Cancer immunology is the branch of biology concerned with understanding the role of the immune system in cancer progression and development. The immune system plays an important role in both preventing and fighting cancer. Killer T cells recognize and attack cancer cells by releasing toxins like perforin and granzymes that create holes in and induce cell death of cancerous cells. Immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to treat cancer, such as through cytokines, vaccines, and drugs that expose cancer cells to immune cells or boost immune system function against tumors.

1. CANCER IMMUNOLOGY
PREPARED BY: SUBMITEED TO:
ASNAD KHAN(19) MADAM KALSOOM

2. DEFINITION
Branch of biology that is concerned
with understanding the role of immune
system in the progressions and
development of cancer.
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3. WHAT IS CANCER?
 ORIGIN:
The origin of the word “cancer”is credited
tothe great physician Hippocrates(460-370BC) who
is considerd as the “Father of medicines”.
 MEANING:
The word“cancer”is derived
from“carcinos”and“carcinoma”which means non
ulcer forming cells and ulcer forming cells.
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4. DEFINITION
 It is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with te ability
to invade or spread in other parts of
body.
 Cancer is uncontrolled growth of
abnormal cells anywhere in the body.
 These abnormal cells are called cancer
cells.
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5. EXPLANATION:
1. In our body each and every cell have
the a specific job to perform.
2. Normal cell divide in our orderly
way.They die when they are worn out or
damaged and new cell take their place.
3. Insted of this in cancer the cell start
to grow abnormally or out of control.
4. The cancerous cell keep on growing and
make new cells.
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6. CONTINUED...
5. They crowd out the normal cells
and cause problem in part of body
where cancer started.
6. Cancer cells can also spread to
other parts of body.
 E.g:
Cancer cell in the lungs can
travel to the bones and grow there.
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7. METASTASIS
• When cancer cells spreads from one
place to another (e.g organs,
tissues etc) throughout the
body.This spreading is called
metastasis.
• Metastasis is reponsible for 90% of
deaths caused by cancer.
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8. ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN
DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER
• Beside the protection against
pathogen, immune system is strongly
involved in cancer
prevention,development and defense.
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9. 1. CHRONIC INFLAMATION:
it can cause DNA damage and lead to
cancer.For example:
People with chronic inflammatory
“Bowel disease” such as “ulcerative
colitis” have an increased risk of colon
cancer.
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10. 2.CHEMOKINES AND CYTOKINES:
Certain soluble molecules such as
chemokines and cytkines play role in
development of cancer through the
suppressions of immune system.
3. KINASE ENZYME:
When cancer cells organize into saturated
tumor.The tumor mass become more complex
that consist of not only tumor cell but other
cells i.e epithelial & immune cells.
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11. • To form this complex kinase act as glue
and form this complex.
• Molecular weight of this complex is
greater so they can't degrade by immune
cells easily.
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12. HOW DOES IMMUNE SYSTEM FIGHT
AGAINST CANCER:
1. KILLER T CELLS:
• Killer T cells attack cancer cells.
• Killer T cells recognize the cancer
cells using specific marker present on
the surface of T cells.
• The killer T cells release toxins that
kill cancerous cells i.e
a)Perforin
b)Granzyme
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13. a) PERFORIN
• A pore forming cytolytic protien found
in Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells.
• Perforin binds to the cell membrane of
the target cells (cancerous cells).
• And after binding perforin create holes
in the membrane of cancerous cells.
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14. MECHANISM
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15. b) GRANZYME
 Granzymes are cell death inducing enzymes
stored in the cytotoxic granules of
cytotoxic T-Cells.
 It enters cancer cells to activate
programme cell death.
 The cancer cells are break down into
pieces and then elimanated from body.
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16.  IMMUNOTHERAPHY:
 It is a treatment that uses our own
immune system to help fight against
cancer.
 Nowadays immunotheraphy drugs are
designed to expose cancerous cellsto
immume cells.
 Some other boost up immune system to
work better against cancer.
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17. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPHY:
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CYTOKINES VACCINES
TYPES

18. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPHY:
1. CYTOKINES:
Protien molecule that helps to
regulate and direct immune system.
E.g
Kidney (IL-2, IFN-alpha)
Melanoma (IL-2, IFN-alpha)
Hairy cell leukemia (IFN-alpha
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19. 2. VACCINES:
Which are used
to both treated and
prevent cancer.
E.g
Sipuleucel-T, a cancer vaccine designed
to treat prostate cancer.
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20. IMMUNOTHERAPHY CAN BE GIVEN IN
NO.OF WAYS:
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IMMUNPTHERAPY
USED IN NO. OF
WAYS
INTRAVENOUSLY
ORALLY
TOPICALLY

21. IMMUNOTHERAPHY CAN BE GIVEN IN
NO.OF WAYS:
1.INTRAVENOUSLY:
It can be deliver directly into vein.
2.ORALLY:
Deliver through pills that can be swallowed.
3.TOPICALLY:
A cream that can be rubbed onto skin (only
in early stages in skin cancer).
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