CASE ANALYSIS ON - Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v. Union of India.
This is widely known as " Passive Euthanasia case". This Landmark judgement is a brief insight on the concept of " Right to Die" & legalizing of Passive Euthanasia in the country.
EUTHANASIA [Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug case, 2011 and Common Cause (Reg. Soci...Tarun Pratap Singh Kushwah
The landmark cases that expound the view of Article 21 of Constitution of India, 1950 and finally brought the concept of Passive euthanasia in the country. Right to Life also have the Right to Die with dignity (in certain grounds).
This Presentation I am uploading just for the purpose of guiding on the subject. It might not give the reader whole explanation of the topic so it is advisable to refer other sources also in order to understand the topic. Publisher is not responsible for anything.
This document discusses various internal and external aids that courts use to interpret statutes and legislation. It provides 5 headings:
1. Textbooks - Courts may refer to textbooks by jurists and scholars to understand the true meaning of a statute, though they are not bound by opinions expressed.
2. Parliamentary History - Earlier courts used legislative history to understand a provision, but it is now established that parliamentary debates are not admissible.
3. Previous Legislation - The history of previous related acts may be considered to interpret the same words used in different sections of a consolidated code.
4. Dictionaries - Dictionaries can be referred to find the real sense of words not defined in an act
charge under Criminal procedure code, 1908Amudha Mony
The document discusses the contents of a charge and the alteration of a charge in a criminal case. It defines a charge as a formal accusation by a court based on evidence against the accused. A charge informs the accused of what they are accused of to allow them to defend themselves. The document notes that a charge can contain multiple heads or accusations. It also states that the purpose of framing a charge is to give the accused clear and unambiguous notice of the accusations they must address at trial. The document outlines when charges are framed in sessions cases and warrant cases. It also discusses that a court can alter or add to a charge before judgment, and must explain any changes to the accused. The court may continue the trial or order a new
moot file of sec 304 -b,201and 34 of indian penal codegagan deep
The document is an appeal filed on behalf of the prosecution in the Supreme Court of India regarding the case of Union of India vs. Ajay Gupta & Ors. It summarizes the key facts of the case, which involve the dowry death of a woman named Aarti shortly after her marriage. It outlines the judgments from the trial court and high court, and presents two issues for the Supreme Court's consideration: 1) whether Ajay Gupta and his wife can be held liable for dowry death and cruelty, and 2) whether two other individuals can be held liable for murder. It proceeds to provide arguments supporting the prosecution's position on both issues.
The document discusses writ jurisdiction under the Indian Constitution. It notes that the Supreme Court can issue writs against any person or government within India's territory and can do so to enforce fundamental rights as writ jurisdiction is itself a fundamental right. In contrast, High Courts can issue writs against those residing or governments located within their territorial jurisdiction or if the cause of action arises there, and they have discretion around enforcing fundamental rights. The document also outlines the different types of writs - habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo-warranto - and provides details on when each can be issued and against whom.
EUTHANASIA [Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug case, 2011 and Common Cause (Reg. Soci...Tarun Pratap Singh Kushwah
The landmark cases that expound the view of Article 21 of Constitution of India, 1950 and finally brought the concept of Passive euthanasia in the country. Right to Life also have the Right to Die with dignity (in certain grounds).
This Presentation I am uploading just for the purpose of guiding on the subject. It might not give the reader whole explanation of the topic so it is advisable to refer other sources also in order to understand the topic. Publisher is not responsible for anything.
This document discusses various internal and external aids that courts use to interpret statutes and legislation. It provides 5 headings:
1. Textbooks - Courts may refer to textbooks by jurists and scholars to understand the true meaning of a statute, though they are not bound by opinions expressed.
2. Parliamentary History - Earlier courts used legislative history to understand a provision, but it is now established that parliamentary debates are not admissible.
3. Previous Legislation - The history of previous related acts may be considered to interpret the same words used in different sections of a consolidated code.
4. Dictionaries - Dictionaries can be referred to find the real sense of words not defined in an act
charge under Criminal procedure code, 1908Amudha Mony
The document discusses the contents of a charge and the alteration of a charge in a criminal case. It defines a charge as a formal accusation by a court based on evidence against the accused. A charge informs the accused of what they are accused of to allow them to defend themselves. The document notes that a charge can contain multiple heads or accusations. It also states that the purpose of framing a charge is to give the accused clear and unambiguous notice of the accusations they must address at trial. The document outlines when charges are framed in sessions cases and warrant cases. It also discusses that a court can alter or add to a charge before judgment, and must explain any changes to the accused. The court may continue the trial or order a new
moot file of sec 304 -b,201and 34 of indian penal codegagan deep
The document is an appeal filed on behalf of the prosecution in the Supreme Court of India regarding the case of Union of India vs. Ajay Gupta & Ors. It summarizes the key facts of the case, which involve the dowry death of a woman named Aarti shortly after her marriage. It outlines the judgments from the trial court and high court, and presents two issues for the Supreme Court's consideration: 1) whether Ajay Gupta and his wife can be held liable for dowry death and cruelty, and 2) whether two other individuals can be held liable for murder. It proceeds to provide arguments supporting the prosecution's position on both issues.
