The document discusses carboxylic acids and esters in organic chemistry, describing their functional groups, properties, and naming conventions. Carboxylic acids are characterized by the carboxyl (COOH) group, while esters consist of a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen atom and are formed through condensation reactions. The document also outlines the significance of these compounds in various applications, including their flavoring properties and boiling points.

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LESSON 1: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

2. CARBOXYLIC ACID FUNCTIONAL GROUP
• CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP IS A CARBON DOUBLE BONDED TO AN OXYGEN (CARBONYL)
ATOM AND THE SAME CARBON BONDED TO A HYDROXY (ALCOHOL) GROUP

3. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• IMPORTANT IN OXIDATION REACTIONS
• CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR CARBONYL (COOH) GROUP
• IN CITRUS FRUITS
• LACTIC ACID IN MUSCLES

5. NAMING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
DROPPING THE “E” ON THE CHAIN AND ADDING “OIC ACID”
NAME OFF MAIN CHAIN LIKE ALCOHOLS, KETONES AND ALDEHYDES WITH “ACID” AT THE END

6. EXAMPLE
• ETHANOIC ACID

7. EXAMPLES
Pentanoic acid
heptanoic acid

8. POLY-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
propane-1,3-dioic acid
- Name the Same as last three
functional groups
- Keep the “e” O
H C
CH2 C
OH
O
O

9. AROMATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• DROP THE “ENE” ENDING AND ADD “OIC ACID”
• BENZOIC ACID
C
CH
CH
CH
C
H
C
H
C
OH
O

10. PROPERTIES
• HAVE HIGHEST PRIORITY OF ALL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• HAVE PROPERTIES SIMILAR TO ACIDS
• BOTH HYDROGEN BONDING AND DIPOLE FORCES
• BOILING POINTS EVEN LARGER THAN ALCOHOLS

11. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LESSON 2: ESTERS AND ESTERIFICATION

12. ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP
• ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS A CARBONYL GROUP BONDED TO AN OXYGEN ATOM
• OXYGEN ATOM IS BONDED TO ANOTHER HYDROCARBON CHAIN (LIKE ETHER)

13. ESTERS
• FORMED IN CONDENSATION/ESTERIFICATION REACTIONS
• GIVE OFF SCENTS (FLOWERS, PERFUMES)
• FLAVOURING TO FOODS

15. NAMING ESTERS
• THE NAME OF THE GROUP ATTACHED TO OXYGEN COMES FIRST AND NAMED AS AN ALKYL
GROUP
• THE GROUP NAME IS SEPARATE FROM THE MAIN CHAIN
• CHANGING THE ENDING OF THE MAIN CHAIN TO “OATE”
• CARBONYL CARBON WILL HAVE PRIORITY

16. EXAMPLE
Notice these names are TWO words

17. EXAMPLE
C
H3 C
H
C O
O
CH2
CH2
C
H3
CH3
Propyl 2-methylpropanoate

18. EXAMPLES

19. PROPERTIES
• NOT AS HIGH OF MELTING POINT AS ALCOHOLS
• DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES