancer is a major public health problem globally and is largely caused by tobacco use. In India, various forms of smoked and smokeless tobacco are commonly used. The National Cancer Registry Program was established in 1981 to collect data on cancer incidence and help design control programs. Tobacco and alcohol are significant risk factors for oral cancer. The TNM staging system is used to classify oral cancer severity. Prevention strategies focus on tobacco control through regulatory, service-based, and educational approaches. Dentists play an important role in counseling patients to promote tobacco cessation and reduce oral cancer risk.
This document discusses cancer screening guidelines for several common cancers. It recommends screening for breast cancer with annual mammograms and clinical exams starting at age 40, and beginning earlier or including MRI for those at high risk. Cervical cancer screening should begin at age 21 with Pap tests every 3 years or co-testing with HPV every 5 years. Colorectal cancer screening options include colonoscopy every 10 years, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or annual fecal tests. Genetic screening is recommended for those with a family history suggesting inherited cancer risk. Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT is advised for high-risk smokers aged 55-74. Prostate cancer screening involves PSA testing and DRE for men aged 50-69
1. Oral cancer is a major public health problem in India, where it accounts for over 30% of all cancers. It is most commonly diagnosed at later stages, resulting in low treatment outcomes and costs for patients. 2. Tobacco use, in forms such as chewing tobacco and smoking, is the most important risk factor for oral cancer in India. 3. Efforts toward early detection of oral cancer through screening programs and prevention education on reducing tobacco use have the potential to significantly reduce the disease burden in India.
This document discusses the epidemiology of oral cancer. It begins by introducing oral cancer as a major public health threat worldwide. India has a high prevalence of oral cancer, particularly among males. Common risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and HPV/EBV infections. The document then examines tobacco products and consumption patterns in India. It also covers clinical features of oral cancer and precancerous lesions. Global initiatives for oral cancer prevention focus on tobacco control policies, education programs, and early detection services.
Oral cancer is one of the deadliest diseases affecting the human population, being one among the top ten causes of death occurring worldwide. Its high morbidity and mortality rate has not changed for the past 30 years, even after revolutions that are happening in its diagnosis and management. This alarming stage is a sequelae of its late diagnosis, with 80% of cases being diagnosed at late stages. A good number of screening techniques have been time tested for the predictive value in diagnosing oral cancer in an early premalignant stage. Although surgical biopsy is a gold standard for diagnosing, it needs professional services. Hence screening methods which are noninvasive and highly sensitive are accepted as an alternative of histopathology. Vital staining and vizilite are widely accepted methods among all the screening techniques and are widely used in a clinical setup.
This document discusses cancer screening. It defines screening as testing asymptomatic individuals at regular intervals to detect cancer early. The goals of screening are to detect cancer early to prevent death and suffering while using minimal treatment. For screening to be effective, the disease must have a detectable preclinical phase and early treatment must improve outcomes. Screening can detect cancer earlier and allow less invasive treatment, but also has risks like overdiagnosis and false positives. Proper evaluation of screening programs is important to understand outcomes and costs. Guidelines recommend screening for breast, cervical and prostate cancers in average risk individuals.
- Oral mucositis is a common side effect of cancer therapy like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It involves inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the mouth.
- Chemotherapy-induced mucositis is caused by drugs damaging the basal epithelial cells. This triggers an inflammatory response and ulceration. Risk is higher with certain chemo agents and combinations with radiation.
- Radiation-induced mucositis occurs as radiation damages the mucosal stem cells, inhibiting cell regeneration and causing the epithelium to break down over the treatment period. The severity depends on factors like daily dose and total cumulative dose.
This document provides information about cancer awareness from Dr. Ankita Singh Patel of Apex Hospital Cancer Institute. It discusses that cancer causes 20% of deaths annually in India with 8 lakh new cases detected each year. The top causes of cancer are discussed as tobacco, alcohol, obesity, viruses, and heredity. Common signs and symptoms of different cancers are outlined. Methods for cancer prevention focus on avoiding risk factors like tobacco and increasing healthy behaviors like exercise and fiber intake. The importance of screening and early detection for improving cancer treatment outcomes is emphasized. Breast cancer facts, risks, signs, and screening recommendations are specifically covered.
This document discusses tobacco-related oral cancer and precancerous conditions. It begins with an introduction to oral cancer epidemiology, noting that tobacco use accounts for about 40% of oral cancer cases. It then covers the main risk factors for oral cancer like smoking, smokeless tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid chewing. The document defines several precancerous oral lesions including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, lichen planus and submucous fibrosis. It also describes several clinical trials investigating treatments for oral cancer. In summary, the document provides an overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, precancerous lesions and clinical trials related to tobacco-induced oral cancer.
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and constitutes the third most common cancer in developing countries. It affects lips and other intraoral sites. The main risk factors are tobacco, alcohol, poor diet/nutrition, viral infections, and chronic irritation. Precancerous lesions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia can develop due to these risk factors and have a higher risk of becoming cancerous. Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors through education, screening, and early detection/treatment of precancerous lesions. Diagnosis and management depends on the stage, with surgery and radiation used for early stages and palliative care for late stages.
This document discusses oral cancer, including its definition, types, signs and symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, and prevention. Oral cancer is defined as an indurated, ulcerated lump or sore in the mouth that may be painful and associated with cervical lymph node swelling. Tobacco use, including chewing tobacco, is the main risk factor and causes around 90% of oral cancers. Prevention strategies include education programs, screening and early detection, and maintaining good oral hygiene.
Oral cancer is an uncontrolled growth of oral tissues that persists even after the initiating factor is removed. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma originating from the surface epithelium. Tobacco, alcohol, viruses, poor oral hygiene, radiation, and genetic syndromes are risk factors. Oral cancers are staged based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and reconstruction. Early stage cancers are treated with single modality therapy while advanced cancers require combined surgery and radiation. Prognosis depends on stage, with early stages having better survival rates than advanced stages. Dental practitioners play an important role in prevention, early detection, pre-radiation dental care, and prosthetic rehabilitation
Mucositis refers to inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. It is a common side effect of cancer treatment like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Several patient-related factors like age, oral hygiene, nutrition status and treatment-related factors like chemotherapy agents and dosage increase the risk. The pathogenesis involves initiation of DNA damage, primary damage response, signalling and amplification of the injury, ulceration and healing. Nurses can help manage oral mucositis and its symptoms to improve patients' quality of life during cancer treatment.
This document summarizes key information about oral cancer:
1) Oral cancer is a major malignancy in the Indian subcontinent, affecting males over 60 years old at a higher rate. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, betel nut and spice chewing.
2) Premalignant lesions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia are associated with increased risk of oral cancer. Conditions like submucous fibrosis from betel chewing can also progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma.
3) Patient workup for oral cancer involves history, clinical exam, biopsy or FNAC of suspicious lesions, and imaging tests. Staging follows AJCC guidelines and helps determine prognosis and guide treatment.
This document contains information about Dr. Kanhu Charan Patro, a radiation oncologist based in Visakhapatnam, India. It discusses various cancer-related topics including common myths about cancer, cancer survival rates, what cancer is, cancer statistics, cancer stages, cancer symptoms, causes of cancer like heredity, infection, chemicals, lifestyle factors, cancer prevention, cancer treatment options, side effects of treatment, tobacco and its health effects, and actions individuals can take to prevent cancer.
The document discusses several studies conducted on screening for oral cancer in India and Taiwan. The Kerala, India study was a cluster-randomized controlled trial that screened over 35,000 individuals aged 15+ using oral visual examination by trained health workers. It found a 38% reduction in oral cancer incidence and 81% reduction in mortality among those screened 4 times over 15 years. The Taiwan study was a nationwide screening program of over 4 million smokers/betel nut chewers screened biennially by dentists/physicians. It reported a 17% reduction in oral cancer incidence and 26% reduction in mortality after screening from 2004-2012. Both studies demonstrated that screening by oral visual examination can help reduce oral cancer rates.
This document discusses HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer. It notes that HPV is a common virus, and certain HPV types can cause cancers like oropharyngeal, cervical, anal and others. HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer rates have been rising dramatically and now account for most oropharynx cancers. HPV-positive cancers often present with neck masses and occult primaries, and have better survival rates than HPV-negative cancers. Ongoing trials are exploring de-escalated treatment approaches for HPV-positive patients given their superior outcomes with standard chemoradiation. The document reviews staging, symptoms, imaging, treatment and outcomes for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.
Oral cancers are a major public health issue, especially in India which accounts for 86% of global oral cancer cases. Tobacco use, in forms such as chewing tobacco, is the main risk factor, causing around 90% of oral cancers. The National Cancer Control Programme aims to prevent oral cancers through tobacco control and early detection, and treat them through strengthening cancer facilities and palliative care. However, banning tobacco is challenging due to its economic role.
Oral cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that involves abnormal cell growth in the mouth. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, which can develop in the tongue, lips, palate, or other areas of the mouth. Symptoms may include white or red patches in the mouth, lumps or swelling, difficulty chewing or swallowing, or unexplained bleeding or numbness. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and sun exposure. Early diagnosis through self-screening is important, as treatment options like radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery work best when cancer is detected early.
This document discusses oral cancer, including:
- Oral cancer is common in Saudi Arabia, accounting for over 25% of cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma makes up over 90% of oral cancers.
- Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, poor nutrition, and older age. Tobacco and alcohol can damage oral cells and DNA.
- Precancerous lesions include leukoplakia and erythroplakia, which have high potential to become cancerous if not resolved.
- Symptoms may not appear until the cancer is advanced. Early detection through screening can increase 5-year survival rates to 85%.
This document provides an overview of malignancies of the lips and oral cavity. It discusses the cellular biology of the oral epithelium and various molecular markers. Risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, and genetic syndromes. Common sites are the tongue, floor of mouth, and lower alveolus. Symptoms include sores that don't heal, lumps, pain, and difficulty swallowing. Molecular changes involve tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes.
Oral cancer is a major public health problem globally and is largely caused by tobacco use. In India, various forms of smoked and smokeless tobacco are commonly used. The National Cancer Registry Program was established in 1981 to collect data on cancer incidence and help design control programs. Tobacco and alcohol are significant risk factors for oral cancer. The TNM staging system is used to classify oral cancer severity. Prevention strategies focus on tobacco control through regulatory, service-based, and educational approaches. Dentists play an important role in counseling patients to promote tobacco cessation and reduce oral cancer risk.
Substance abuse and oral health /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document discusses substance abuse and its effects on oral health. It defines substance abuse as the recurrent use of drugs or alcohol resulting in failure to meet responsibilities or experiencing social problems. Commonly abused substances include cannabis, opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamines. Substance abuse can cause oral cancers, lesions, periodontal disease, and tooth decay. Treatment involves detoxification and rehabilitation programs that address medical and psychological needs through counseling and medication. Maintaining good oral hygiene and avoiding substances can promote long term oral health.
The document provides information about oral cancer. It discusses that oral cancer rates are highest in Papua New Guinea and Bangladesh. The most common sites for oral cancer are the tongue, tonsils, gums and floor of the mouth. Risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol, HPV infection and sun exposure. Symptoms can include sores, lumps or swelling in the mouth. Diagnosis involves examination, biopsy and imaging. Treatment options depend on the cancer type and stage but may include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Prevention strategies incorporate limiting tobacco, alcohol and sun exposure as well as regular dental exams.
This document presents information on oral cancer, including:
1) Oral cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that begins in the mouth and can spread to other areas. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, HPV, and poor oral hygiene.
2) Incidence rates are high in India, accounting for 86% of global oral cancer cases. Chewing tobacco is a major contributing factor, responsible for 90% of Indian oral cancer cases.
