This document provides a historical outline and description of Carrara Cathedral in Italy. The cathedral was first mentioned in 1035 and took over 300 years to complete. It has a complex architectural structure reflecting its different construction phases. The lower parts are Romanesque while the upper parts and externals are Gothic. It is described as having striking black and white marble exterior, an ornate main portal and rose window, and varied interior columns and capitals representing different regional styles.
The Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Siena, Italy is a Romanesque-Gothic cathedral constructed between 1229 and the late 14th century. The lower facade was designed by Giovanni Pisano and contains sculptures and statues. The upper facade contains 14th and 19th century mosaics. The bell tower dates back to an ancient tower and contains six pride of Siena sculptures. The unfinished work on the right side of the cathedral is a remnant of an ambitious 14th century project to construct a new, larger cathedral that was abandoned due to the plague and wars devastating Siena.
Culture and history (san marco basilica) Canisius Bong
Domenico Contarini commissioned the expansion and restoration of St Mark's Basilica in 1071. The third reconstruction began in 1063 under Domenico Contarini and lasted centuries, being divided into three phases linked to three doges: Domenico Contarini, Domenico Selvo, and Vitale Falier. The Basilica draws on Byzantine architectural models and is decorated with mosaics developed over eight centuries depicting Venice's history, ambitions, faith, and art. It has a distinctive Byzantine design with a Greek cross plan and five domes, and is a magnificent architectural blend of Gothic, Byzantine, Romanesque and Renaissance styles.
This document provides an overview of early Renaissance architecture in Italy, focusing on Florence. It discusses important architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi and their major works, including the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore and the Ospedale degli Innocenti. It also covers Leone Battista Alberti's designs for the facades of Santa Maria Novella and Palazzo Rucellai. The document then expands its scope to discuss additional architects and sites in Rome, Venice, Mantua, and elsewhere in Italy during the High Renaissance and Mannerist periods.
Short Quizzes on Gothic, Baroque, Romanesque, Rennaissance ArchitectureChandan Chaturvedi
The document contains multiple choice questions about Gothic and Romanesque architecture. Gandhiji was referring to the grandeur of Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Romanesque architecture developed in the 11th-12th centuries and was characterized by thick walls, round arches and heavy, solid appearances. It served as a stepping stone to Gothic architecture, which had innovations like pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses that allowed for larger windows and a sense of verticality.
Andrea Palladio was an influential Renaissance architect who developed a classical style inspired by Roman architecture. He is known for designing villas and churches with symmetrical facades and proportions based on Roman temples. His most famous works include the Villa Barbaro, with its symmetrical wings and central block resembling a temple front, and the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza, which features a brilliant white facade with superimposed pediments and engaged columns supporting the nave. Palladio's designs emphasized symmetry, harmony of proportions, and references to classical antiquity.
Palazzo Medici Riccardi - Precedent StudiesJYRyanKerry
The Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence exemplifies Renaissance architecture principles through its symmetrical forms, classical elements, and emphasis on order and geometry. The façade uses a tripartite elevation with decreasing height and ornamentation moving up. It features paired windows, arched openings, and decorative cornices. The interior courtyard draws from Brunelleschi's designs with an open loggia surrounded by repetitive arched openings. It balances simplicity and strength through its symmetrical arrangement and use of classical motifs.
The document discusses architectural styles and buildings from the Renaissance period in Italy, including Mannerism and Palladian architecture. It provides details on St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, describing its design by Bramante, Michelangelo, and others. It also summarizes Villa Rotonda, designed by Palladio, noting its symmetrical plan and relationship to the landscape.
Gothic art and architecture originated in Île-de-France in the 12th century under Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis, who wanted to make Saint-Denis the religious center of France and was interested in the symbolic nature of light. Societal changes like the Crusades and intellectual developments increased interest in elaborate church buildings. Gothic cathedrals featured pointed arches, taller walls, buttressing, and increased window space compared to Romanesque churches. Architects saw cathedrals as symbolizing divine perfection and order that brought people closer to God. Key characteristics included compound piers, tracery, rose windows, and flying buttresses. Examples included Canterbury, Cologne, Laon, Notre Dame,
The Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Siena, Italy is a Romanesque-Gothic cathedral constructed between 1229 and the late 14th century. The lower facade was designed by Giovanni Pisano and contains sculptures and statues. The upper facade contains 14th and 19th century mosaics. The bell tower dates back to an ancient tower and contains six pride of Siena sculptures. The unfinished work on the right side of the cathedral is a remnant of an ambitious 14th century project to construct a new, larger cathedral that was abandoned due to the plague and wars devastating Siena.
Culture and history (san marco basilica) Canisius Bong
Domenico Contarini commissioned the expansion and restoration of St Mark's Basilica in 1071. The third reconstruction began in 1063 under Domenico Contarini and lasted centuries, being divided into three phases linked to three doges: Domenico Contarini, Domenico Selvo, and Vitale Falier. The Basilica draws on Byzantine architectural models and is decorated with mosaics developed over eight centuries depicting Venice's history, ambitions, faith, and art. It has a distinctive Byzantine design with a Greek cross plan and five domes, and is a magnificent architectural blend of Gothic, Byzantine, Romanesque and Renaissance styles.
This document provides an overview of early Renaissance architecture in Italy, focusing on Florence. It discusses important architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi and their major works, including the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore and the Ospedale degli Innocenti. It also covers Leone Battista Alberti's designs for the facades of Santa Maria Novella and Palazzo Rucellai. The document then expands its scope to discuss additional architects and sites in Rome, Venice, Mantua, and elsewhere in Italy during the High Renaissance and Mannerist periods.
Short Quizzes on Gothic, Baroque, Romanesque, Rennaissance ArchitectureChandan Chaturvedi
The document contains multiple choice questions about Gothic and Romanesque architecture. Gandhiji was referring to the grandeur of Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Romanesque architecture developed in the 11th-12th centuries and was characterized by thick walls, round arches and heavy, solid appearances. It served as a stepping stone to Gothic architecture, which had innovations like pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses that allowed for larger windows and a sense of verticality.
Andrea Palladio was an influential Renaissance architect who developed a classical style inspired by Roman architecture. He is known for designing villas and churches with symmetrical facades and proportions based on Roman temples. His most famous works include the Villa Barbaro, with its symmetrical wings and central block resembling a temple front, and the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza, which features a brilliant white facade with superimposed pediments and engaged columns supporting the nave. Palladio's designs emphasized symmetry, harmony of proportions, and references to classical antiquity.
Palazzo Medici Riccardi - Precedent StudiesJYRyanKerry
The Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence exemplifies Renaissance architecture principles through its symmetrical forms, classical elements, and emphasis on order and geometry. The façade uses a tripartite elevation with decreasing height and ornamentation moving up. It features paired windows, arched openings, and decorative cornices. The interior courtyard draws from Brunelleschi's designs with an open loggia surrounded by repetitive arched openings. It balances simplicity and strength through its symmetrical arrangement and use of classical motifs.
The document discusses architectural styles and buildings from the Renaissance period in Italy, including Mannerism and Palladian architecture. It provides details on St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, describing its design by Bramante, Michelangelo, and others. It also summarizes Villa Rotonda, designed by Palladio, noting its symmetrical plan and relationship to the landscape.
Gothic art and architecture originated in Île-de-France in the 12th century under Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis, who wanted to make Saint-Denis the religious center of France and was interested in the symbolic nature of light. Societal changes like the Crusades and intellectual developments increased interest in elaborate church buildings. Gothic cathedrals featured pointed arches, taller walls, buttressing, and increased window space compared to Romanesque churches. Architects saw cathedrals as symbolizing divine perfection and order that brought people closer to God. Key characteristics included compound piers, tracery, rose windows, and flying buttresses. Examples included Canterbury, Cologne, Laon, Notre Dame,
The Maison Carrée in Nimes, France is a well-preserved Roman temple built from 18-16 BC. It was constructed out of limestone in the Corinthian order style and measures 31.8m x 15m. Originally dedicated to Augustus' grandsons, it has since served various purposes including a church. Notable features include engaged Corinthian columns, a deep porch, and a hexastyle colonnade. It remains the only completely intact ancient Roman temple.
St Denis Cathedral, Paris is one of the most important building in the history of architecture. It was here that the Gothic style of architecture was first invented. Historically, it is also the historic burial place of the French monarchy.
This document summarizes the key characteristics and construction elements of Gothic architecture. It describes common building materials like stone and stained glass and defining features such as pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It also provides examples of major Gothic cathedrals across Europe, including Notre Dame Cathedral and prominent cathedrals found in Spain and the region of Asturias.
The document describes the architectural style of Baroque buildings, including rounded arches, domes, carved or painted ceilings, decorated walls often painted with real gold, spiral columns, and colored marble. It then provides details about the Palais Garnier opera house, including its cruciform shape with an elongated nave in the style of a Latin cross. Key dimensions are given such as its length, width, heights and diameters of the large central dome.
In 1072, the Normans drove the Arabs from Sicily, establishing Palermo as their capital and re-consecrating the cathedral. In 1174, in an act of piety, thanksgiving and commemoration of the exiled Bishop, King William II ordered the construction of a new church in Monreale, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Enlightened, tolerant and appreciative of many aspects of North African and middle-eastern culture and art, William II employed the very best Arabic and Byzantine, as well as Norman craftsmen to work on the cathedral.
The Cathedral of Monreale (1180s) is the pinnacle of achievement of Arab-Norman art. It was founded in 1172 by William II. A Benedictine monastery was built next to the cathedral which is famous for its remarkable interior, the magnificent gold mosaics representing episodes from the Bible. The cloister has pointed Arab arches with geometric motifs, and scenes are sculpted in the capital of the 228 white marble twin columns.
Around the same time, the town of Monreale was founded, which was the seat of the most powerful Archbishops of Sicily in 1183. During the following centuries, new neighbourhoods grew around other religious congregations, leading to the constructions in the 17C and 18C of many ecclesiastical buildings which gave Monreale its characteristic Baroque appearance.
Introduction to Baroque and Rococo ArchitectureAmal Shah
The document provides an overview of Baroque and Rococo architecture and interior design. It discusses key characteristics of Baroque art such as dynamism, strong curves, and complexity. It describes how Baroque emerged in Italy and was later led by France, transitioning into the Rococo style characterized by gentler dynamism. Specific architectural elements of Baroque buildings are outlined, and prominent Baroque architects like Borromini and Bernini are discussed. Examples of Baroque architecture are given, including churches and palaces. Finally, the document briefly introduces the Rococo style and provides examples like Versailles.
The document provides an overview of Romanesque and Gothic art and architecture between the 11th and 15th centuries in Europe. It discusses key characteristics of Romanesque architecture, sculpture and painting, including round arches, barrel vaults and rigid human figures. Gothic developments are then outlined, notably pointed arches, rib vaults, stained glass windows and greater realism in sculptures and paintings. Examples of major cathedrals demonstrating these styles are also referenced.
The Cathedral of Florence is a complex of religious buildings that includes the cathedral itself (Santa Maria del Fiore), the Baptistery of St. John, and Giotto's Campanile. The cathedral features a massive brick dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi that was the largest dome ever built when completed in the 15th century. The complex sits in the Piazza del Duomo and represents some of the finest examples of Italian Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
Gothic art developed between the 12th and 15th centuries and was characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses that allowed for taller buildings with large windows. Gothic cathedrals featured cruciform plans with multiple naves and chapels and competed to be the largest and most impressive buildings. Stained glass windows protected the interior from the cold while filling cathedrals with colorful light symbolizing divine illumination.
This document discusses Byzantine architecture, mosaics, and icons. It describes the key characteristics of Byzantine architecture as being influenced by Greek and Roman styles and using semi-circular arches, domes, and basilica and Greek cross floor plans. It provides examples of important Byzantine buildings like Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Basilica. Mosaics are described as using bright colors with religious themes on walls and ceilings. Icons are defined as religious paintings on wood with gold backgrounds and rigid, frontal poses with no expression.
Baroque architecture began in the early 1600s in Rome and spread across Europe, characterized by dramatic shapes and motifs. Key features included spiral columns, domes, rounded arches, and painted ceilings with gold. The style was popular for churches and palaces and encouraged by the Catholic Church. Rococo architecture emerged later as a more ornate style using elaborate curves, shells, leaves, and asymmetry with light colors. Examples include the Hermitage Winter Palace and Smolny Cathedral in St. Petersburg as well as the Wieskirche in Bavaria. Both styles marked a shift from classical to more expressive designs.
Romanesque was the dominant artistic style in Western Europe between the 9th and 12th centuries. It spread through monastic orders, pilgrimages, and the Crusades. Romanesque architecture featured thick stone walls, columns with decorated capitals, buttresses, semi-circular arches, barrel vaults, and groin vaults. Religious art focused on biblical themes like the life of Christ, the Virgin Mary, saints, and the final judgement. Painting styles included wall paintings and miniatures, using plain colors without perspective. Sculpture included reliefs on church walls and in archways, as well as round sculptures of Christ on the cross and the Virgin Mary.
The Tempietto was built between 1499-1506 in Rome by the architect Donato Bramante. It was designed as a circular chapel to commemorate the site where St. Peter was crucified. The Tempietto has a simple yet elegant Renaissance design with a colonnade of Doric columns surrounding a cylindrical structure and dome. It is considered one of the earliest and finest examples of Renaissance architecture for its symmetry, harmony, and inspiration from classical antiquity.
Mannerism was an artistic style that emerged in the 1520-1600 period in Italy as a reaction against the harmonious classicism of the High Renaissance. Key characteristics of Mannerism include elongated proportions, exaggerated poses, bright colors, and emphasis on tension, asymmetry, and artistic flair over balance and rational composition. Mannerist architecture featured elements like blind windows, colossal orders, and highly ornamental designs as seen in buildings like Palladio's Villa Rotonda and Villa Capra.
Volterra basilica di s.michele arco etrusco e teatro romanoMy own sweet home
The Etruscan arch in Volterra dates back to the 4th-3rd centuries BC and depicts Etruscan deities, though it was incorporated into Roman structures later. The well-preserved Roman theater from the 1st century BC holds an annual festival. The Church of St. Michel was first mentioned in 987 and has a striped marble facade from the 13th century containing sculptures.
The document summarizes the Pisa Cathedral complex, which includes the Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile (Leaning Tower), Camposanto Monumentale cemetery, and other buildings surrounding the Piazza dei Miracoli. The complex began construction in the 11th century and features prominent Romanesque architecture. The buildings demonstrate Pisa's historical prosperity and were intended to establish the city as a religious and political center.
Byzantine and gothic architecture aditya barn1ar14002Aditya kumar
St Mark's Basilica is the cathedral church of Venice located in St Mark's Square. It is renowned for its Byzantine architecture and rich interior mosaics. The present church was completed in 1071 and has a Greek cross plan with five domes. Over the centuries, additions have increased its richness, such as the four bronze horses brought from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The interior features geometric marble floors and walls covered in polychrome marble and mosaics depicting biblical stories.
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the decline of Barbarian invasions. The Pisa Cathedral Complex in Italy, built between the 11th-14th centuries, is a prime example featuring the Pisa Cathedral, Leaning Tower of Pisa (campanile), Baptistery, cemetery, and other structures. The complex demonstrates the Romanesque style through its use of rounded arches, arcades, marble construction, and sculptures. The Leaning Tower gained its tilt due to unstable foundations beneath its eight stories of galleries. The Baptistery contains important works by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano.
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the decline of Barbarian invasions. The Pisa Cathedral Complex in Italy, built between the 11th-14th centuries, is a prime example featuring the Pisa Cathedral, Leaning Tower of Pisa (campanile), Baptistery, cemetery, and other structures. The complex demonstrates the Romanesque style through its use of rounded arches, arcades, marble construction, and sculptures. The Leaning Tower gained its tilt due to unstable foundations beneath its eight stories of galleries. The Baptistery contains important works by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano.
The Maison Carrée in Nimes, France is a well-preserved Roman temple built from 18-16 BC. It was constructed out of limestone in the Corinthian order style and measures 31.8m x 15m. Originally dedicated to Augustus' grandsons, it has since served various purposes including a church. Notable features include engaged Corinthian columns, a deep porch, and a hexastyle colonnade. It remains the only completely intact ancient Roman temple.
St Denis Cathedral, Paris is one of the most important building in the history of architecture. It was here that the Gothic style of architecture was first invented. Historically, it is also the historic burial place of the French monarchy.
This document summarizes the key characteristics and construction elements of Gothic architecture. It describes common building materials like stone and stained glass and defining features such as pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It also provides examples of major Gothic cathedrals across Europe, including Notre Dame Cathedral and prominent cathedrals found in Spain and the region of Asturias.
The document describes the architectural style of Baroque buildings, including rounded arches, domes, carved or painted ceilings, decorated walls often painted with real gold, spiral columns, and colored marble. It then provides details about the Palais Garnier opera house, including its cruciform shape with an elongated nave in the style of a Latin cross. Key dimensions are given such as its length, width, heights and diameters of the large central dome.
In 1072, the Normans drove the Arabs from Sicily, establishing Palermo as their capital and re-consecrating the cathedral. In 1174, in an act of piety, thanksgiving and commemoration of the exiled Bishop, King William II ordered the construction of a new church in Monreale, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Enlightened, tolerant and appreciative of many aspects of North African and middle-eastern culture and art, William II employed the very best Arabic and Byzantine, as well as Norman craftsmen to work on the cathedral.
