Detailed information about bioochemisty of carbohyddrates its types and uses

1. Carbohydrate
Presented By- Pradumn Vishwakarma

2. Objectives
TO-
• Describe Carbohydrate
• Classification Of Carbohydrate
• And short notes about them and their
examples .

3. Definition
• Carbohydrate is the derivative of Ketonic and
Aldehyde group which have higher
Polyhydroxy alcohoal and anhydride.

4. Classification of Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate is classified in four parts
• Monosaccharide
• Disaccharides
• Oligosaccharides
• Polysaccharides

5. Monosaccharide
• It is the type of carbohydrate which contain
only one molecule of sugar molecule.
• Each simple sugar has a cyclic structure.
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in
ratios of 1:2:1 respectively.

6. Properties Of Monosaccharide
• It is usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline
solids.
• Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
e.g.-(dextrose), fructose (levulose),
galactose, xylose and ribose .
• It cannot be broken down into simpler
substance on hydrolysis.
• They have general formula (CH₂O)n.

7. The relative sweetness of sugars
(sucrose = 1.00)

8. Classification of
Monosaccharides
• The monosaccharides are divided into different
categories,
Based on -- A. Functional group
1-: Aldoses : When the functional group in
monosaccharides is an aldehyde (-CHO)are
known as aldoses e.g. glyceraldehyde,glucose.
2-:Ketoses: When the functional group is a
keto group, (-C=O) they are referred to as
ketoses
e.g. dihydroxyacetone ,fructose

9. B. Based on number of carbon atom.
• The monosaccharides are regarded as trioses
(3C),tetroses (4C), pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C)
and heptoses( 7C).
• These terms along with functional groups are
used while naming monosaccharides.

10. Disaccharide
• A sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two
monosaccharides.
• Disaccharides, meaning "two sugars", are
commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose
and maltose.
• The linkage between monosaccharides in a
disaccharide is referred to as a glycosidic
linkage.
• It is named according to the number of the
carbon at which the linkage begins and the

11. Sucrose
Glucose + fructose =glu α,β(1-2) sucrose, a non reducing sugar

12. Maltose
Glucose + glucose = glu α (1-4) maltose, a
reducing sugar

13. Oligosaccharide
• An oligosaccharides is a saccharide polymer
containing a small number ,typically three to
ten of monosaccharides (simple sugars).
• e.g. Raffinose (An oligosaccharide
found in peas and beans ,largely undigested
until reaching the intestinal flora in the large
intestine, releasing hydrogen, carbon dioxide,
and methane)

15. Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are polymers of
monosaccharide units with high molecular
weight (up to a million).
• They are usually tasteless( non-sugars)and
form colloids with
water.
Classification of polysaccharides
The polysaccharides are of two types
*Homopolysaccharides , and

16. Homosaccharides
Which on hydrolysis yield only a single type of
monosaccharide. They are named based on
the nature of the monosaccharide unit.
Thus, glucans are polymers of glucose
whereas fructosans, are polymers of fructose.
E.g.= Dextrin , Inulin ,Glycogen, Starch , Chitin.

17. Starch
• Starch is the carbohydrate reserve of plants
which is the most important dietary source for
higher animals, including man.
• High content of starch is found in cereals,
roots, tubers, vegetables etc.
• Starch is a homopolymer composed of D-
glucose units held by a-glycosidic bonds.
• lt is known as glucosan or glucan.

18. Dextrins
• Dextrins are the breakdown products of starch
by the enzyme amylase or dilute acids.
• Starch is sequentially hydrolysed through
different dextrins and finally, to maltose and
glucose.
• T he various intermediate are – soluble starch
(blue),amylodextrins (violet), erytrodextrin
(red), and achrodextrin (no color).

19. Inulin
• Inulin is a polymer of fructose i.e., fructosan.
• It occurs in dahlia bulbs, garlic, onion etc.
• lt is a low molecular weight (around 5,000)
polysaccharide easily soluble in water.
• Inulin is not utilized by the body.
• lt is used for assessing kidney function through
measurement of glomerular filtration rate
(GFR).

20. Glycogen
• Glycogen is the carbohydrate reserve in
animals, hence often referred to as animal
starch.
• It is present in high concentration in liver
followed by muscle, brain etc.
• Glycogen is also found in plants that do not
possess chlorophyll (e.g. yeast, fungi).

21. Chitin
• Chitin is composed of N-acetyl D-glucosamine
units held together by β (1 - a)glycosidic
bonds.
• lt is a structural polysaccharide found in the
exoskeleton of some invertebrates
e.g. insects, crustaceans.

22. Cellulose
• Cellulose occurs in plants and it is the most
abundant organic substance in plant kingdom .
• Cellulose is totally absent in animal body.
• Cellulose is composed of β -D-glucose units
linked by β (1- 4) glycosidic bonds.
• Hydrolysis of cellulose yields disaccharide
cellobiose, followed by β –D glucose

23. Fig.- Structure Of Cellulose

24. Heteropolysaccharides
When the polysaccharides are composed of
different types of sugars or their derivatives
they are referred to as heteropolysaccharides
or heteroglycans.
E.g.= Mucopolysaccharides, Mucoprotien ,
Pectin , Agar ,Gum .

25. Mucopolysaccharides
• Mucopolysaccharides are heteroglycans made
up of repeating units of sugar derivatives
namely amino sugars and uronic acids.
• These are more commonly known as
glycosaminoglycans (GAG).
• The extracellular spaces of tissue (particularly
connective tissue-cartilage, skin, blood vessels
,tendons)consist of collagen and elastin fibers

26. E.g.,- The important mucopolysaccharides is—
hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4 –sulfate,
heparin,dermatan sulfate and keratan
sulfate.

27. Hyaluronic Acid
• It is found in the ground substance of synovial
fluid of joints
and vitreous humor of eyes.
*It is also present in connective tissue and gel
around ovum
• Hyaluronic acid serves as a lubricant and shock
absorbent in
joints.
• Hyaluronic acid is composed of alternate units
of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl D-

29. Chondroitin sulfates
• It is a major constituent of bone, cartilage,
tendons,
heart,valves,skin, cornea etc.
• Chondroitin 4-sulfate consists of repeating
disaccharide units
composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl D-
galactosamine 4 –sulfate.

31. Heparin
• Heparin is an anticoagulant( prevents blood
clotting)that occurs in
blood,lung,liver,kidney,spleen etc.
• Heparin helps in the release of the enzyme
lipoprotein lipase which helps in clearing the
turbidity of lipemic plasma.
• Heparin is composed of alternating units of
N-sulfo D -glucosamine6 –sulfate and
glucuronate 2-sulfate

33. Dermatan sulfate
• It is mostly occur in skin .
• It is composed of L-lduronic ,N –
acetylgalactosamin 4 sulfate.

34. Keratan sulfate
• Keratan sulfate consists of
D-galactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine 6-
sulfate.
• It keep cornea transparent.
• It is found in cartilages, cornea, connective
tissues.

35. Glycoprotein
• Proteins are covalently bound to
carbohydrates which are referred to as
glycoprotein.
• The term mucoprotein is used for glycoprotein
with carbohydrate concentration more than 4
%.
• It s function is as enzymes, hormones,
transport proteins, structural proteins and
receptor.

36. • The carbohydrates found in glycoproteins
include mannose, galactose, N-
acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine,
xylose, L-fucose and N-acetylneuraminica cid
(NANA).
• NANA is an important sialic acid.

37. References
• Biochemistry by – U.Satyanarayan
U.Chakarpani.

38. Thank You