3) Signs and symptoms include sores in the mouth, bleeding, lumps in the neck, pain, numbness, and difficulty chewing or swallowing. Without treatment, oral cancer can be fatal.
This document provides information about oral cancer prevention and signs. It discusses that oral cancer can cause problems with breathing, eating, talking, and appearance. Signs of oral, throat, and voice box cancer include lumps, ulcers, bleeding, tooth/denture issues, pain, difficulty speaking or swallowing, and weight loss. Main causes are tobacco and alcohol use. The document outlines cancer treatment options like chemotherapy, radiation and surgery to remove tumors. It emphasizes that oral cancer is largely preventable by avoiding tobacco and alcohol.
This document discusses strategies for preventing oral cancer, including controlling risk factors like smoking, alcohol use, and HPV infection. It notes that oral cancer has multiple potential causes, making prevention difficult. The main risk factor is tobacco use, which accounts for over 90% of oral cancer cases. Quitting smoking significantly reduces cancer risks over time, with risks dropping by half after 10-15 years of abstinence. As dental professionals, the document recommends following the "5 A's" approach of asking patients about tobacco use, advising them to quit, assessing willingness to quit, assisting with a plan to quit, and arranging follow-up support.
Ind hin 0047 ill effects of tobacco smokingDFC2011
This document discusses the harmful health effects of chewing tobacco. It notes that chewing tobacco is highly addictive due to its high nicotine content. Regular use increases the risks of various oral cancers, cardiovascular disease, and tooth/gum disease. Long-term users may develop leukoplakia, precancerous patches in the mouth. The health risks far outweigh any momentary pleasures from chewing tobacco.
Ind hin 0047 ill effects of tobacco smokingDFC2011
This document discusses the harmful health effects of chewing tobacco. It notes that chewing tobacco is highly addictive due to its high nicotine content. Regular use increases the risks of various oral cancers, cardiovascular disease, and tooth/gum disease. Long-term users may develop leukoplakia, precancerous patches in the mouth. The document recommends avoiding chewing tobacco to prevent these serious health risks.
Global smoking statistics show that tobacco kills over 8 million people worldwide each year. Nearly 80% of adult smokers started smoking regularly before age 18. While smoking rates are declining in high-income countries, they are rising in low-and middle-income countries where 75% of smokers now live. Tobacco contains over 4000 chemicals, including the highly addictive nicotine and carcinogenic tar and carbon monoxide. Quitting smoking has immediate and long-term health benefits by reducing risks of cancers, heart disease, emphysema and other smoking-related illnesses. Medications and behavioral support can help address nicotine withdrawal symptoms and cravings when trying to quit.
This document provides an overview of oral health topics for community health workers. It discusses the importance of oral health and its links to general health. The three most common dental diseases - caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer - are described in terms of causes, risk factors, and prevention. The roles of a community health worker in oral health include providing reliable information, resources for care, and brief health promotion messages around brushing, flossing, diet, tobacco/alcohol use, and dental visits. Community health workers can ask questions to assess oral health needs and concerns but cannot diagnose or treat issues.
WHAT IS ORAL CANCER-UNDERSTANDING SIGNS, STAGES AND SYMPTOMSElite Dental Group
Cancer is regarded as the uncontrollable growth of cells that attack and cause damage to the surrounding tissue. It is regarded as one of the threatening diseases among human beings. Different types of cancers are visible in this world.
This document discusses the oral health effects of smokeless tobacco use. It describes the two main types of smokeless tobacco - chewing tobacco and snuff. Nicotine from smokeless tobacco can have stimulating and rewarding effects on the brain but also causes numerous adverse health effects throughout the body. Long term smokeless tobacco use increases the risks of oral cancer, gum disease, tooth loss and cancers of the cheek and gum. The document outlines the role of dental professionals in screening for oral cancer and providing cessation counseling and support to help patients quit smokeless tobacco use.
