Joint hindu family or Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) is an exclusive feature of Hindu Law. Joint Hindu family is a unit considers by law as separate entity for the purpose of taxation, but it is not considered as separate legal person. Present slides give an overview of Hindu undivided family and its consequences.
The term “intestate succession” implies succession to the property of a person who dies without making any testamentary disposition of it.
It also refers to property which an intestate leaves behind him to pass to his heirs.
The Chapter under HSA containing Sections 5 to 17 are grouped under the heading “Intestate Succession general”.
When a Hindu male dies intestate in India, that is without leaving a will, the devolution of his property upon his heirs is done by the rules specified under the Hindu Succession Act 1956.
Joint hindu family or Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) is an exclusive feature of Hindu Law. Joint Hindu family is a unit considers by law as separate entity for the purpose of taxation, but it is not considered as separate legal person. Present slides give an overview of Hindu undivided family and its consequences.
The term “intestate succession” implies succession to the property of a person who dies without making any testamentary disposition of it.
It also refers to property which an intestate leaves behind him to pass to his heirs.
The Chapter under HSA containing Sections 5 to 17 are grouped under the heading “Intestate Succession general”.
When a Hindu male dies intestate in India, that is without leaving a will, the devolution of his property upon his heirs is done by the rules specified under the Hindu Succession Act 1956.
HINDU SUCCCESSION Act 1956 deals with devolution of property by way of succession with respect to inheritance.
This act came into force 17 june 1956. it consist of four chapters ONE SCHEUDULE OF HEIRS CLASS I AND CLASS II
Salient features of HSA
It defines cognates, agnates, full blood, half blood, uterine blood,intestate, heir.
It provides how property is devolved by of succession from male after his death to heir.Meaning of coparcenary- traditional mitakshara concept is followed by hindu regards birth of son only subject to coparcenary rights wrt. JHF
Coparcenary can be rationalised in joint hindu family(ancestral property) rights coming from four degree or upto threee male lineal ascendants.eg great grand father to grand father to father to son
A-B-C-D-E HERE A IS GREAT GRAND FATHER
B is grand father C is father, D is Son E Is son's son
here on the death of A, B will replace similarly A and all will have coparcenary rights B acting as KARTA in JHF.
jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
he Specific Relief Act, 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of India which provides remedies for persons whose civil or contractual rights have been violated. It replaced an earlier Act of 1877. The following kinds of remedies may be granted by a court under the provisions of the Specific Relief Act:
Recovery of possession of property
Specific performance of contracts
Rectification of instruments
Rescission of contracts
Cancellation of Instruments
Declaratory decrees
Injunction
The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 provides for the provisions for maintenance. The provisions enumerated under the code are explained herein the slides along with the remedies available for maintenance and against maintenance.
Services under the union and the states Art. 308 to 323 jyoti dharm
Regulation of recruitment and conditions of services of person serving the union and the states.
Tenure of the office of members of these services
Constitutional safeguards to the civil servants
Creation of All India services.
Establishment of the service commission
Will or testament is a legal document by which a person, the testator, expresses his wishes as to how his property(ies) is to be distributed at death, and names one or more persons, the executor, to manage the estate until its final distribution.
Law of WILL is very important to understand so that beneficiary does not face legal complication.
HINDU SUCCCESSION Act 1956 deals with devolution of property by way of succession with respect to inheritance.
This act came into force 17 june 1956. it consist of four chapters ONE SCHEUDULE OF HEIRS CLASS I AND CLASS II
Salient features of HSA
It defines cognates, agnates, full blood, half blood, uterine blood,intestate, heir.
It provides how property is devolved by of succession from male after his death to heir.Meaning of coparcenary- traditional mitakshara concept is followed by hindu regards birth of son only subject to coparcenary rights wrt. JHF
Coparcenary can be rationalised in joint hindu family(ancestral property) rights coming from four degree or upto threee male lineal ascendants.eg great grand father to grand father to father to son
A-B-C-D-E HERE A IS GREAT GRAND FATHER
B is grand father C is father, D is Son E Is son's son
here on the death of A, B will replace similarly A and all will have coparcenary rights B acting as KARTA in JHF.
jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
he Specific Relief Act, 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of India which provides remedies for persons whose civil or contractual rights have been violated. It replaced an earlier Act of 1877. The following kinds of remedies may be granted by a court under the provisions of the Specific Relief Act:
Recovery of possession of property
Specific performance of contracts
Rectification of instruments
Rescission of contracts
Cancellation of Instruments
Declaratory decrees
Injunction
The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 provides for the provisions for maintenance. The provisions enumerated under the code are explained herein the slides along with the remedies available for maintenance and against maintenance.
