Caring Nursing is an Art Fundamentals of Nursing What does being caring mean? If someone is caring, they are affectionate, helpful, and sympathetic. He is a lovely boy, very gentle and caring. Synonyms: compassionate, loving, kindly, warm

1. CARING
• BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 1

2. CARING
• Caring is central to all helping
professions, such as nursing and
enables persons to create
meaning in their lives.
• Caring means that people,
relationships, and things matter.
• Caring practice involves
connection, mutual recognition
and involvement.
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 2

3. BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 3
Milton Mayeroff (1990), a noted
philosopher, has proposed that to care
for another person is to help him grow
and actualize himself.
Caring is a process that develops over
time, resulting in a deepening and
transformation of the relationship.

4. MAJOR
INGREDIENTS
OF CARING
• KNOWING – understanding the
other’s needs and how to respond
to these needs.
• ALTERNATING RHYTHMS –
signifies moving back and forth
between the immediate and
long-term meanings of behavior,
considering the past.
• PATIENCE – enables the other to
grow in his own way and time.
• HONESTY – includes awareness
and openness to one’s own
feelings and a genuineness in
caring for the other.
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 4

5. MAJOR
INGREDIENTS
OF CARING
• TRUST – involves letting go, to
allow the other to grow in his
own way and own time.
• HUMILITY – means
acknowledging that there is
always more to learn and that
learning may come from any
source
• HOPE – belief in the
possibilities of the other’s
growth
• COURAGE – the sense of going
into the unknown, informed by
insight from past experiences.
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 5

6. NURSING
THEORIES
ON
CARING
FIVE VIEWPOINTS OF
CARING
• Caring as a moral
imperative
• Caring as an affect
• Caring as a human
trait
• Caring as an
interpersonal
relationship
• Caring as a
therapeutic
intervention
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 6

7. Culture Care Diversity and Universality
(Leininger)
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
7
Caring as nurturing behavior has been present
throughout history and is one of the most critical
factors in helping people maintain or regain health.
“Caring is the essence of nursing, and the distinct,
dominant, central and unifying focus of nursing.”
Her theory is based on the assumption that nurses
must understand different cultures in order to
function effectively.

8. BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 8
Culturally congruent care is
provided by:
•Preserving the client’s familiar
lifeways
•Making accommodations in care
that are satisfying to clients
•Repatterning nursing care to help
the client move toward wellness.

9. Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
(Ray)
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 9
CARING IN NURSING IS
CONTEXTUAL AND IS INFLUENCED
BY THE ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE.
THE MEANING OF CARING WAS
FURTHER INFLUENCED BY ROLE
AND POSITION A PERSON HELD.

10. Caring, the Human Mode of Being
(Roach)
BY
ROMMEL
LUIS
C.
ISRAEL
III
10
Caring as a philosophical
concept and proposes that
caring is the human mode
of being, or the “most
common, authentic
criterion of humanness”
All persons are caring and
develop their caring
abilities by being true to
self, being real and being
who they truly are.

11. The Six Cs of Caring in Nursing
• COMPASSION
• Awareness of one’s relationship to
others, sharing their joys, sorrows, pain
and accomplishments. Participation in
the experience of another.
• COMPETENCE
• Having the knowledge, judgment, skills,
energy, experience and motivation to respond
adequately to others within the demands of
professional responsibilities.
• CONFIDENCE
• The quality that fosters trusting
relationships. Comfort with self, client and
family
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 11

12. The Six Cs of Caring in Nursing
12
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III

13. Nursing as Caring
(Boykin and Schoenhofer)
• The purpose of the
discipline and profession
of nursing is to know
persons and nurture them
as a persons living in
caring and growing in
caring.
• Caring in nursing is “an
altruistic, active
expression of love, and is
the intentional and
embodied recognition of
value and
connectedness”
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 13

14. Theory of Human Care
(Watson) 14
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III

15. Watson’s
Caring
Transaction
• The two individuals (nurse and
client) in caring transaction are
both in a process of being and
becoming.
• Caring is a moral ideal,
rather than an
interpersonal
technique and it
entails a commitment
to a particular end.
• The end is the protection,
enhancement and
preservation of the person’s
humanity, which help to
restore inner harmony and
potential healing.
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 15

16. Theory of Caring (Swanson)
• Caring is a nurturing
ways of relating to a
valued “other”, toward
whom one feels a
personal sense of
commitment and
responsibility
• The theory focuses on
caring processes as
nursing interventions
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 16

17. Five Caring Processes and Subdimensions from
Swanson’s Theory of Caring
Process and Definition Subdimensions
Knowing Avoiding assumptions
Striving to understand an event as it has Centering on the one cared
meaning in the life of the other Assessing thoroughly
Seeing cues
Engaging the self of both
Being With Being there
Being emotionally present to the other Conveying ability
Sharing feelings
Not burdening
Doing For Comforting
Doing for the other as he/she would do Anticipating
for the self if it were at all possible Performing competently/skillfully
Protecting
Preserving dignity
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. 17