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Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, accounting for 30-40% of the head and neck cancer. It is fairly common and very curable if found and treated at an early stage.
Definition: Oral cancer is also known as mouth cancer, is cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth or upper throat. It belongs to a large group of cancers called head and neck cancers.
Classification: The TNM classification stages different types of cancer based on certain standard criteria:
T describes the size of the primary tumor
N describe the lymph nodes
M describes whether the cancer has metastasized.
Role of MO and Service Delivery Framework.pptIshfaqGanai
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the concept of World No-Tobacco Day was initiated because millions of people die each year around the world owing to tobacco intake and mistreatment. Initially, April 7 was chosen as the “world no-smoking day” when the World Health Assembly passed a resolution regarding the same in 1987. In 1988, the World Health Assembly passed another resolution calling for May 31 to be celebrated as “World No- Tobacco Day
Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are two clinical lesions widely considered to be premalignant.
The term leucoplakia describes a white plaque that does not rub off and cannot be clinically identified as another entity. Most cases of leukoplakia are a hyperkeratotic response to an irritant and are asymptomatic, but about 20% of leukoplakic lesions show evidence of dysplasia or carcinoma at first clinical recognition.
An erythroplakia is a red lesion that cannot be classified as another entity. Far less common than leukoplakia, erythroplakia has a much greater probability (91%) of showing signs of dysplasia or malignancy at the time of diagnosis.
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental, Aesthetic And Implant Institute is one of the leading clinics in Delhi. So hurry up and book an appointment with us Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
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Case Study On Number Of Oral Cancer(Balasore, 2014).pdf
1. A CASE STUDY
After a long search our team member went to a small village named Dhusuri at Bhadrak to
meet a person who is suffering from mouth cancer for the last 20 years.
We reached at our destination through the dusty roads of the village and met
Mr. Golakchandra Jena , a poor teacher in a govt. school of that village.
Then the interview started. We had taken our preplanned questions & materials with us.
We asked him many questions on his life history, about tobacco chewing & gutkas .
He narrated us the whole story with a great patience.
He first of all told that he was just only 18 when he started taking Gutkas in a small
amount. But slowly & slowly this nature turned into a habit and at around 22 he used to
take 20 – 22 packed of gutkas a day. He first thought taking all these gave him proper
and strength and will power to his mind to do more work .
Slowly & slowly all these things became a part of his life and after 6years he started
having severe throat itching and swallowing problems . He then consulted the doctor & he
was replied by the doctor that it was a serious case of mouth cancer on the right side of
his check & he had to operate it as soon as possible or else it will kill his life.
There begin the wheel of hell and he started his check up starting from Cuttack to BBSR
to Bangalore to Gujarat. And finally got operated in “Gujarat cancer & Research
Institute”, Ahmadabad, Gujarat. In 2002 his operation was successful & then returned
home.
But all his wealth & strength went in a vain when he came to knew that he was suffering
from mouth cancer in left cheek also. He became mad but what to do, he had no other
choice. Though he had left all his bad habits since a long time ago but its impacts are still
prevailing. Now again he is continuing his treatment of his left cheek in Apollo at BBSR.
He got really disappointed when he listened that there is no such facilities available in
every district of Odisha. For all these reasons, poor person has to suffer a lot. They are
not getting proper medicinal care. They have to move distant places for treatment.
He now is not able to feed his own family and is crying for his fate.
At last he advised our generation not to opt any kind of bad habits which will put
them in a trap forever their life.
2. A STUDY ON BaLASORE
The team visited the District Hospital, Balasore and consulted with ADMO, Balasore ,
regarding the treatment facilities available in the hospital. It was said that, there is no proper
treatment facility available for the tobacco addicted people and resultant mouth cancer
patients. If any patient reported, they are referred to Govt. cancer hospital at Cuttack.
Further the team collected the list of people who sufferered from mouth cancer in the
year 2014 and visited the doctor & consulted with her about the above mentioned topic. She
appreciated us for our work and dedication towards the welfare of the society.