The document discusses writ jurisdiction under the Indian Constitution. It notes that the Supreme Court can issue writs against any person or government within India's territory and can do so to enforce fundamental rights as writ jurisdiction is itself a fundamental right. In contrast, High Courts can issue writs against those residing or governments located within their territorial jurisdiction or if the cause of action arises there, and they have discretion around enforcing fundamental rights. The document also outlines the different types of writs - habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo-warranto - and provides details on when each can be issued and against whom.
This document summarizes John Austin's analytical positivism school of jurisprudence. It outlines that Austin viewed law as the command of the sovereign, with three key aspects: 1) commands are general rules for a community backed by sanctions, 2) a sovereign is the ultimate human source of law, and 3) law and morality are separate, with law defined by its coercive power rather than moral content. The document also notes chief legal philosophers of this school and some criticisms of Austin's theory.
This paper looks at the Doctrine of Waiver, it’s definition and its historical growth over the period of time. It looks at the landmark judgment’s which have made some relevant points while looking at the doctrine. Some of the salient features of the doctrine has been laid down.
A right is frequently described as an interest or a claim that gives the holder the ability to control how others behave, i.e., to force them to perform or refrain from performing an action. It is critical to consider how frequently these rights are waived.
A person has specific legal rights that are granted to him by the constitution, a law, or a contract. A right is an interest or a claim that gives the holder the ability to direct the behaviour of others, i.e., to compel someone to do or refrain from doing something. Whether these rights can be waived raises an important question.
According to Black’s Law Dictionary, doctrine of waiver is the deliberate or willing renunciation of a recognized right. Waiver occurs when a person knowingly and consciously chooses not to exercise a right that they would otherwise have or knowingly gives that right away. When a person waives a right, they are no longer able to exercise it and are not permitted to question the legality of the law for which it was waived.
Ancient Sources of Hindu Law by Md. Mehedi HasanMd. Mehedi Hasan
In this presentation I am trying to present Ancient Sources of Hindu Law and its a research based presentation done by Md. Mehedi Hasan studying LL.B at East West University, Bangladesh
Streamlining section 125, crpc on maintenancemohakumar
This document discusses facets of Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which deals with maintenance orders in India. It provides an overview of key issues, including: [1] who is eligible for maintenance such as wives, children, and parents; [2] how the quantum of maintenance is determined based on income and expenses; and [3] the procedures for obtaining and cancelling maintenance orders. It also raises questions about divorced women in live-in relationships receiving maintenance and daughters' obligations to maintain parents.
The document summarizes the key points of debate between H.L.A. Hart and Lon Fuller on the relationship between law and morality. [1] Hart represented a positivist view that law and morality are separate, while Fuller argued morality provides the binding power of law. [2] Hart believed legal systems like Nazi Germany's could function without being just or moral. Fuller countered that such systems could not truly be considered legal. [3] The debate examines different philosophical approaches to defining law and the appropriate role of morality within a legal system.
Private Law Remedies in Administrative LawAdvocacy
Private civil remedies in administrative law are available in some countries but not in others. In the UK and US, public officials can be sued like private citizens through civil remedies like declarations, damages, and injunctions. However, in Pakistan and India the process is more lengthy, requiring a two month notice to the public official and department head before filing a civil suit. Declarations declare an official act void, damages are available for torts, and injunctions prevent prohibited acts. These remedies are not always considered effective against the government.
This document discusses remedies for torts under Indian law. It outlines both judicial remedies, such as damages and injunctions, as well as extra-judicial remedies like expulsion of trespassers. For judicial remedies, it describes different types of damages and injunctions in detail. It also provides rules for claiming remedies and discusses when legal remedies are judicial or extra-judicial.
The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 provides for the provisions for maintenance. The provisions enumerated under the code are explained herein the slides along with the remedies available for maintenance and against maintenance.
The document summarizes the key concepts of the historical school of jurisprudence. It discusses that historical jurists like Montesquieu, Savigny, and Maine believed that law develops organically over time based on the customs and traditions of the people, rather than being created through legislation or judicial decisions. Savigny's concept of "Volksgeist" described law as emerging from the shared spirit or values of the national community. The historical school rejected theories of natural law and viewed law as continually evolving according to the changing needs and norms of society.
1) The document discusses various sections of the Indian Evidence Act relating to presumptions about the genuineness and authenticity of certain documents.
2) It outlines sections where courts "shall presume" and "may presume" facts about documents, with shall presume indicating facts that must be presumed unless disproven.
3) Key documents discussed include certified copies, records of evidence, maps, foreign records, and electronic records, with presumptions including that they are genuine, duly executed, and accurate.
Privity of contract refers to the principle that a contract can only grant rights and impose obligations on the contracting parties.
Under this principle, a person who is not a party to a contract has no right to sue on that contract or enforce any of its terms. However, there are some exceptions where third parties may gain rights, such as if a contract establishes a trust intended to benefit third parties, or if collateral contracts between one party and a third party exist within the subject matter of the main contract.