Services under the union and the states Art. 308 to 323 jyoti dharm
Regulation of recruitment and conditions of services of person serving the union and the states.
Tenure of the office of members of these services
Constitutional safeguards to the civil servants
Creation of All India services.
Establishment of the service commission
Will or testament is a legal document by which a person, the testator, expresses his wishes as to how his property(ies) is to be distributed at death, and names one or more persons, the executor, to manage the estate until its final distribution.
Law of WILL is very important to understand so that beneficiary does not face legal complication.
Property Rights of Daughters under Hindu Succession Act, 1956.pdfFree Law - by De Jure
The inheritance of property to the legal heirs is performed according to testament or will but if a person dies intestate then the transfer of property to the beneficiaries is performed as per the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. This article provides a brief discussion of the Hindu Succession Act, of 1956, and its 2005 Amendment highlighting various changes that provide uniform order of succession with respect to the property rights of Hindu daughters.
THE CONCEPT OF COPARCENARY
According to Collins Dictionary – “a form of joint ownership of property, especially joint heirship”
'Coparcenary' is a narrower body than a joint family and consists of only those persons who have taken, by birth, an interest in the property of the holder for the time being and who can enforce a partition whenever they like.
The concept of coparcenary was introduced in the ancient India.
Over the period of years the circumstances changed, and with the need of the hour Hindu Succession Act, 1956 was again amended in 2005.
In the case of coparcenary property, or a case in which two people inherit property equally between them, the daughter and son are subject to the same liabilities and disabilities.
The amendment essentially furthers equal rights between males and females in the legal system.
INCIDENTS OF COPARCENARYSHIP
1. The Lineal male descendants of a person up to third generation acquire on birth ownership in the ancestral properties of such person.
2. Such descendants can at any time work out their rights by asking for partition.
3. Till partition, each member has got ownership extending over the entire property, conjointly with the rest.
4. As a result of such co-ownership, the possession and enjoyment of properties is common.
5. No alienation of the property is possible without concurrence of the coparcener.
6. The interest of the deceased member lapses on his death to the survivors.
Related Case Laws
T. Subamma vs. T. Ratamma
Commissioner of Gift Tax vs. N.S. Getty Chettiar
Munni Lal Mahato and Ors. vs. Chandeshwar Malito and Ors.
Bhaga Pruseth vs. Purini Dey
What Is The Difference Between An Heir And Inheritance?nayanaNMH
Heir And Inheritance : Under the Hindu Succession Act, we explore the property rights of daughters, daughters-in-law, abandoned first wives, second wives, converts, adopted children, widows, mothers, and others. In reality, property or related scams account for two-thirds of all cases pending in Indian courts. This is due to the complexities of Indian property rights.
WOMEN’S PROPERTY RIGHTS
Advocate Selvakumar
property advocates in Bangalore
advocates in Bangalore
For More: http://www.advocateselvakumar.com/index.html
Edward Westermark. “Marriage is a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognised by custom or law and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of the parties entering the union and in the case of the children born of it.
As B. Malinowski defines, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children”.
According H.M. Johnson, “Marriage is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted without loss of standing in community, to have children”.
Ira L. Reiss writes, “Marriage is a socially accepted union of individuals in husband and wife roles, with the key function of legitimating of parenthood”.
Maintenance is known as Nafaqa and included Food, Cloth and Residence and it have been pointed out that it should include expenditure education of children.
Primary obligation of maintenance arises out of marriage- wife and children
Muslim man is bound to maintain his wife as long as she is faithful to him and obeys his reasonable orders.
No maintenance in irregular marriages and after divorce but in context of divorce SC have laid down decisions.
The PowerPoint presentation is uploaded on behalf of Moot Court Association, Faculty of Law, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University. It will help the law students immensely in preparation of Memorials for either Moot Court Competitions or Internal assessment.
Fundamental Duties are enshrined under Part IV A of the Constitution of India. The duties though not justifiable but are integral to constitutional spirit.
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Bailment, Pledge, and Hypothecation under the Indian Contract Act, 1878. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
Concept of state, recognition and jurisdictionShivani Sharma
The slides discuss in detail the concept of State, State Recognition and Jurisdiction under International Law. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Restitution of Conjugal Rights in Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Parsi laws. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Judicial Separation in Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Parsi laws.