Months Total no. of
case
Total no. of
male
Total no. of
female
January 0 0 0
February 0 0 0
March 0 0 0
April 12 10 2
May 0 0 0
June 0 0 0
July 0 0 0
August 0 0 0
September 0 0 0
October 0 0 0
November 0 0 0
December 0 0 0
3.
4. DATA OF ODISHA
Age Group Male Female Total
30-49 33 11 44
50-60 34 36 70
70-89 15 7 22
5. Oral Cancer
Oral cancer or mouth cancer, a type of head and neck cancer, is any cancerous tissue growth
located in the oral cavity.
It may arise as a primary lesion originating in any of
the tissues in the mouth, by metastasis from a distant site of
origin, or by extension from a neighboring anatomic structure,
such as the nasal cavity. Alternatively, the oral cancers may
originate in any of the tissues of the mouth, and may be of
varied histologic types: teratoma, adenocarcinoma derived from a major or minor salivary
gland,lymphoma from tonsillar or other lymphoid tissue, or melanoma from the pigment-producing
cells of the oral mucosa. There are several types of oral cancers, but around 90% are squamous
cell carcinomas, originating in the tissues that line the mouth and lips. Oral or mouth cancer most
commonly involves the tongue. It may also occur on the floor of the mouth, cheek
lining, gingiva(gums), lips, or palate (roof of the mouth). Most oral cancers look very similar under
the microscope and are called squamous cell carcinoma, but less commonly other types of oral
cancer occur, such as Kaposi's sarcoma.
Signs and Symptoms:
Skin lesion, lump, or ulcer that do not resolve in 14 days located:
On the tongue, lip, or other mouth areas
Usually small
Most often pale colored, may be dark or discolored
Early sign may be a white patch (leukoplakia) or a red patch
(erythroplakia) on the soft tissues of the mouth
Usually painless initially
May develop a burning sensation or pain when the tumor is
advanced
Behind the wisdom tooth
Even behind the ear
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:
Tongue problems (moving it)
Swallowing difficulty
Mouth sores
Pain and paraesthesia are late symptoms.
6. Causes
Oncogenes are activated as a result of mutation of the DNA. Risk factors that predispose a
person to oral cancer have been identified in epidemiological (epidemiology) studies. India being
member of International Cancer Genome Consortium is leading efforts to map oral cancer's
complete genome.
It is important to note that around 75 percent of oral cancers are
linked to modifiable behaviors such as tobacco use and excessive
alcohol consumption. Other factors include poor oral hygiene, irritation
caused by ill-fitting dentures and other rough surfaces on the teeth,
poor nutrition, and some chronic infections caused by bacteria or
viruses. If oral cancer is diagnosed in its earliest stages, treatment is
generally very effective.
In many Asian cultures chewing betel, paan and Areca is known to be a strong risk factor for
developing oral cancer. In India where such practices are common, oral cancer represents up to
40% of all cancers, compared to just 4% in the UK.
Tobacco
Tobacco is a plant within the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. While there
are more than 70 species of tobacco, the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum. The more potent
species N. rustica is also widely used around the world.
Dried tobacco leaves are mainly smoked in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and flavored shisha
tobacco. They are also consumed as snuff, chewing tobacco and dipping tobacco.
Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, a stimulant. Tobacco use is a risk factor for many
diseases, especially those affecting the heart, liver and lungs, and several cancers. In 2008,
the World Health Organization (WHO) named tobacco as the world's single greatest cause of
preventable death.
Biology
There are many species of tobacco in the genus of herbs Nicotiana. It is part of the
nightshade family (Solanaceae) indigenous to Northand South America, Australia,
South West Africa and the South Pacific.
Many plants contain nicotine, a powerful neurotoxin to insects. However,
tobaccos contain a higher concentration of nicotine than most other
plants. Unlike many other Solanaceae, they do not contain tropane
alkaloids, which are often poisonous to humans and other animals.
Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such
as germacrene and anabasine and other piperidine alkaloids (varying between species) to deter
most herbivores a number of such animals have evolved the ability to feed on Nicotiana species
without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species, and accordingly some
tobacco plants (chiefly tree tobacco, N. glauca) have become established as invasive weeds in
some places.
NICOTINE
7. Etymology
The English word tobacco originates from the Spanish and Portuguese word tabaco. The precise
origin of the Spanish/Portuguese word is disputed but it generally thought to have originated, at
least in part, from Taino, the Arawakan language of the Caribbean. In Taino, it was said to refer
either to a roll of tobacco leaves (according to Bartolomé de las Casas, 1552), or to the tabago, a
kind of Y-shaped pipe for sniffing tobacco smoke also known as snuff (according to Oviedo; with
the leaves themselves being referred to as cohiba).
However, similar words in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian were commonly used from 1410 to
define medicinal herbs which are believed to have originated from the Arabic tabbaq, a word
reportedly dating to the 9th century, as the name of various herbs.
Types of tobacco
There are a number of types of tobacco including, but are not limited to:
Aromatic fire-cured
Brightleaf tobacco
Burley tobacco
Cavendish
Criollo tobacco
Dokha
Turkish tobacco.
Perique
Shade tobacco
White burley
Wild tobacco
Y1
Consumption
Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different methods. Below are
examples including, but not limited to, such forms and usage.
Beedi
Chewing tobacco
Cigars
Cigarettes
Creamy snuffs
Dipping tobaccos
Gutka
Hookah
Kreteks
Roll-Your-Own
Pipe smoking
Snuff
8. Diagnosis
An examination of the mouth by the health care provider or
dentist shows a visible and/or palpable (can be felt) lesion of the
lip, tongue, or other mouth area. The lateral/ventral sides of the
tongue are the most common sites for intraoral SCC. As
the tumor enlarges, it may become an ulcer and bleed.
Speech/talking difficulties, chewing problems, or swallowing
difficulties may develop. A feeding tube is often necessary to
maintain adequate nutrition. This can sometimes become
permanent as eating difficulties can include the inability to swallow even a sip of water. The
doctor can order some special investigations which may include a chest x-ray, CT or MRI scans,
and tissue biopsy.
There are a variety of screening devices that may assist dentists in detecting oral cancer,
including the Velscope, Vizilite Plus and theidentafi 3000. There is no evidence that routine use
of these devices in general dental practice saves lives. However,
there are compelling reasons to be concerned about the risk of
harm this device may cause if routinely used in general practice.
Such harms include false positives, unnecessary surgical biopsies
and a financial burden on the patient. While a dentist, physician or
other health professional may suspect a particular lesion is
malignant, there is no way to tell by looking alone - since benign
and malignant lesions may look identical to the eye. A non-invasive
brush biopsy (BrushTest) can be performed to rule out the
presence of dysplasia (pre-cancer) and cancer on areas of the mouth that exhibit an unexplained
color variation or lesion. The only definitive method for determining if cancerous or
precancerous cells are present is through biopsy and microscopic evaluation of the cells in the
removed sample. A tissue biopsy, whether of the tongue or other oral tissues and microscopic
examination of the lesion confirm the diagnosis of oral cancer or precancer. There are six
common species of bacteria found at significantly higher levels in the saliva of patients with oral
squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) than in saliva of oral-free cancer individuals. Three of the six, C.
gingivalis, P. melaninogenica, and S. mitis, can be used as a diagnostic tool to predict more than
80% of oral cancers.
9. Management
Surgical excision (removal) of the tumor is usually recommended if the tumor is small enough,
and if surgery is likely to result in a functionally satisfactory result. Radiation therapy with or
without chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with surgery, or as the definitive radical
treatment, especially if the tumor is inoperable. Surgeries for oral cancers include
Maxillectomy (can be done with or without orbital exenteration)
Mandibulectomy (removal of the mandible or lower jaw or
part of it)
Glossectomy (tongue removal, can be total, hemi or
partial)
Radical neck dissection
Moh's procedure or CCPDMA
Combinational e.g. glossectomy and laryngectomy done
together.