While privity of contract is the general rule, third parties can also sometimes pursue claims in tort law, such as with negligence actions. An action may also be based on a collateral contract between one party and a
The document discusses the sources of Hindu law including ancient sources like the Vedas, Smritis, digests and commentaries as well as modern sources like judicial decisions and legislation. It then discusses the application of Hindu law to Hindus by religion, birth, or those not following other major religions. Key concepts around Hindu marriage like it being a sacrament, the changes brought by the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, and conditions for a valid Hindu marriage as per the Act are also summarized.
The document discusses the principle of legitimate expectation in administrative law. It provides context on how the principle evolved from natural justice to protect an individual's right to be heard even if they do not have an existing right. It analyzes cases that established that legitimate expectation extends beyond existing rights and entitles an individual to a hearing if they reasonably expect to acquire or retain a benefit. The document also summarizes cases that discuss how legitimate expectations can be created through promises, long-standing practices, and interests like seniority or duration of ties.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF TORTS
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
The analytical school of jurisprudence views law as a command by a sovereign backed by sanctions. The key exponents were Jeremy Bentham and John Austin. Bentham rejected natural law theories and viewed law through a utilitarian lens, while Austin defined law as the command of the sovereign. Austin is considered the father of the analytical school, which treats law in a positive, scientific manner rather than how it ought to be. The analytical school examines legal concepts, the relationship between law and other forms of law, theories of liability, and legal sources of law.
The present slides relate to the concept of Succession in the bothe Christian and Parsi law as given under the Indian Succession Act, 1925. Useful for Law students and Professionals.
This document provides an overview of anti-defection laws in India. It defines defection as a member abandoning loyalty to their political party. Large scale defections after the 1967 elections affected legislative functioning and led to the 52nd amendment adding the 10th schedule on anti-defection. This lays out grounds for disqualification of defecting members of political parties or independents. It discusses related court cases and loopholes regarding splits, mergers and the status of expelled members.
- The document discusses procedures for lawsuits involving the government or public officials under Sections 79-82 of the Indian Code of Civil Procedure.
- It notes that notice must be given to the government or public officer being sued at least two months before filing a lawsuit against them regarding acts done in their official capacity.
- Exceptions to the notice requirement allow for urgent legal action with court approval, and errors in the notice will not result in dismissal if key information is provided.
Matrimonial Remedies Under Hindu Marriage Act,1955Rashmi Dubey
This document discusses the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 and the matrimonial remedies it provides. It focuses on the remedy of restitution of conjugal rights under Section 9 of the Act. This allows an aggrieved spouse to petition the court if the other spouse withdraws from their society without reasonable excuse. The document discusses what constitutes a valid withdrawal, reasonable excuses, cases related to employment interfering with marital obligations, and that reasons must be weighed based on circumstances in modern times.
This is a comprehensive presentation on euthanasia updated with whatever latest available information especially in context to India. It includes topic:
Types of euthanasia, moral dilemmas, Aruna Shanbaug Case, Chandrakant Narayanrao Tandale Case, Other such prominent Indian cases, Recommendations, Few suggestions to check on the misuse of euthanasia, Opinion of the group as a whole on the topic euthanasia, conclusion and few self composed lines on our thoughts on euthanasia
Euthanasia refers to intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering. It is derived from Greek words meaning "good death." There are different types including voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, passive and active euthanasia. While some countries have legalized euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide under certain conditions, it remains a controversial issue with arguments on both sides around a patient's right to die with dignity and the ethical role of physicians. The document discusses the definition, history, laws and debates around euthanasia.
This document summarizes John Austin's analytical positivism school of jurisprudence. It outlines that Austin viewed law as the command of the sovereign, with three key aspects: 1) commands are general rules for a community backed by sanctions, 2) a sovereign is the ultimate human source of law, and 3) law and morality are separate, with law defined by its coercive power rather than moral content. The document also notes chief legal philosophers of this school and some criticisms of Austin's theory.
This paper looks at the Doctrine of Waiver, it’s definition and its historical growth over the period of time. It looks at the landmark judgment’s which have made some relevant points while looking at the doctrine. Some of the salient features of the doctrine has been laid down.
A right is frequently described as an interest or a claim that gives the holder the ability to control how others behave, i.e., to force them to perform or refrain from performing an action. It is critical to consider how frequently these rights are waived.
A person has specific legal rights that are granted to him by the constitution, a law, or a contract. A right is an interest or a claim that gives the holder the ability to direct the behaviour of others, i.e., to compel someone to do or refrain from doing something. Whether these rights can be waived raises an important question.
According to Black’s Law Dictionary, doctrine of waiver is the deliberate or willing renunciation of a recognized right. Waiver occurs when a person knowingly and consciously chooses not to exercise a right that they would otherwise have or knowingly gives that right away. When a person waives a right, they are no longer able to exercise it and are not permitted to question the legality of the law for which it was waived.