The Cathedral of Monreale (1180s) is the pinnacle of achievement of Arab-Norman art. It was founded in 1172 by William II. A Benedictine monastery was built next to the cathedral which is famous for its remarkable interior, the magnificent gold mosaics representing episodes from the Bible. The cloister has pointed Arab arches with geometric motifs, and scenes are sculpted in the capital of the 228 white marble twin columns.
Around the same time, the town of Monreale was founded, which was the seat of the most powerful Archbishops of Sicily in 1183. During the following centuries, new neighbourhoods grew around other religious congregations, leading to the constructions in the 17C and 18C of many ecclesiastical buildings which gave Monreale its characteristic Baroque appearance.
Introduction to Baroque and Rococo ArchitectureAmal Shah
The document provides an overview of Baroque and Rococo architecture and interior design. It discusses key characteristics of Baroque art such as dynamism, strong curves, and complexity. It describes how Baroque emerged in Italy and was later led by France, transitioning into the Rococo style characterized by gentler dynamism. Specific architectural elements of Baroque buildings are outlined, and prominent Baroque architects like Borromini and Bernini are discussed. Examples of Baroque architecture are given, including churches and palaces. Finally, the document briefly introduces the Rococo style and provides examples like Versailles.
The document provides an overview of Romanesque and Gothic art and architecture between the 11th and 15th centuries in Europe. It discusses key characteristics of Romanesque architecture, sculpture and painting, including round arches, barrel vaults and rigid human figures. Gothic developments are then outlined, notably pointed arches, rib vaults, stained glass windows and greater realism in sculptures and paintings. Examples of major cathedrals demonstrating these styles are also referenced.
The Cathedral of Florence is a complex of religious buildings that includes the cathedral itself (Santa Maria del Fiore), the Baptistery of St. John, and Giotto's Campanile. The cathedral features a massive brick dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi that was the largest dome ever built when completed in the 15th century. The complex sits in the Piazza del Duomo and represents some of the finest examples of Italian Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
Gothic art developed between the 12th and 15th centuries and was characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses that allowed for taller buildings with large windows. Gothic cathedrals featured cruciform plans with multiple naves and chapels and competed to be the largest and most impressive buildings. Stained glass windows protected the interior from the cold while filling cathedrals with colorful light symbolizing divine illumination.
This document discusses Byzantine architecture, mosaics, and icons. It describes the key characteristics of Byzantine architecture as being influenced by Greek and Roman styles and using semi-circular arches, domes, and basilica and Greek cross floor plans. It provides examples of important Byzantine buildings like Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Basilica. Mosaics are described as using bright colors with religious themes on walls and ceilings. Icons are defined as religious paintings on wood with gold backgrounds and rigid, frontal poses with no expression.
Baroque architecture began in the early 1600s in Rome and spread across Europe, characterized by dramatic shapes and motifs. Key features included spiral columns, domes, rounded arches, and painted ceilings with gold. The style was popular for churches and palaces and encouraged by the Catholic Church. Rococo architecture emerged later as a more ornate style using elaborate curves, shells, leaves, and asymmetry with light colors. Examples include the Hermitage Winter Palace and Smolny Cathedral in St. Petersburg as well as the Wieskirche in Bavaria. Both styles marked a shift from classical to more expressive designs.
Romanesque was the dominant artistic style in Western Europe between the 9th and 12th centuries. It spread through monastic orders, pilgrimages, and the Crusades. Romanesque architecture featured thick stone walls, columns with decorated capitals, buttresses, semi-circular arches, barrel vaults, and groin vaults. Religious art focused on biblical themes like the life of Christ, the Virgin Mary, saints, and the final judgement. Painting styles included wall paintings and miniatures, using plain colors without perspective. Sculpture included reliefs on church walls and in archways, as well as round sculptures of Christ on the cross and the Virgin Mary.
The Tempietto was built between 1499-1506 in Rome by the architect Donato Bramante. It was designed as a circular chapel to commemorate the site where St. Peter was crucified. The Tempietto has a simple yet elegant Renaissance design with a colonnade of Doric columns surrounding a cylindrical structure and dome. It is considered one of the earliest and finest examples of Renaissance architecture for its symmetry, harmony, and inspiration from classical antiquity.
Mannerism was an artistic style that emerged in the 1520-1600 period in Italy as a reaction against the harmonious classicism of the High Renaissance. Key characteristics of Mannerism include elongated proportions, exaggerated poses, bright colors, and emphasis on tension, asymmetry, and artistic flair over balance and rational composition. Mannerist architecture featured elements like blind windows, colossal orders, and highly ornamental designs as seen in buildings like Palladio's Villa Rotonda and Villa Capra.
Volterra basilica di s.michele arco etrusco e teatro romanoMy own sweet home
The Etruscan arch in Volterra dates back to the 4th-3rd centuries BC and depicts Etruscan deities, though it was incorporated into Roman structures later. The well-preserved Roman theater from the 1st century BC holds an annual festival. The Church of St. Michel was first mentioned in 987 and has a striped marble facade from the 13th century containing sculptures.
The document summarizes the Pisa Cathedral complex, which includes the Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile (Leaning Tower), Camposanto Monumentale cemetery, and other buildings surrounding the Piazza dei Miracoli. The complex began construction in the 11th century and features prominent Romanesque architecture. The buildings demonstrate Pisa's historical prosperity and were intended to establish the city as a religious and political center.
Byzantine and gothic architecture aditya barn1ar14002Aditya kumar
St Mark's Basilica is the cathedral church of Venice located in St Mark's Square. It is renowned for its Byzantine architecture and rich interior mosaics. The present church was completed in 1071 and has a Greek cross plan with five domes. Over the centuries, additions have increased its richness, such as the four bronze horses brought from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The interior features geometric marble floors and walls covered in polychrome marble and mosaics depicting biblical stories.