Useful for Law Students and professionals.
The slides introduce the meaning, nature, and scope of marriage in Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Parsi laws.
Useful for Law Students and professionals.
Useful for Law Students and professionals.
India, most popularly acknowledged as the land of spiritual beliefs, philosophical thinking, culture, has also been the birthplace of quite a few number of religions out of which some of them exist in this era as well.
‘Religion’ is entirely a matter of choice, perception and belief.
People in this country have a strong faith and dependence when it comes to their religion as they perceive that religion adds meaning and reason to their lives.
When it comes to people who are extremely devoted to their religion, they leave no stone unturned in showing a substantial amount of fidelity towards their respective religion.
In the context of the Constitution of India, P.B. Gajendragadkar, former Chief Justice of India, said:
“The concept of social justice is (thus) a revolutionary concept which gives meaning and significance to the democratic way of life and makes the rule of law dynamic. It is this concept of social justice which creates in the minds of the masses of this country a sense of participation in the glory of India’s political freedom”
He further adds,
“Social justice must be achieved by adopting necessary and reasonable measures with courage, wisdom, foresight, sense of balance and fairplay to all the interests concerned. That shortly stated, is the concept of social justice and its implications. If eternal vigilance is the price for national liberty, it is equally the price for sustaining individual freedom and liberty in welfare state”. Now but us discuss various theories of social justice.
The citizens of India are guaranteed certain basic fundamental rights by the state, which cannot be taken away from them except in cases of procedure established by law.
Such a guarantee is instrumental in reducing the arbitrariness of government legislation.
In the absence of fundamental rights, the citizens may not be entitled to any basic human rights.
Thus to prevent this, the constitution-makers incorporated Part III of the Indian Constitution enumerating a list of rights that is to assured by the state.
Matthew Professional CV experienced Government LiaisonMattGardner52
As an experienced Government Liaison, I have demonstrated expertise in Corporate Governance. My skill set includes senior-level management in Contract Management, Legal Support, and Diplomatic Relations. I have also gained proficiency as a Corporate Liaison, utilizing my strong background in accounting, finance, and legal, with a Bachelor's degree (B.A.) from California State University. My Administrative Skills further strengthen my ability to contribute to the growth and success of any organization.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Guide on the use of Artificial Intelligence-based tools by lawyers and law fi...Massimo Talia
This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
Defending Weapons Offence Charges: Role of Mississauga Criminal Defence LawyersHarpreetSaini48
Discover how Mississauga criminal defence lawyers defend clients facing weapon offence charges with expert legal guidance and courtroom representation.
To know more visit: https://www.saini-law.com/
2. THECONCEPT
OF
COPARCENARY
According to Collins Dictionary –
“a form of joint ownership of property, especially
joint heirship”
'Coparcenary' is a narrower body than a joint family and
consists of only those persons who have taken, by birth, an
interest in the property of the holder for the time being and
who can enforce a partition whenever they like.
State of Maharashtra v. Narayan Rao Sham Rao Deshmukh,
1985- “A Hindu coparcenary is narrower body than the joint
family. Only males who acquire the birth an interest in the
joint or coparcenary property can be members of the
coparcenary or coparceners. A male member of the joint
family and his sons, grandsons and great grandsons
constitute a coparcenary”
3. It commences with a common ancestor and
includes a holder of joint property and only
those males in his male line who are not
removed from him by more than three
degrees.
Sathyaprema Manjunatha Govda v. C.E.D,
(1997) – “Thus, while a son, a grandson or a
great-grandson is a coparcener with the
holder of the property, the great-great-
grandson cannot be a coparcener with him,
because he is removed by more than three
degrees from the holder”
4. ORIGIN
OF
COPARCENARY
Coparcenary owes its origin to the concept of ‘Daya’
i.e. property which has been explained by
Vijnaneshwara while commenting on Yajnavalkya
Smriti in the ‘Daya Vibhaga Prakranam Vyavahara
Adhayay’
Here, it was discussed by the Vijnaneshwara that
Daya is only that property which becomes the
property of another person, solely by reason of
relation to the owner. The words solely by reason of
relation exclude any other cause, such as purchase.
Therefore, the unique concept of coparcenary is the
product of ancient Hindu jurisprudence which later
on became the essential feature of Hindu law in
general and Mitakshara School of Hindu law in
particular.