Ancient Sources of Hindu Law by Md. Mehedi HasanMd. Mehedi Hasan
In this presentation I am trying to present Ancient Sources of Hindu Law and its a research based presentation done by Md. Mehedi Hasan studying LL.B at East West University, Bangladesh
Streamlining section 125, crpc on maintenancemohakumar
This document discusses facets of Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which deals with maintenance orders in India. It provides an overview of key issues, including: [1] who is eligible for maintenance such as wives, children, and parents; [2] how the quantum of maintenance is determined based on income and expenses; and [3] the procedures for obtaining and cancelling maintenance orders. It also raises questions about divorced women in live-in relationships receiving maintenance and daughters' obligations to maintain parents.
The document summarizes the key points of debate between H.L.A. Hart and Lon Fuller on the relationship between law and morality. [1] Hart represented a positivist view that law and morality are separate, while Fuller argued morality provides the binding power of law. [2] Hart believed legal systems like Nazi Germany's could function without being just or moral. Fuller countered that such systems could not truly be considered legal. [3] The debate examines different philosophical approaches to defining law and the appropriate role of morality within a legal system.
Private Law Remedies in Administrative LawAdvocacy
Private civil remedies in administrative law are available in some countries but not in others. In the UK and US, public officials can be sued like private citizens through civil remedies like declarations, damages, and injunctions. However, in Pakistan and India the process is more lengthy, requiring a two month notice to the public official and department head before filing a civil suit. Declarations declare an official act void, damages are available for torts, and injunctions prevent prohibited acts. These remedies are not always considered effective against the government.
This document discusses remedies for torts under Indian law. It outlines both judicial remedies, such as damages and injunctions, as well as extra-judicial remedies like expulsion of trespassers. For judicial remedies, it describes different types of damages and injunctions in detail. It also provides rules for claiming remedies and discusses when legal remedies are judicial or extra-judicial.
The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 provides for the provisions for maintenance. The provisions enumerated under the code are explained herein the slides along with the remedies available for maintenance and against maintenance.
The document summarizes the key concepts of the historical school of jurisprudence. It discusses that historical jurists like Montesquieu, Savigny, and Maine believed that law develops organically over time based on the customs and traditions of the people, rather than being created through legislation or judicial decisions. Savigny's concept of "Volksgeist" described law as emerging from the shared spirit or values of the national community. The historical school rejected theories of natural law and viewed law as continually evolving according to the changing needs and norms of society.
1) The document discusses various sections of the Indian Evidence Act relating to presumptions about the genuineness and authenticity of certain documents.
2) It outlines sections where courts "shall presume" and "may presume" facts about documents, with shall presume indicating facts that must be presumed unless disproven.
3) Key documents discussed include certified copies, records of evidence, maps, foreign records, and electronic records, with presumptions including that they are genuine, duly executed, and accurate.
Privity of contract refers to the principle that a contract can only grant rights and impose obligations on the contracting parties.
Under this principle, a person who is not a party to a contract has no right to sue on that contract or enforce any of its terms. However, there are some exceptions where third parties may gain rights, such as if a contract establishes a trust intended to benefit third parties, or if collateral contracts between one party and a third party exist within the subject matter of the main contract.
While privity of contract is the general rule, third parties can also sometimes pursue claims in tort law, such as with negligence actions. An action may also be based on a collateral contract between one party and a
The document discusses the sources of Hindu law including ancient sources like the Vedas, Smritis, digests and commentaries as well as modern sources like judicial decisions and legislation. It then discusses the application of Hindu law to Hindus by religion, birth, or those not following other major religions. Key concepts around Hindu marriage like it being a sacrament, the changes brought by the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, and conditions for a valid Hindu marriage as per the Act are also summarized.
The document discusses the principle of legitimate expectation in administrative law. It provides context on how the principle evolved from natural justice to protect an individual's right to be heard even if they do not have an existing right. It analyzes cases that established that legitimate expectation extends beyond existing rights and entitles an individual to a hearing if they reasonably expect to acquire or retain a benefit. The document also summarizes cases that discuss how legitimate expectations can be created through promises, long-standing practices, and interests like seniority or duration of ties.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF TORTS
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
The analytical school of jurisprudence views law as a command by a sovereign backed by sanctions. The key exponents were Jeremy Bentham and John Austin. Bentham rejected natural law theories and viewed law through a utilitarian lens, while Austin defined law as the command of the sovereign. Austin is considered the father of the analytical school, which treats law in a positive, scientific manner rather than how it ought to be. The analytical school examines legal concepts, the relationship between law and other forms of law, theories of liability, and legal sources of law.
The present slides relate to the concept of Succession in the bothe Christian and Parsi law as given under the Indian Succession Act, 1925. Useful for Law students and Professionals.
This document provides an overview of anti-defection laws in India. It defines defection as a member abandoning loyalty to their political party. Large scale defections after the 1967 elections affected legislative functioning and led to the 52nd amendment adding the 10th schedule on anti-defection. This lays out grounds for disqualification of defecting members of political parties or independents. It discusses related court cases and loopholes regarding splits, mergers and the status of expelled members.