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the decline of Barbarian invasions. The Pisa Cathedral Complex in Italy, built between the 11th-14th centuries, is a prime example featuring the Pisa Cathedral, Leaning Tower of Pisa (campanile), Baptistery, cemetery, and other structures. The complex demonstrates the Romanesque style through its use of rounded arches, arcades, marble construction, and sculptures. The Leaning Tower gained its tilt due to unstable foundations beneath its eight stories of galleries. The Baptistery contains important works by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano.
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe during the Middle Ages following the decline of Barbarian invasions. The Pisa Cathedral Complex in Italy, built between the 11th-14th centuries, is a prime example featuring the Pisa Cathedral, Leaning Tower of Pisa (campanile), Baptistery, cemetery, and other structures. The complex demonstrates the Romanesque style through its use of rounded arches, arcades, marble construction, and sculptures. The Leaning Tower gained its tilt due to unstable foundations beneath its eight stories of galleries. The Baptistery contains important works by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano.
The document provides details about Michelangelo's fresco The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. It describes Michelangelo's powerful depiction of Christ judging the souls of humanity, with figures being drawn up to heaven or plunged down to hell. The document also notes that Michelangelo included portraits of his contemporaries in the work and that he added self-portraits.
The document provides details about Michelangelo's fresco The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. It describes Michelangelo's powerful depiction of Christ judging the souls of humanity, with figures being drawn up to heaven or plunged down to hell. The document also notes that Michelangelo included portraits of his contemporaries in the work and that he added self-portraits.
The document provides information on various architectural styles from the Renaissance period in Italy, including Mannerism and examples of Mannerist architecture. It discusses Michelangelo's influence on the design of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It also provides details on Palladio's Villa Rotonda, including its symmetrical design centered around a circular hall with loggias on each side connecting to the landscape.
The Basilica of Santa Chiara in Assisi, Italy was built in 1257 in the Italian Gothic style to house the remains of St. Clare after her death in 1253. It has a simple facade and interior with one nave and Gothic vaults. Notable features include the Chapel of the Crucifix containing a 12th century crucifix that spoke to St. Francis, and a crypt built in 1850-1872 that now displays the mummified body of St. Clare.
The cathedral of Volterra is a Romanesque building built around 1120 on the site of an existing building. Its broken main facade is divided into three sections by pilasters and a horizontal frame. The interior was restored in the 16th century and contains interesting sculptures and artwork from the 13th-15th centuries, including a deposition scene from the 13th century and works by Francis Valdambrino and Mino da Fiesole. The exterior features a decorated portal and the interior houses a richly decorated pulpit from the 17th century with 13th century sculptural elements.
The document provides details about the Papal Archbasilica of Saint John in Lateran in Rome, Italy. It discusses the church's historical background as the first church built in Rome and the cathedral of the Pope. The document describes the architectural structures of the Lateran Palace and Basilica both externally and internally. It includes floor plans and provides information on the types of materials and ornamentation used like marble statues of the Apostles and stucco decorations.
The document provides an overview of Baroque architecture. Some key points:
1. Baroque architecture originated in late 16th century Italy and spread throughout Europe until the 18th century. It was characterized by dramatic effects, rich decoration, and complex forms designed to astonish viewers.
2. Distinctive features included large domes, elaborate motifs and decorations, gilded sculptures, and attention-grabbing elements like curved walls and fountains that created a sense of dynamism.
3. Major Baroque architects like Borromini and Bernini designed churches using dramatic lighting, rich ornamentation, and complex integrated architectural and decorative forms to overwhelm worshippers. Their works exemplified the Baroque emphasis on emotion
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
The document provides an overview of architectural styles from ancient Egyptian architecture to modern eclecticism. It describes key characteristics of different styles including:
- Egyptian architecture being characterized by pyramidal structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza which was faced with white limestone.
- Greek architecture most prominently featured temples with post-and-lintel construction in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.
- Roman architecture adopted Greek styles and developed the arch, vault and dome structures like in the Pantheon.
- Gothic architecture had large stained glass windows supported by buttresses and rose windows, with ornate doorways and interior decoration.
1. St Peter's Basilica in Rome went through many architectural changes over centuries as different architects worked on its design and construction.
2. The architects included Donato Bramante, Raphael, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bramante proposed the original Greek cross plan with a central dome. Michelangelo reverted to this design and strengthened it.
3. Maderno's most significant change was transforming Michelangelo's Greek cross design into a Latin cross with a long nave and adding the famous façade. The basilica and St Peter's Square are impressive architectural works in Renaissance and Baroque styles.
The Cathedral of Florence is a Gothic-style church built between 1296 and 1436. It has an enormous dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi that was an architectural marvel when constructed during the Renaissance. The cathedral features extensive use of colored marble on its exterior and interior, along with sculptures and frescoes by many renowned Renaissance artists. It remains one of the most significant cathedrals in Italy due to its architectural innovations and artistic works.
The document provides an overview of Renaissance art and architecture, summarizing key characteristics and examples. It discusses Renaissance art's use of perspective, light/shade, and illusion. Renaissance architecture is characterized by symmetry, proportion, and classical columns. Example buildings described include St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City and the Sistine Chapel in Rome, known for its Michelangelo frescoes. The document also profiles Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo as two of the most famous Renaissance artists.
Michelangelo is widely regarded as the most famous artist of the Italian Renaissance. Among his works are the "David" and "Pieta" statues and the Sistine Chapel frescoes.
Pisa Cathedral is a notable example of Romanesque architecture located in Pisa, Italy. Construction began in 1063 and was finished in 1180. Some key features include alternating layers of black and white marble, an elliptical dome, raised lancet arches, and a rich exterior decorated with colored marble, mosaics, and bronze objects. The interior has a white and black marble design with corinthian capitals and a coffered, painted wooden ceiling from the 17th century.
