This document discusses CAMBRA (Caries Management By Risk Assessment), a clinical review for managing dental caries risk in children. CAMBRA integrates caries risk assessment into comprehensive oral health visits for children from birth to age 5. It involves assessing risk factors, customizing preventive care plans, and determining recall schedules based on risk. The review describes the CAMBRA process, which includes examining protective and risk factors, clinical exams, fluoride varnish application, setting self-management goals, and developing individualized care paths. Barriers to caries risk assessment and recommendations to address them are also discussed.
Caries risk assessment and management in infant, children and adolescent
Introduction
Definition
Changing Paradigms for Dealing with Dental Caries
Advantages
Caries Balance/Imbalance
Risk Indicators
Caries Risk Assessment Methods
Caries Questionnaire in combination with Clinical Observations
AAPD's Caries-risk Assessment Form
The Cariogram Model
Caries Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) test
Caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA)
Traffic Light Matrix (TLM).
Caries management protocol for infants and children
Conclusion
References
This presentation is intended to give the GP dentists as well as specialists some essential information regarding " white spot lesions" ,which can be considered as one of the most common side effect of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
Caries risk assessment and management in infant, children and adolescent
Introduction
Definition
Changing Paradigms for Dealing with Dental Caries
Advantages
Caries Balance/Imbalance
Risk Indicators
Caries Risk Assessment Methods
Caries Questionnaire in combination with Clinical Observations
AAPD's Caries-risk Assessment Form
The Cariogram Model
Caries Assessment and Risk Evaluation (CARE) test
Caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA)
Traffic Light Matrix (TLM).
Caries management protocol for infants and children
Conclusion
References
This presentation is intended to give the GP dentists as well as specialists some essential information regarding " white spot lesions" ,which can be considered as one of the most common side effect of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
A very important aspect in determining and studying disease is the knowledge of surveys. Its designs, methods etc. This elaborative presentation gives a detailed insight to the survey procedures used in dentistry. Special section on the WHO oral assessment proforma.
Children are a very special risk group for caries initiation and progression because of continuously changing eruption periods and therefore they need professional care.
It is an obligation of dental professionals to find appropriate strategies with the ultimate objective of producing sound tooth without resorting to operative methods.
Importance of caries risk assessment, factors influencing dental caries: as well as risk indicators and predictors have been included in this power point.
Diagnostic aids with description both traditional and recent methods have been covered with required evidence.
Dental management of children with special health care needsaravindhanarumugam1
hope this will throw a light in understanding special children and dental management of the same particularly for pediatric dentistry PGs .children with genetic diseases and emotionally handicapped ( child abuse and neglect ) are not discussed here as they are separate topics.
dr. aravindhan
Early childhood caries (ECC) as the presences of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated), missing (as a result of caries), or filled tooth surface in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of apexification proceure. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX 1943 (PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY)Jeban Sahu
INTRODUCTION
INDEX:“A NUMERICAL VALUE DESCRIBING THE RELATIVE STATUS OF A POPULATION ON A GRADUATED SCALE WITH DEFINITE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO PERMIT AND FACILITATE COMPARISION WITH OTHER POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED BY THE SAME CRITERIA AND METHODS.”
-RUSSELL A.L.
INDICES USED TO MEASURE FLUOROSIS
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX
Introduced by TRENDLEY H. DEAN in 1934.
Devised an index for assessing the presence and severity of mottled enamel.
It is also known as ‘DEAN’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DENTAL FLUOROSIS.’
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX- Modified Criteria (1942)
SCORING CRITERIA
COMMUNITY FLUOROSIS INDEX (CFI)
SUMMARY
A very important aspect in determining and studying disease is the knowledge of surveys. Its designs, methods etc. This elaborative presentation gives a detailed insight to the survey procedures used in dentistry. Special section on the WHO oral assessment proforma.
Children are a very special risk group for caries initiation and progression because of continuously changing eruption periods and therefore they need professional care.
It is an obligation of dental professionals to find appropriate strategies with the ultimate objective of producing sound tooth without resorting to operative methods.
Importance of caries risk assessment, factors influencing dental caries: as well as risk indicators and predictors have been included in this power point.
Diagnostic aids with description both traditional and recent methods have been covered with required evidence.
Dental management of children with special health care needsaravindhanarumugam1
hope this will throw a light in understanding special children and dental management of the same particularly for pediatric dentistry PGs .children with genetic diseases and emotionally handicapped ( child abuse and neglect ) are not discussed here as they are separate topics.
dr. aravindhan
Early childhood caries (ECC) as the presences of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated), missing (as a result of caries), or filled tooth surface in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of apexification proceure. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX 1943 (PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY)Jeban Sahu
INTRODUCTION
INDEX:“A NUMERICAL VALUE DESCRIBING THE RELATIVE STATUS OF A POPULATION ON A GRADUATED SCALE WITH DEFINITE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO PERMIT AND FACILITATE COMPARISION WITH OTHER POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED BY THE SAME CRITERIA AND METHODS.”
-RUSSELL A.L.
INDICES USED TO MEASURE FLUOROSIS
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX
Introduced by TRENDLEY H. DEAN in 1934.
Devised an index for assessing the presence and severity of mottled enamel.
It is also known as ‘DEAN’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DENTAL FLUOROSIS.’
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX- Modified Criteria (1942)
SCORING CRITERIA
COMMUNITY FLUOROSIS INDEX (CFI)
SUMMARY
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of caries risk assessment. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
Guias en Práctica Clínica, Guías en Salud PúblicaRafa Cofiño
Presentación realizada en el XVIII Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología y Salud Pública Oral. Abril 2011.
Una reflexión sobre las guias de practica clinica y las guias de salud publica en salud bucodental; las evidencias y las causas de las causas....
Early childhood dental caries occurs in all racial and socioeconomic groups; however, it tends to be more prevalent in children in families belonging to the low-income group, where it is seen in epidemic proportions. Dental caries results from an overgrowth of specific organisms that are a part of normally occurring human flora. Human dental flora is site specific, and an infant is not colonized until the eruption of the primary dentition at approximately 6 to 30 months of age. The most likely source of inoculation of an infant's dental flora is the mother, or another intimate care provider, shared utensils, etc. Decreasing the level of cariogenic organisms in the mother's dental flora at the time of colonization can significantly impact the child's redisposition to caries. To prevent caries in children, high-risk individuals must be identified at an early age (preferably high-risk mothers during prenatal care), and aggressive strategies should be adopted, including anticipatory guidance, behavior modifications (oral hygiene and feeding practices), and establishment of a dental home by 1 year of age for children deemed at risk.
Anticipatory guidanceis a proactive development based counselling technique that focus on the needs of a child at each stage of life.It is a compliment to Caries Assessment tool.The aim of Anticipatory guidance is to address protective factors in effort to prevent oral health problem.Anticipatory Guidance would include discussion on oral development ,diet and nutrition , flouride adequacy, oralhabits, injury prevention and oral hygiene.
This is the first and noble study on Early Childhood Caries conducted in 2015 - 2016 by Dr. Wazhma Hakimi. MD/MPH in Kabul, Afghanistan with surprising findings and results.
The Importance of Oral and Dental Health in College StudentsMessiMasino
This note covers the following topics: Bacterial Diversity in the Oral Cavity, Oral-Systemic Link, Tooth Brushing, Flossing, Common Oral Hygiene Mistakes, Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers, Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer, Acute Dental Trauma, Controlling Bleeding and Swelling, Complications of Oral Piercings.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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2. • According to the 2007 Report by the Centers
For Disease Control and Prevention ( the most
current report to date), cavities have increased
for toddlers and preschoolers. Cavities in
children ages 2 to 5 increased from 24 percent
to 28 percent between 1988-1994 and 1999-
2004.
4. • ECC is disproportionately
concentrated among
socially disadvantaged
children, especially those
who qualify for Medicaid.
5. White Spot Lesions, and Enamel
Hypoplasia
(What is The difference between them)
6. White Spot Lesions
• They initiate below the surface of the enamel and appear
as a pale stain.
• The term “white spot lesion” is defined by Fejerskov et al.
As the first sign of carious lesion on enamel that can be
detected with the naked eye and used along side with
terms “initial” or “incipient” lesions.
7. Prevention and Management
• Enhancing enamel resistance using
topical fluorides.
• Fluoride ion has a preventive
effect against caries by:
• Modifying bacterial Metabolism in dental plaque.
• Inhibiting the production of acids.
• Reducing demineralization and favors the
remineralization of early carious lesions.
8. Enamel Hypoplasia
• Enamel Hypoplasia is defined as an
incomplete or defective formation of
the organic enamel matrix of the
teeth in the embryonic stage of the
tooth.