- The document discusses procedures for lawsuits involving the government or public officials under Sections 79-82 of the Indian Code of Civil Procedure.
- It notes that notice must be given to the government or public officer being sued at least two months before filing a lawsuit against them regarding acts done in their official capacity.
- Exceptions to the notice requirement allow for urgent legal action with court approval, and errors in the notice will not result in dismissal if key information is provided.
Matrimonial Remedies Under Hindu Marriage Act,1955Rashmi Dubey
This document discusses the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 and the matrimonial remedies it provides. It focuses on the remedy of restitution of conjugal rights under Section 9 of the Act. This allows an aggrieved spouse to petition the court if the other spouse withdraws from their society without reasonable excuse. The document discusses what constitutes a valid withdrawal, reasonable excuses, cases related to employment interfering with marital obligations, and that reasons must be weighed based on circumstances in modern times.
This is a comprehensive presentation on euthanasia updated with whatever latest available information especially in context to India. It includes topic:
Types of euthanasia, moral dilemmas, Aruna Shanbaug Case, Chandrakant Narayanrao Tandale Case, Other such prominent Indian cases, Recommendations, Few suggestions to check on the misuse of euthanasia, Opinion of the group as a whole on the topic euthanasia, conclusion and few self composed lines on our thoughts on euthanasia
Euthanasia refers to intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering. It is derived from Greek words meaning "good death." There are different types including voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, passive and active euthanasia. While some countries have legalized euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide under certain conditions, it remains a controversial issue with arguments on both sides around a patient's right to die with dignity and the ethical role of physicians. The document discusses the definition, history, laws and debates around euthanasia.
Aruna Shaunbaug Case of Euthanasia
“Because of this woman, who has never received justice, no other person in a similar position will have to suffer for more than three and a half-decades.”
- Pinki Virani
The document discusses the issue of euthanasia and whether it should be legal or illegal. It notes that while some argue euthanasia should be allowed to relieve suffering, others believe it undermines the value of life and could be open to abuse if legalized. The document outlines arguments on both sides, including that euthanasia may allow death with dignity for those in pain, but it may also reduce the role of doctors and become difficult to properly regulate without unintended consequences like misuse or making killing too easy. Overall, the document suggests there are good arguments on both sides and finding a solution is complex given different religious and ethical views.
RIGHT TO DIE: A STUDY OF DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONSMehranMouzam
1. INTRODUCTIONThe right to die is the concept based on the opinion that a human being is entitled to end their life.
Euthanasia, or mercy killing, means the deliberate killing of a patient who is terminally ill and/or
in severe and chronic pain. The word ‘Euthanasia’ is a derivative from the Greek words ‘eu’ and
‘thanotos’ which literally mean “good death”.1 The death of a terminally ill patient is accelerated
through active or passive means in order to relieve such patient of pain or suffering. However, the
issue of euthanasia is not as simple as the literal translation of the term. The issue is complex and
involves several moral, ethical, societal and economic aspects.2 Those who are in favor of
euthanasia argue on the right to self-determination and futility of prolonging a life without meaning
and dignity and those who are against the practice believe that emphasizes must be given to
palliative care, and that legalizing euthanasia would be violate of the principle of sanctity of life.3
It is because of this that most of the States allow only passive euthanasia and to check the misuse
enacted laws on the subject.
1) Aruna Shanbaug was sexually assaulted in 1973 while working as a nurse, which left her in a permanent vegetative state for over 40 years.
2) In 2011, Pinki Virani filed a petition to allow for Shanbaug's life to be terminated, arguing she had a right to die.
3) The Supreme Court declined to recognize Virani as Shanbaug's next friend and instead allowed the hospital staff, with court approval, to decide on withdrawing life support. The staff opted to continue treatment and Shanbaug passed away in 2015.
This document discusses assisted suicide and its legality. It defines the different types of assisted suicide such as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Euthanasia is illegal in the US and Canada but legal in some other countries. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in a few US states under certain conditions, such as having a terminal illness. The document outlines Oregon's Death with Dignity Act and the safeguards it includes. It also discusses the controversies around assisted suicide and its potential impacts on both patients and healthcare workers.
This document discusses assisted suicide and its legality. It defines the different types of assisted suicide such as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Euthanasia is illegal in the US and Canada but legal in some other countries, while physician-assisted suicide is legal in a few US states and some other countries. The document outlines Oregon's Death with Dignity Act and safeguards required for physician-assisted suicide. It also discusses arguments for and against assisted suicide and how it impacts both terminally ill patients and healthcare workers.
This document discusses euthanasia and its legal status in various countries and US states. It defines euthanasia as intentionally ending a person's life to alleviate pain and suffering, and identifies three types: voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary. Several landmark court cases related to end-of-life decisions and removing life support are also summarized. Both arguments for and against euthanasia are presented, focusing on patient autonomy versus the ethical responsibilities of medical professionals.