18. Five Caring Processes and Subdimensions from
Swanson’s Theory of Caring
Process and Definition Subdimensions
Enabling
Facilitating the other’s passage through
life transitions and unfamiliar events
Informing/explaining
Supporting/ allowing
Focusing
Generating alternatives/ thinking it
through
Validating/giving feedback
Maintaining Belief
Sustaining faith in the other’s capacity to
get through an event or transition and
face a future with meaning
Believing in/holding in esteem
Maintaining a hope filled attitude
Offering realistic optimism
“Going the distance”
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. 18

19. The Primacy of Caring (Benner and
Wrubel)
BY
ROMMEL
LUIS
C.
ISRAEL
III
19
Nursing is described as a
relationship in which
caring is primary because
it sets up the possibility of
giving and receiving help.
Caring facilitates the
nurse’s ability to problem
solve and to implement
individualized solutions

20. TYPES OFKNOWLEDGE IN
NURSING
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 20
Empirical Knowing: The Science of Nursing
• Knowledge about the empirical world is systematically
organized into laws and theories for the purpose of
describing, explaining, and predicting phenomena of
special concern to the discipline of nursing.
• Empirical knowing ranges from factual, observable
phenomena (anatomy and physiology) to theoretical
analysis (developmental theory)

21. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE IN
NURSING
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 21
Aesthetic Knowing: The
Art of Nursing
The art of nursing and is
expressed by the
individual nurse through
his/her creativity and style
in meeting the needs of
clients.
Modes in the aesthetic
pattern of knowing:
Empathy, compassion,
holism and sensitivity

22. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE IN NURSING
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 22
Personal Knowing: The Therapeutic Use of Self
• Personal knowledge is concerned with the knowing,
encountering and actualizing of the concrete, individual self
• The way in which nurses view their own selves and the
client is a primary concern in any therapeutic relationship.
• Personal knowing promotes wholeness and integrity in the
personal encounter, achieves engagement rather than
detachment and denies the manipulative or impersonal
approach.

23. TYPES OFKNOWLEDGE IN
NURSING
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 23
Ethical Knowing: The Moral Competent
• Focuses on matters of obligation or what ought
to be done, and goes beyond simply following
the ethical codes of the discipline.
• Nursing care involves a series of deliberate
actions or choice that are subject to the
judgment of right or wrong.

24. CARING ENCOUNTERS
Knowing the Client
• The nurse aims to know the client is, in his or
her uniqueness.
Nursing Presence
• Transpersonal caring relationship (Watson)
• Being with (Swanson)
• Caring presence “an interpersonal, intersubjective
human experience of connection with the nurse-
client relationship that makes it safe for sharing
oneself with another. (Covington)
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 24

25. CARING
ENCOUNTERS
BY
ROMMEL
LUIS
C.
ISRAEL
III
25
Empowering the Client
• Includes mutual respect, trust and confidence
in the other’s abilities and motives
• Enabling (Swanson) – facilitating the other’s
passage through life transitions and unfamiliar
events.
• Nurses both advocate for (verb) and are
advocates (noun)for clients and families.
• Four dimensions of Advocacy
• Being a client advocate
• Following through or following up
• Providing resources
• Going above and beyond

26. CARING ENCOUNTERS
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. 26
Compassion
• A way of living born out of awareness of one’s relationship to all
living creatures. (Roach)
• Involves participating in the client’s experience, with sensitivity to
the person’s pain or discomfort and a willingness to share in their
experience.
Competence
• Competent nurse employs the necessary knowledge, judgment,
skills and motivation to respond adequately to the client’s needs.
• Competent nurse understands the client’s condition, its treatment
and associated care.(Roach)

27. CARING FOR SELF
• Helping oneself grow
and actualize one’s
possibilities.
(Mayeroff)
• Responding to one’s own
needs to grow, is the opposite
of self-complacency.
• Involves initiating and
maintaining behaviors that
promote healthy living and
well-being.
27

28. A Healthy Lifestyle
• Nutrition (A balanced diet)
• Activity and Exercise
• Adequate rest and sleep
• Recreation
• Avoiding unhealthy patterns (negative
thinking)
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 28

29. Mind-
Body
Therapies
• Guided
Imagery
• Meditation
• Storytelling
• Music Therapy
• Yoga
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 29

30. Reflection on
Practice
• Reflection is thinking from a critical
point of view, analyzing why one acted
in a certain way and assessing the
results of one’s action.
• Reflective Practice is a method of
self- examination that involves
thinking back over what happened
in a nursing situation
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 30

31. Using Four Ways of Knowing
• Empirical knowing:
What knowledge informed me in this situation? What
additional information did I need? Was I prepared to
deal with this situation?
• Personal knowing:
What were my thoughts and emotions in this
situation? Why did I feel the way I did? To what extent
was I concerned for the person? Was I preoccupied
with self?
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 31

32. Using Four Ways of Knowing
• Aesthetic knowing:
What was I trying to achieve? Why did I respond as I did?
What were the consequences for the client/family? How
were others feeling and how did I know this?
• Ethical knowing:
Did I act for the best? What standards were relevant in this
situation? Was there conflict of values between different
person’s perspectives?
BY ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 32