This document summarizes smoking, drinking, and exercise trends among young people in Italy. It finds that over 11 million Italians smoke, including 21.9% of young people, and smoking deaths have tripled since 1955. Nearly 20% of young Italians drink alcohol regularly, with boys drinking more than girls, and beer being most popular. Only 53% of students do sports, showing room for increased physical activity. Overall it shows concerning rates of unhealthy behaviors like smoking and drinking among Italian youth.
The document provides recipes for 4 Italian dishes:
1) Easter pie made with silverbeet, eggs, parmesan, and ricotta cheese filling wrapped in dough balls.
2) Ravioli filled with minced beef, pork, carrots, onion, and tomato sauce topped with Emmental cheese.
3) Cacciucco, a seafood stew made with assorted fish and shellfish simmered in a tomato broth flavored with vegetables, herbs, and wine.
4) Chestnut pie, though the recipe is not included.
Larderello is a town in Italy known for its geothermal energy production. It was the first place in the world where geothermal power was commercially harnessed. Jacque de Larderell discovered the potential for geothermal energy in the area in the 18th century. Today, Larderello produces 10% of Italy's energy and uses steam from geysers and other geothermal features to power electric generators. The area is also a tourist destination where visitors can learn about geothermal energy production through features like a geothermal museum and demonstrations of artificial geysers.
Water represents an indispensable element for human survival, as our bodies are mainly composed of water (65%) and 30,000 people die daily from lack of water. While 71% of Earth's surface is covered in water, only 2.5% is drinkable, and global reserves have decreased 50% between 1950-2005. European law considers water a public good, not private goods for profit, as access to clean water should be a basic human right.
Energy can take many forms including heat, light, motion, and potential energy and comes from sources like the sun, wind, water, and nuclear reactions. Renewable energy sources are important alternatives that help conserve finite resources, preserve the environment, and develop sustainable energy systems. Different renewable technologies harness energy from the sun, wind, water, earth, and biomass to generate electricity and heat with benefits like reduced costs, emissions, and energy independence.
- The town of Carrara, Italy collects municipal solid waste 365 days a year through the use of skips, paper and bottle banks. In 2010, the town produced 28,578 tonnes of waste, with 12% reduction from 2008.
- The undifferentiated waste is divided into organic (40%) and dry (60%) waste. The organic waste is composted and the dry waste is processed into briquettes to produce electricity.
- In 2010, Carrara's differentiated waste rate was 26.88%, below the 65% European target for 2012. The town began collecting waste door-to-door starting in 2008 to increase separation and hit the target.
Carrara is a small town located between Tuscany and Liguria in Italy, known for its white marble quarries in the surrounding Alpi Apuane mountains. The mountains contain endemic flowers and provide scenic views from clearings like Campocecina. One former quarry is now a cultural site with poems carved into the marble. Carrara also has a harbor that historically exported marble internationally and beaches along the coast that attract summer visitors.
Pisa, Italy is known for its beautiful monuments from the Middle Ages that demonstrate the economic power of the city during that time. The most important square is the Piazza del Duomo, which contains several architectural masterpieces including the Cathedral, Baptistery, Camposanto cemetery, and the famous Leaning Tower. According to legend, touching a bronze lizard on the Cathedral will bring good luck on exams taken 100 days later.
Pisa was an economically powerful city during the Middle Ages as evidenced by its beautiful monuments that can still be admired today. The Piazza del Duomo, also known as "Miracle Square", contains important architectural masterpieces like the cathedral, baptistery, bell tower, and Campo Santo cemetery that were declared a UNESCO heritage site. The bell tower, also known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, dates back to the 12th century and acquired its famous slanted shape 10 years after construction began.
Carrara a town surrounded by 4 natural parksfrancatongiani
Carrara is surrounded by four natural parks in Italy - Alpi Apuane Park, Cinque Terre Park, Orecchiella Park, and Massaciuccoli Park. The Alpi Apuane Park contains marble quarries and rare flowers and wildlife. Hiking trails allow visitors to explore the mountains and shelter. Cinque Terre Park features beautiful coastal villages with terraced vineyards and olive groves connected by footpaths. The Appennino Park has forests, mountains, lakes and hosts animals like golden eagles and wolves. Massaciuccoli Park is a flat region with a small lake used for tourism and farming. The document shares photos from these parks around Carrara taken during school trips
The document provides information about the city of Lucca, Italy. It mentions that Lucca has over 4 km of walls that were built according to modern defensive principles. It also notes landmarks like the Amphitheatre Square, San Martino Cathedral, the Temple of the Holy Face, and the Basilica of St. Frediano. Additionally, it references the Guinigi Tower and images of the city's squares, walls, and an annual comic convention.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Carrara cathedral
1. "Socrates Comenius Project"
Liceo Scientifico “G. Marconi” Carrara
2010-2011
CARRARA CATHEDRAL
Class II F
Prof. L. Codega
1
2. HISTORICAL OUTLINE
Carrara Cathedral, dedicated to the apostle St.Andrew, is a medieval
building whose structures are entirely made of Apuan marble blocks.
The cathedral is mentioned for the first time in a document of the year
1035 as "Ecclesia Sancti Andree de Carraria". It was only completed
three centuries later, and Carrara was still a little village.
2
3. The church is diagonally positioned in relation to the square in
front of it.
The architectural structure is complex, as it shows the different
phases of its construction and the fact that Lunigiana is a
border land.
3
4. The lower part is Romanesque, and the upper parts, in
particular the external ones, are Gothic.
4
5. The first phase of the
construction (1070-1140)
shows Parmesan and Pisan
influences. Many are, in fact,
the analogies to the cathedral
of Parma, especially in most
ancient elements, like the main
portal. However the horizontal
stripes of black and white
Colonnata marble of the façade
are typical of Pisan and
Ligurian architecture.
5
6. The second phase of construction (in
the second half of the XII century)
carried out by builders from Lucca,
is easily recognisable especially in
the frequent use of human and
animal figures and in Corinthian
capitals.
6
7. In the second half of
the XIII century the
church tower was
completed.
7
8. The third and last phase of construction
(XIV century) is the work of Pisan
builders. It concerns the upper part of
the façade with the magnificent rose-
window and the portico which displays
a series of busts inserted on capitals;
they are important examples of Tuscan
sculpture. On the façade the final
element, which should overhang the
rose-window, is missing.
8
9. Towards the end of the XV
century the walls, which
had, until then, been left
rough and without plaster,
began to be painted. In
later age some altars and
ornaments were added.
9
10. In 1947-1948 the decision was made to restore the cathedral, as
much as possible, to its original condition: six altars were
removed. In 1992 the long and delicate cleaning work of the
façade and of the side portal, known as St.John's, was
completed.
10
11. DESCRIPTION OF THE
EXTERIOR
The church tower.
The church tower is about 33 metres tall, and is
entirely made of marble. It's made up of five
floors, on which windows of a making that
varies according to the storey open up. The
pyramidal-shaped spire is enriched by small
steeples.
The execution of this work was doubtlessly
carried out in two different phases. There are
differences between the lower and upper
part, in which the ashlars are squarer and are
inserted with more regularity.
11
12. The aisles’ back walls and the external apse
The side aisles’ back walls present, in the upper part, small
arches that rest on corbels. In the lower part we find in
both sides an ogival window with one light.
12
13. The central aisle's back wall is decorated with small
ogival arches that rest on corbels on which human
heads or animals are engraved. The hollows in the
arches toward the square bear ornamental carvings;
among them a wheel and a cock are recognisable.
13
14. The external apse is semi-circular shaped. A small
loggia winds along its perimeter and rests on a
frame that is partly decorated with flowery
patterns; from there small pillars spring up and
they finish up with capitals of different shape
and size; some are decorated with a leaf, others
are geometrical in shape. The small arches above
the pillars are ogival. Down below three
windows with one light open up: in the central
one a man holds a leaf with the epigraph
"Andreas". Between the two side-windows an ox
and a palm leaf are carved.
14
15. The façade
In the façade it is possible to determine with precision the different
styles in the different epochs of construction. As it is, the lower part
is Romanesque and the upper one is Gothic.
At the base there are alternating stripes of black Colonnata marble and
stripes of white marble.
15
16. The most praiseworthy element of this façade is the
portal; at its sides it is possible to see two pillars
with finely executed capitals with flowery
patterns and human figures. In the round arch
rampant animals that culminate in an eagle,
nowadays beheaded, are represented. At the
margins of the pillars two columns are enclosed;
from them an arch, shorter than the first one,
starts. It is in the shape of a festoon and is
decorated with flowery patterns. The lunette is
decorated with geometrical patterns.
16
17. The upper part is characterized by the central rose-window that is
inscribed in a square whose sides are constituted by a rhomb-pierced
frame. The rose-window is formed by twenty mullions that form a
sunburst ornament and bear small Gothic arches. At the two sides of
the rose-window a loggia starts; its height decreases from the centre
to the exterior. The connection between the arches is constituted by
human heads that are, in some cases, real masterpieces of Gothic
sculpture.
17
18. The south side
The south side, which opens up onto the cathedral square, is divided, in the
lower part, into three sections, which are bordered by two pillars. The first
one recalls, with its black and white marble squares, the Romanesque
motifs of the façade. In it we find St.John's Portal, that is not unlike the
façade's one. The fine decorations of arch-beams and of the round arch are
remarkable.
18
19. In the other two parts it is possible to see
two elegant windows with one light.
In the first one an eagle is engraved
and the architectonical elements are
decorated in a rich and complex way:
one can see a human head and flowery
patterns.
The second one, much
simpler, bears the sculpture
of a lion.
19
20. In the sottogronda of the lower part one can see
small round arches, some simple, others
decorated with flowery patterns or with
animals.
The upper part is decked with small ogival
arches; some are simple, and others, that are
the ones closer to the façade, are decked with
elaborate frames and bear, in the interdossi,
geometrical decorations such as the wheel or
the cross.
20
21. DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERIOR
The interior is austere; the
marble walls are covered
with a grey patina built up
over the centuries.
It is divided into three aisles
that are bordered by two
rows of columns and pillars
surmounted by round
arches: it all adds up to
eight columns and a pillar
per side.
21
22. The columns show a great variety of styles,
especially in the capitals. In the capital of
the firs semi-column on the right aisle the
visit that Mary paid to St. Elizabeth is
carved: it is Lombard in structure.
22
23. The second column is
unique in the church in
so that is cross-shaped.
According to some it is a
real Gothic pillar.
The capitals, all different
between each other,
betray the fact that their
makers came from Pisa,
Lucca or from Emilia.
23
24. The presbytery dates back to the XII
century and is the work of hands from
Lucca. The capitals, of which the left
one is in the Corinthian style and the
right one is the result of mixed styles
and has big flowers inside the scrolls,
pre-announces the Gothic style.
In correspondence to the space between the
second and the third column, St.John's
portal in the right aisle and the entrance to
the Great Company and to the Baptistery in
the left one open up.
24
25. A) Main entrance
B) St. John’s Portal
C) Entrance to the Great Company
and to the Baptistery
1) Altar of the Crowned
Martyrized Saints
2) Saint Ceccardo's Altar
3) Saint Ceccardo's Sarcophagus
4) The Cassanelle
5) The Crucifix of Divine
Providence
6) Our Lady of the People's Altar
7) The Altar of the Most Holy
Annunciation
25
26. Altar of the Crowned
Martyrized Saints
Entering the cathedral through St.John's
portal, on the left it can be found the altar of
the "Crowned Martyrized Saints", more
commonly known as altar of the "Four
Martyrized Saints", patrons of the sculptors and of the marble workers. The high-
relief on the table above the altar was completed in 1869 by Pietro Lazzerini from
Carrara, and it represents the four saints at the moment of their martyrdom. In
fact the martyrs that are portrayed on the sculpture aren't four, but five. As the
legend goes, the four Romans who refused to carve Pagan gods were joined by a
"praetorian", who was so struck by the courage and serenity of the four condemned
to death penalty that he refused to take part in the execution and was therefore
killed as well.