This document discusses euthanasia and its classification, definitions, and status in various countries. It defines euthanasia as intentionally ending a person's life to relieve suffering from an incurable disease. Euthanasia can be active, such as lethal injection, or passive, such as refusing life-sustaining treatment. It also defines voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary euthanasia based on patient consent. The document outlines euthanasia laws and cases in countries like the Netherlands, India, Pakistan, China, and the United States.
1) End-of-life decisions in the ICU are an important issue due to the advent of life support technologies that can prolong the dying process artificially. However, such aggressive treatment for patients with hopeless prognoses causes physical, emotional and financial suffering.
2) Studies from India show that end-of-life discussions and limitations of life-sustaining treatments are becoming more common in Indian ICUs, though rates are still lower than in Europe and the US. Barriers include legal/administrative issues, lack of guidelines, and cultural/religious factors.
3) Key ethical principles around end-of-life care include patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and
The document discusses euthanasia and the right to die. It provides an overview of euthanasia and discusses different types. It also examines international perspectives on euthanasia legislation in countries like the US, UK, Netherlands, Canada, Australia, and Belgium. The landmark Indian case of Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug is summarized, where the Supreme Court ruled to legalize passive euthanasia. While active euthanasia remains illegal in India, the document argues that terminally ill patients should have the right to a dignified and peaceful death. It concludes by stating that the primary goal of healthcare should be to reduce suffering rather than prolong life at all costs.
This document discusses euthanasia and its ethical considerations. It defines euthanasia as intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering. It distinguishes between passive and active euthanasia, as well as voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. The document lists countries where euthanasia is legal and illegal. It provides details about the case of Aruna Shanbaug, a nurse in a vegetative state in India. Both the ethical and unethical issues around euthanasia are outlined. It concludes by stating that life should be lived with dignity rather than dying with guilt.
Chapter 17End-of-Life IssuesWhen we finally know we are EstelaJeffery653
The document discusses end-of-life issues and various legal and ethical considerations surrounding patient autonomy, informed consent, and decision making at the end of life. It covers topics like advance directives, withdrawal/withholding of treatment, medical futility, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, definitions of death, organ donation, and research. It also summarizes several important court cases that have impacted patients' right to refuse treatment and determine the course of their own care.
The document summarizes a panel discussion on whether euthanasia should be applied in the medical field. Two speakers presented opposing views in the discussion. Revika argued against euthanasia, stating that it violates human rights and medical ethics. Meydiyana argued for euthanasia and that prohibiting it can force patients to suffer. The discussion included a question and answer session where the speakers further clarified and defended their positions. Elma then provided a conclusion summarizing the key points made by both speakers in the debate.
Introduction to Euthanasia – Medically Assisted Murder or Mercy Killing by Sh...SHRADDHA PANDIT
This is a PPT on basic introduction to Euthanasia – Medically Assisted Murder or Mercy Killing. It is useful for BA as well as BA.LLB, BBA.LLB, LLM, UGC NET and SET. Students should refer to textbooks and reference books for in-depth study.
Running head APPLICATION OF AN ETHICAL THEORY1APPLICATION OF.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: APPLICATION OF AN ETHICAL THEORY 1
APPLICATION OF AN ETHICAL THEORY 2
Application of an Ethical Theory
Trudie J. Harris
Professor: PHI 208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning
Instructor: Christopher Kinney
Date: Feb 23, 2015
Granting the people who are terminally ill the right to die has been debatable overtime. It is worth noting that people who are terminally ill have a limited period of time to live. As such, some parties argue that whether or not they continue living they will at long last die and hence it is only justifiable if they are given the right to decide whether to live or to die. Others argue that it is an equivalent people if terminally ill people are granted the right to die and hence it is unethical act. Applying the theory of deontology it is unethical to let people who are terminally ill have the right to die.
The theory of deontology is centered on the motives of the person who carries out a specific action. Kant (2008) provides that it is not the consequences attributable to a specific action that can be used as a basis of classifying the action right or wrong but rather it is the motive with the doer of the action did it. Kant argues that at times consequences of an action may contradict the intentions of the doer. Thus, desirable consequences may arise by coincidence from act whose doer wanted to undesirable consequences. Consequently, by bad luck undesirable consequences may arise from an act whose doer intended desirable consequences for the action. Hence, this fact forms a basis on which Kant finds it justifiable to consider the motives of an individual when looking at the consequences of an act. Kant (2008) further adds that for an individual to act in a way that is considered moral h/she must act in respect of the moral law. He provides that an individual should act in a way that always upholds the sense of humanity and that the each individual should undertake to act out of their own goodwill in upholding humanity.
Applying the theory of deontology and provisions of Immanuel Kant renders it unethical to grant terminally ill people the right to die. As noted in the paragraph above, it is the motive of the doer of a specific act that determines whether the act is right or wrong and not the consequences that can be attributed to the specific act. Hence, the motive of granting terminally ill people the right to die will be more or less a motive of killing which is unethical. Though terminally ill people may be granted the right to die as a course of action to save them from the psychological torture that they may go through knowing that they will finally die, considering the motive the act will be unethical. It is also worth noting that according to Kant (2008) individual should act in respect to the moral law that requires that people should always act in a way that upholds the sense of humanity. Granting terminally ill people the right to die can be considered as being against humanity and hence ...