5. IMPORTANT
TERMS
HEIR- A person who is entitled to inherit
property after the death of the intestate is
known as heir. (S-3f)- HSA,1956
INTESTATE- A person who died without any
writing a ‘will’. (S-3g)
FULL BLOOD- When both Father and Mother
of two persons are the same, they are said to
be related to each other by full blood. (S-3e)
HALF BLOOD- When two persons have the
same father but different mothers, they are
related to each other by half blood(S-3e)
UTERINE BLOOD- When two persons have
same mother but different fathers, they are
related to each other by uterine blood(S-3e)
6. IMPORTANT
TERMS
DESCENDANTS-The predecessors are the descendants.
P- Prepositus
D-Daughter S-Son
DD SS
DDD SSS
ASCENDANT-Ancestors of a person.
MM FF
M-Mother F- Father
P
Up to Four
Generations
Three
generations
from the
intestate
8. IMPORTANT
TERMS
AGNATES- When a person traces his relation with another wholly through
males, he or she is an agnate. (S-3a)
P
D S
SS SD
COGNATES- Whenever in the relationship of a person with another, a female
intervenes anywhere in the line, one is cognate to another. (S-3c)
P
S D
DS DD
9. IMPORTANT
TERMS
LEGITIMATE RELATIONSHIP- When a person is born within
a lawful wedlock. He/she is legitimate.
ILLEGITIMATE RELATIONSHIP- When a person is born
outside a lawful wedlock, h/she is illegitimate.
C (P) Wife
D S D
LegitimateIllegitimate
11. MITAKSHARA
SCHOOL
This school owes its name to Vijnanaeshwara’s
commentary on the Yajnavalkya smriti by the name of
‘Mitakshara.’
This school prevails in the whole of India except Assam
and Bengal.
This in spite of being a running commentary is also a
digest of practically all the leading Smritis and the deals
with all the titles of Hindu law.
The date of composition is placed by Kane from A.D.
1100-1200. The word Mitakshara literally means a ‘brief
compendium’.
The Mitakshara School follows the law of inheritance
based on the Principle of Propinquity i.e. on the nearness
of blood relationship.
12. MITAKSHARA
SCHOOL
Doctrine of survivorship: the property after
the death of the common ancestor devolves
by the survivor.
The sons of the family have a birth right in
the property by virtue of the following two
rules:
1. Females will not inherit.
2. Agnates to be preferred over cognates.
These rules have made the Mitakshara
School reactionary.
13. MITAKSHARA
SCHOOL
There are four Sub-Schools under the Mitakshara School:
MITAKSHARA
Dravid
Mithila Banaras
Bombay
15. DAYABHAGA
SCHOOL
The term “Dayabhaga” is derived from a
similarly named text written by Jimutavahana
Dayabhaga School/Bengal School - This school is
considered to be the dissident school of the
Benaras School.
This school owes its origin to Jimutavahana’s
digest on leading Smritis by the name of
Dayabhaga.
This School is prevalent in Assam and Bengal.
Kane places the date of composition of
Jimutvahana’s literary career from 1090-1130 A.D
16. DAYABHAGA
SCHOOL
This school is based on the principle of religious
efficacy or spiritual benefit.
The ones who confer more spiritual benefit is
entitled to inherit the property in comparison to
those who confer less spiritual benefit based on
the Principle of Oblations.
The females in the family may also inherit the
property.
According to this School, the sons do not have a
birth right to the property.
In the event of the coparcener dying issueless, his
widow has a right to succeed to his share and to
enforce a partition on her own account.
18. DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
MITAKSHARA
AND
DAYABHAGA
SCHOOL
MITAKSHARA
JOINT FAMILY- A son,
by birth acquires
an interest in the
ancestral property of
the joint family.
An adult son can
demand partition durin
g his father’s lifetime or
his three immediate
ancestors.
Principle of propinquity
COPARCENARY- all the
members of the Joint
family enjoy
coparcenary rights
during the father’s
lifetime.
Doctrine of Survivorship
DAYABHAGA
JOINT FAMILY-
The son has no automa
tic ownership right by
birth but acquires it on
the demise of
his father.
Principle of Oblations
COPARCENARY- This is
not possible under the
Dayabhaga school as
the father has overall
and uncontrolled
power over the family
property till death.
(no diff. between
ancestral and separate
property)
Doctrine of Succession
19. DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
MITAKSHARA
AND
DAYABHAGA
SCHOOL
MITAKSHARA
PARTITION- None of the
members of the
coparceners can claim a
definite physical share of
the joint property. So
partition in this system
involves in ascertaining
and defining the share of
the coparcener i.e. In the
numerical division of the
property.
RIGHTS OF WOMEN-
The wife cannot demand
partition. She however
has the right to a share in
any partition affected
between her husband
and her sons.
DAYABHAG
PARTITION- Each of
the coparcener has a
definite share in the
joint family property
even though the family
is joint and undivided
and the possession is
common.
RIGHTS OF WOMEN-
This right does not
exist for
the women because th
e sons cannot demand
partition as the father i
s the absolute owner.
20.
21. STATUS
OF
COPRCENARY
IN
INDIA
The concept of coparcenary was introduced in
the ancient India.
Over the period of years the circumstances
changed, and with the need of the hour
Hindu Succession Act, 1956 was again
amended in 2005.
In the case of coparcenary property, or a case
in which two people inherit property equally
between them, the daughter and son are
subject to the same liabilities and disabilities.
The amendment essentially furthers equal
rights between males and females in the legal
system.
22. INHERITANCE
PROPERTY
TYPE
WIFE DAUGHTER SON RIGHT
ANCESTRAL/
JOINT
PROPERTY
NO YES YES BOTH SON
AND
DAUGHTER
HAVE EQUAL
RIGHT, NOT
WIFE
FATHER’S
SEPARATE/
SELF-
ACQUIRED
PROPERTY
(WHILE HE’S
ALIVE)
NO NO NO FATHER CAN
BEQUETHTHE
PROPERTY BY
WILL OR GIFT
Dead FATHER’S
SELF-
ACQUIRED
PROPERTY
YES YES YES THEY ALL
HAVE EQUAL
RIGHT IF
FATHER DIED
INTESTATE
23. CHANGES
BROUGHT BY
THE
AMENDMENT
ACTOF 2005
This amendment is based on the 17th Report
of the Law Commission dated 5th May 2005
chaired by Justice B.P. Jeewan Reddy
Mitakshara Dual mode of devolution of
Property was done away with – devolution
by either intestate or testamentary and not
by survivorship (by sons). [Section 6(3)]
Section 23 & 24 were omitted which only
gave right of dwelling to women and not
ownership and only to unmarried or deserted
wife.
24. CHANGES
BROUGHT BY
THE
AMENDMENT
ACTOF 2005
There is no longer two ways of schools of Hindu Law
basing their inheritance on fundamentally different
principles.
One uniform law of succession.
The concept of Reversioner has been abolished.
The per stripes rule of succession is retained in
respect of class I heir, but in respect of other heirs,
per capita rule is applied.
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005,
amended Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act,
1956, allowing daughters of the deceased equal
rights with sons.
25.
26. Position of
Women after
EnactmentOf
Hindu
Succession
Act, 1956
With this amendment, both male and female
will get equal rights. In a major blow to
patriarchy, centuries-old customary Hindu
law in the shape of the exclusive male
Mitakshara coparcenary has been breached
throughout the country.
The significant change of making all
daughters (including married ones)
coparceners in joint family property has been
of great importance for women, both
economically and symbolically.
27. Position of
Women after
EnactmentOf
Hindu
Succession
Act, 1956
Women can become Kartas of the property.
Symbolically, all this signals that daughters
and sons are equally important members of
the parental family.
The daughter of a coparcener shall be subject
to the same liabilities in respect of the
coparcenary property as that of a son; and
Now under the amendment, daughters will
now get a share equal to that of sons at the
time of the notional partition, just before the
death of the father, and an equal share of the
father’s separate share. Equal distribution of
undivided interests in coparcenary property.
28. Position of
Women after
EnactmentOf
Hindu
Succession
Act, 1956
However, the position of the mother
regarding the coparcenary stays the same.
She, not being a member of the coparcenary,
will not get a share at the time of the
notional partition. The mother will be
entitled to an equal share from the separate
share of the father computed at the time of
the notional partition.
In effect, the actual share of the mother will
go down, as the separate share of the father
will be less as the property will now be
equally divided between father, sons and
daughters in the notional partition.
29. Position of
Women after
EnactmentOf
Hindu
Succession
Act, 1956
Thus to get the benefit as per the amended
Act, the following conditions need to be
satisfied:
She should have been born into the family.
The undivided coparcenary property must
exist on 20.12.2004.
Partition of the property ought not to have
taken place prior to 20.12.2004.
If any of the above three conditions are not
satisfied then the benefit under the amended
act will not be available.
Editor's Notes
Definite share – means on death of a coparcener the property devolves on his heirs…unlike Mitakshara where it used to be devolved on the survivors.