Feeding tube to sustain nutrition.
Owing to the vital nature of the structures in the head and neck area, surgery for larger cancers
is technically demanding. Reconstructive surgery may be required to give an acceptable cosmetic
and functional result. Bone grafts and surgical flaps such as the radial forearm flap are used to
help rebuild the structures removed during excision of the cancer. An oral prosthesis may also
be required. Most oral cancer patients depend on a feeding tube for their hydration and
nutrition. Some will also get a port for the chemo to be delivered. Many oral cancer patients are
disfigured and suffer from many long term after effects. The after effects often include
fatigue, speech problems, trouble maintaining weight, thyroid issues, swallowing difficulties,
inability to swallow, memory loss, weakness, dizziness, high frequency hearing loss and sinus
damage.
Following treatment, rehabilitation may be necessary to improve movement, chewing, swallowing,
and speech. Speech and language pathologists may be involved at this stage.
Chemotherapy is useful in oral cancers when used in combination with other treatment modalities
such as radiation therapy. It is not used alone as a monotherapy. When cure is unlikely it can also
be used to extend life and can be considered palliative but not curative care. Biological agents,
such as Cetuximab have recently been shown to be effective in the treatment of squamous cell
head and neck cancers, and are likely to have an increasing role in the future management of this
condition when used in conjunction with other established treatment modalities.
Treatment of oral cancer will usually be by a multidisciplinary team, with treatment professionals
from the realms of radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, nutrition, dental professionals, and even
psychology all possibly involved with diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and patient care.
Prognosis
Postoperative disfigurement of the face, head and neck
Complications of radiation therapy, including dry mouth
and difficulty swallowing
Other metastasis (spread) of the cancer
10. CHINA
54%
INDIA
15%
BRAZIL
14%
UNITED STATES
6%
INDONESIA
4%
MALAWI
3%
ARGENTINA
2%
TANZANIA
0% ZIMBABWE
2%
CHINA INDIA BRAZIL
UNITED STATES INDONESIA MALAWI
ARGENTINA TANZANIA ZIMBABWE
Significant weight loss
Global production
Production of tobacco leaf increased by 40% between 1971, during which 4.2 million tons of leaf
were produced, and 1997, during which 5.9 million tons of leaf were
produced. According to the Food and Agriculture organization of the
UN, tobacco leaf production was expected to hit 7.1 million tons by
2010. This number is a bit lower than the record high production of
1992, during which 7.5 million tons of leaf were produce. The
production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity
by developing nations, where production increased by 128%.
Top Tobacco Producers, 2012
Country Production (tonnes)
China 3,200,000
India 875,000
Brazil 810,550
United States 345,837
Indonesia 226,700
Malawi 151,150
Argentina 148,000
Tanzania 120,000
Zimbabwe 115,000
World 7,490,661.35
11. Harmful effects of tobacco and smoking
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the single greatest cause of
preventable death globally. The WHO estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004
and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important
preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature
death worldwide."
The harms caused by using tobacco include diseases
affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major
risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema,
and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx
and mouth, and pancreatic cancers).
The addictive alkaloid nicotine is a stimulant, and popularly
known as the most characteristic constituent of tobacco. Users
may develop tolerance and dependence. Harmful effects of tobacco consumption can
further derive from the thousands of different chemicals in the smoke,including polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzopyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic,tobacco-
specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others.
12. INFERENCE
Cancer treatments are costly & also not available at all govt. hospitals.
No financial assistance from govt . is given overcome the financial burdens.
Therefore there must be at least one cancer hospital in every district of a state. So
that the person may get proper facility at proper time in its own area.
It is avoidable not to get addicted to any kind of the bad habits which will spoil the
future of the person & the nation too.
Proper awareness programmers’ should be undertaken to eradicate cancer is future.
Govt. must have to take strict norms on these things as soon as possible.