Euthanasia is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured
individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy, i.e. euthanasia is the termination of
a very sick person's life in order to relieve them of their suffering. The term ‘euthanasia’ is
derived from the Greek word “euthanatos” which means easy death. It is also defined as 'Any
action or omission intended to end the life of a patient on the grounds that his or her life is not
worth living.'
1) The document discusses euthanasia from socio-legal perspectives in India, including provisions in international and national public health systems and constitutional and judicial trends concerning the right to euthanasia.
2) It explores philosophical and religious views on euthanasia from various traditions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and examines how advances in medicine have complicated concepts of death.
3) Key differences are outlined between euthanasia, assisted suicide, and suicide. Arguments for euthanasia include relieving extreme pain, respecting patient autonomy when quality of life is low, and potentially saving medical resources.
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2. Table of Contents
Case Structure.
01 Case title
Name of Court&parties.
Judgement Date &Coram.
02
Introduction.
Keywords.
Brief Intro of the case.
03 Brief Facts.
Facts of” Passive
Euthanasia” case.
04 Issues Involved.
Questions Raised
during trial.
05 O6 Conclusion.
Judgement
Analysis.
Finding of Courts.
Right to Die.
Euthanasia guidelines.
Summary &
Critical Analysis of the
case.
3. 1)J. Markandey Katju.
2)J.Gyan Sudha Misra.
Case Structure.
Coram.
07-03-2011.
Judgement Date.
Hon’ble Supreme Court
of India.
Name of Court
Aruna Ramchandra
Shanbaug v UOI& Ors.
Case Title.
(2011) 4 SCC 454.
Citation.
Petitioner: A.R Shanbaug.
Respondent: Union of
India.
Parties .
4. Relevant Acts & Articles.
1)Mental Capacity Act, 2005.
2)Termination of Life on
Request & Assisted Suicide Act,
2002.
3)Burial & Cremation Act
Oregon Death with Dignity Act,
1997.
4)Transplantation of Human
Organs Act, 1994(sec.2&3(6)).
Relevant
Acts
Important
Articles
1)Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab
2)P. Rathinam v Union of India.
3)Dwarka Nath v ITO AIR,1966
4)Nancy B. v. Hotel Dieu de
Quebec (1992)
5)Maruti Sripati Dubal case
Etc, so,on.
Cases
Referred
Constitution of India - Article 12,
Constitution of India - Article 21,
Constitution of India - Article 32,
Constitution of India - Article 226,
Constitution of India - Article 226(1).
5. Introduction
The Constitution of India guarantees ‘Right to Life’ to
all its citizens. The ever-lasting debate on whether
‘Right to Die’ can also be read into this provision still
lingers in the air. The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India,
in this case, was approached under Article 32 of the
Indian Constitution to allow for the termination of the
life of Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug, who was in a
permanent vegetative state.
Let us all see ,the say of the apex court , scope of life
under Article 21 & what was the guidelines for
euthanasia given in the given case.
KEYWORDS:-
Article 21, Scope of Life, Right to
Die, Brain Death, PVS, Euthanasia,
Withdrawal of life support
6. The case is writ petition under the Article 32 of the
constitution, filed on the behalf of the petitioner Aruna
Ramchandra Shanbaug by one of ‘her next’ friend Ms. Pinki
Virani of Mumbai.
The petitioner was a staff Nurse in the KEM Hospital, Parel,
Mumbai. On the eve of 27th November, 1973 she was attacked
by a sweeper in the hospital who wrapped a dog chain around
her neck and yanked her back with it. He tried to rape her &to
mobilize her during the act he twisted the chain around the
neck.
Next day she was found lying on the floor with blood all over in
an unconscious condition. It is alleged that due to strangulation
the supply of oxygen to the blood stopped and the brain got
damaged.
It is alleged that she is in persistent vegetative state (PVS) and
virtually a dead person and has no state of awareness. It is
alleged that there is no slightest possibility of any improvement
in condition and her body lies on the bed in the KEM hospital,
Mumbai like a dead body and it has been in this position for
last 37 years.
BRIEF
FACTS
.
7. Issues Involved.
Does the family or next person get to make
a request to withhold life sustaining
systems, in case a person himself has not
placed such a request previously?
Issue 3
Does withdrawal of life sustaining
systems and means for a person
who is in a permanent vegetative
state (PVS), should be permissible
or ‘not lawful?
Issue 1
Aruna Shanbaug has been
abandoned by her family and is being looked
after for the last 37 years by the staff of
KEM hospital. Who should take decision on
her behalf?
Issue 4
If a patient declares previously that
he/she does not want to have life
sustaining measures in case of
futile care or a PVS, should his/her
wishes be respected in such a
situation?