At the sides of the altar there are two XVI century high relieves that portray
"Magdalen with a vase of perfumes" and "St.Lucy”.
26
27. Saint Ceccardo's Altar
Saint Ceccardo's altar is placed half way
down the right aisle. It is very simple, in
XVII century style.
The saint's beheaded body is kept inside a
marble niche under the altar table, and
it is protected behind a red banner and a
grate. In the upper part of the altar
there is a XVII century painting by an
unknown artist that represents
St.Ceccardo's beheading.
27
28. St.Ceccardo, patron of Carrara, was
beheaded because of his faith,according to
the tradition, in the year 600: it is said
that a water spring with healing powers
sprang out from the spot where his head
hit the ground.
The altar covers half of a XV century wall
painting that was discovered during the
restoration work in the aftermath of World
War II.
28
29. Saint Ceccardo's Sarcophagus
The sarcophagus, which used to hold the saint's body and that dates back to the
XVI century, is placed on the left of the altar.
It was carved into a single block of marble and it bears flowery decorations
carved into simple frames. The lid used to be connected to the urn by iron side-
joints whose remains can still be seen.
The tomb is born by two puttos which are probably XVII century.
Along the sarcophagus's lower edge one
can read, from left to right, the
inscription "HIC IACET CORPUS DIVI
CECARDI MARTIRIS EPI
LUNENSIS" which means "here lays the
body of St.Ceccardo martyr bishop of
Luni" .The right side bears the inscription
"HIC SANCTVS PASSVS EST P FIDE
XPI SVB ANO CCCCCC" which means
"here the Saint was martyrized for his
faith in Christ in the year 600".
29
30. The Cassanelle
"Le Cassanelle" are a masterpiece of
Gothic sculpture (XIV century), of Pisan
School and French influence.
They represent the Annunciation with the angel on the left who shows
a paper scroll with the latin inscription" AVE GRATIA PLENA"
and Maria on the right.
The two statues are made of Carrara white marble, but the basements,
from a more recent age, are made of ordinary marble.
According to the tradition the two figures are called " Le Cassanelle"
probably because this name is connected to Gassano, the village
where Bartolomeo Vasi, church artist and benefactor, was born. He
made the holy water basin near St.John's door.
30
31. The Crucifix of Divine Providence
The Crucifix of Divine
Providence is a wooden
fourteenth century cross,
whose style recalls the school
of Toscana and Umbria. It's
placed at the center of the
presbytery, and it hangs from
a finely wrought metal
chain.
31
32. Its shape is complex. The main figure,
Christus Patiens (in opposition to
Christus Triunphans from an earlier age),
is set in the middle, depicted with realism;
on the two arms of the cross you can find
the Virgin on the left and John, the
favourite disciple, on the right. On the
two arms of the cross, two grids with the
figures of the four evangelists including
the symbols referred to them: John with
the eagle and Luke with the ox on the
left; Mark with the lion and Matthew
with the angel and the New Testament
on the right.
At the top the figure of God, the Father,
with a pelican. This bird, according to a
well known symbology, feeds his breed
on his blood until it dies. This represents
Jesus Christ's sacrifice.
32
33. Our Lady of the People's Altar
Our Lady of the people's altar is placed in the left aisle; it's a XVI century
piece of work, simple yet elegant. Here, on the Lord's Table, inside a
marble frame placed between two marble columns, there is a painting
of the Madonna which dates back to the last century and portrays the
Virgin
Mary holding the infant
Jesus with the keys of the
town in her hand: our
Lady of the People,
patron of Carrara.
Under the painting an engraved marble tablet
remembers one of the many miraculous
interventions by the Madonna to protect
Carrara's people.
33
34. The Altar of the Most Holy Annunciation
The Altar of the Most Holy Annunciation is placed at the left of
the main entrance, and it rests against the façade's inside
wall. It was executed around 1310 by Lapo, son of Maestro
Giroldo from Lugano. The present condition is the result of
various interventions and re-makings that were carried out in
different epochs. A beautiful frame that forms a vault resting
on two square columns with capitals, and which is decorated
with relieves, dates back to the XV century. Nowadays it is
quite blackened by candle smoke.
The Annunciation that can be admired nowadays dates back to
the Baroque age, with evident influences of Bernini school,
as so as the altar, in polychromatic marble marquetry.
At the centre of the altar, between the two statues, there is a
large chalk crucifix painted black, dating back to the XV
century. It is attributed to the sculptor from Carrara Pietro
Tacca. For this reason the altar is also known as "Altar of the
Crucifix".
34
35. Bibliography
G. Paoletti, Il duomo di Carrara, Massa 1996
F. Buselli, S. Andrea Apostolo Duomo a Carrara, edited
by the Cassa di Risparmio di Carrara, 1972
We would like to thank Father Raffaello Piagentini,
parson of the cathedral, and Eleonora Grasso, student
at Accademia di Belle Arti in Carrara, for their kind
collaboration.
35
36. Davide Bichi 2010
II F 2011
Alessio Ratti
(not in the photo)
Nicolas
Luigi
Giromini Maddaluno
(not in the photo)
Paolo
Andreani
Valentina
Pardi
Davide
Gasparotti Rebecca
Tamberi
Gabriele Letizia
Fusani Berbieri
Andrea Veronica
Del Sarto Brandani
Riccardo Luca Tedeschi
Falchetta
Luca “Palaus”
Davide Iardella
Vatteroni Giacomo Zannoni Valentina Bianchi Sara Cardi Cigoli Martina Corsini
Michele Rossi Giacomo Bertolucci Girolamo Palazzolo Cristian Cordiviola Davide Perini
36