Issue 2
8. JUDGEMENT HELD
The Hon’ble Division Bench of the Supreme Court of
India, comprising Justice Markandey Katju and Justice
Gyan Sudha Mishra, delivered this historic judgment on
March 7, 2011.
She could breathe without a support machine, had
feelings and produced necessary stimulus. Though she is
in a PVS, her condition was been stable. So, terminating
her life was unjustified.
The Court opined that based on the doctors’ report and
the definition of brain death under the Transplantation
of Human Organs Act, 1994, Aruna was not brain dead.
9. Further, the right to take decision on her behalf vested
with the management and staff of KEM Hospital and not
Pinki Virani.
The lifesaving technique was the mashed food, on which she
was surviving & removal of it in this case would have meant
not feeding her. The Indian law in no way advocates not
giving food to a person.
Removal of ventilators and discontinuation of food could not
be equated. Allowing of euthanasia to Aruna would mean
reversing the efforts taken by the nurses of KEM Hospital
over the years.
10. "Marte hain aarzoo mein marne ki, Maut
aati hai par nahin aati.”
—-- Mirza Ghalib
“Human rights rest on human dignity. The
dignity of a man is worth fighting for & worth
dying for.”
-- Robert Maynard.
11. Concept of Euthanasia & Medical Ethics .
In this case, the consent of Aruna could not be
obtained and thus, the question as to who should
decide on her behalf became more prominent.
This was decided by beneficence. Beneficence is
acting in the patient’s best interest. Public
interest and the interests of the state were
also considered.
• Euthanasia • Medical Ethics
In the aforementioned issues, the court explained as
to what is euthanasia. Mercy killing is of 2 types:
active & passive. Active euthanasia entails the use of
lethal substances /forces to kill a person e.g. a
lethal injection given to a person with terminal cancer
who is in terrible agony. Passive euthanasia entails
withholding of medical treatment for continuance of
life, e.g. removing the heart lung machine, from a
patient in coma.
The Supreme Court dealt with the aspect of
informed consent and right to the bodily
integrity of the patient as followed by the US in
the Nancy Cruzan case. Informed Consent is the
kind of consent wherein the patient is fully
aware of all the future courses of his
treatment, his chances of recovery, & all the
side effects of all these alternative courses of
treatment.
The Supreme Court allowed passive euthanasia in
certain conditions. the Court in order to prevent
misuse of this provision in the future, the power to
determine the termination of a person’s life would be
subjected to High Court’s approval following a due
procedure. This case clarified the issues revolving
around euthanasia and also laid down guidelines with
regard to passive euthanasia.
12. RIGHT TO DIE:
WITH DIGNITY ??
Right to life is a basic
natural right & as a
fundamental right
guaranteed under Part-
III (Article 21) of the
Indian Constitution.
Article 21 of the Indian
Constitution states that –
‘no person shall be
deprived of his life or
personal liberty except
according to procedure
established by law’.
Now this right has been
interpreted by the Indian
judiciary in ways so as to
include within its purview
several new rights :right
to livelihood, right to
shelter, right to privacy,
right to food, right to
education, right to get
pollution free air which
are quite essential to
improve the condition of
the life of the people &
for the true enjoyment
of the right to life.
Can this right to life
be interpreted to
such an extent which
leads to its self
destruction or self
opposition?
That is, can it
include within its
ambit the right not
to live or the right
to die? This is the
crucial point of
debate !!!!
13. Scope of new right :-
When Life
becomes far more
painful &
unbearable than
death, then it is
very normal for
him to desire
death. This
voluntary
embracing of
death is known as
euthanasia or
mercy killing.
Euthanasia is also
termed as
“DAYAMARAN”.
Cases in which
the scope of
right to die with
dignity evolved
were:
1)Maruti Sripati
Dubal case
2) P.Rathinam
v.UOI.
3) Gian Kaur v
State of Punjab.
4)Aruna
Shanbaug case.
5)Common Cause
v. UOI.
Causing
extinction of a
life unnaturally
by the action
of oneself is
morally bad +
legally
punishable.
Exceptions : In
certain
circumstances
death is allowed
when it is with
the full and
real consent of
the person who
is going to die.
Death can
be defined as
termination of
life.
It is categorized
Into 2 kinds:-
1) Natural
2)Unnatural
death.
It can be caused
by action as
well
as
the inaction of a
person.
14. CONCLUSION
New Beginning : The landmark case not only marked the beginning of
the discussions on the issue of Passive Euthanasia but also directed the
government to abolish obsolete and inconsistent laws like sec 309 of IPC
(which criminalizes & punishes the person attempting suicide).
Scope of Article 21: It clarifies the position of the right to die with
dignity and further enhances the ambit of Article 21 of our constitution .
It was a progressive judgment in Indian context.
Ethical Questions: Moreover, questions like right to dignified death &
euthanasia are difficult to be wholly addressed by the strict statutes of
law. It needs a larger social conscience to arrive at a solution, which will
reflect the ethical maturity and sensitivity of the society as a whole.
15. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,
including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik
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YOU !!