9. • Hereditary:
• Ectodermal disturbance that occurred during the embryonic development of
the enamel. The mesodermal components are normal. Both the primary and
permanent teeth are involved, and only the enamel is affected.
Enamel Hypoplasia
10. • Environmental:
• Caused by the factors that causes damage to the enamel cells. Either primary
or permanent teeth are involved and sometimes a single tooth is involved.
Here both the enamel and dentin are involved in varying degrees.
• Nutritional deficiencies (Vit A, C , D).
• Exanthematous diseases (Measles, Chickenpox, Scarlet Fever).
• Congenital Syphilis.
• Hypocalcemia.
• During birth (Birth Injuries, Prematurity, Rh hemolytic disease)
• Local infection or Trauma
• Ingestion of Chemicals.
Enamel Hypoplasia
11. • There are many distinct features that are seen in
cases of enamel hypoplasia :
• Enamel that has not formed to a full thickness
• The crowns of teeth may show discoloration, such as white spots, or cloudy
opacities.
• Hypoplasia due to local infection or trauma exhibits mild brownish
discoloration of the enamel to severe pitting of the crown.
• When ingesting excessive fluoride during the time of the tooth formation, it
results in mottled enamel.
Features of Enamel Hypoplasia
12. • The enamel can become stained with a brown color
and so for cosmetic reasons, the affected tooth is
bleached with an agent (Hydrogen peroxide).
• When an area is affected by caries, the enamel might
crumble as the enamel is weaker in those areas. The
decayed portion of the tooth may be filled with a tooth
colored restoration.
• If the cavity is extensive, it may need a bigger
permanent restoration.
Treatment of Enamel Hypoplasia
14. • “We are starting to see law suits in
the United States against dentists
who did not warn and explain to
their patients about the prognosis of
their oral condition, and the
probability of the progression of
their carious diseases” Dr. Francisco
Ramos-Gomez.
15. • Women from underserved communities fail to recognize
the value of good oral health and relevant importance
of regular dental visits and care during pregnancy.
16. • Increased Awareness of the caries
and consequences of ECC could
help families.
• “Interventions that reduce risks
and increase protective factors
can change the health trajectory
of individuals and populations” US
Dept. of Health and Human Services, Maternal and
Child Health Bureau
19. • Is designed to be used with newborns until the age of
5 years old. It integrate the risk assessment of the
childhood caries as an integral component of a
comprehensive oral health visit.
CAMBRA
20. • Assists the provider to systematically:
1. Assess each child’s and his caregiver’s caries risk
in an individualized manner.
2. Customize a restorative plan on conjunction with
preventive care.
3. Plan a timely, specific and appropriate periodicity
schedule based on caries risk.
CAMBRA
27. 5. Fluoride Varnish Application
• To prevent tooth decay.
• Every 3-6 months depending on caries risk.
28. 6. Self Management Goals
• Care-provider explains what he saw and evaluated,
and how caries happen.
• Then agrees with the patient on two goals to work
upon, to increase the protective factors and lower the
risk factors for the following visits.
31. • An open-ended question allows the patient to create
the impetus for forward movement.
• the open-ended question creates a forward
momentum that we wish to use in helping the patient
explore change.
Open- Ended Questions
32. • Statements of recognition about patients strengths.
• Wonderful rapport builders.
• However, they must be congruent and genuine. If the
patients thinks you are insincere, then rapport can be
damaged rather than built.
Affirmations
33. • listen carefully to your patients. They will tell you
what has worked and what hasn't.
• You will actively guide the client towards certain
materials.
Reflective Listening
34. • Specialized form of reflective listening where you
reflect back to the patient, what he or she has been
telling you.
• An effective way to communicate your interest in a
patient, build rapport, call attention to salient
elements of the discussion and to shift attention or
direction.
Summaries
35. • A multifaceted care-path appropriate for the family,
based on the child’s age, and individualized needs is
designed.
• A care-path, decision tree can aid the provider in
determining a specific combination of diagnositc,
preventive, and restorative procedures and the
periodicity of these recommended measures to
improve or stabilize the caries high risk profile.
Care-Path
36. • Tables were developed for easily and rapidly placing
the patient in his proper care need and frequency.
• Taking his age, his caries risk level into consideration
as well as the modality of prevention needed.
• Tables that are very simple to use, and the idea of
turning them into an app was suggested.
Care-Path
37. • 2 Years old
• Uses the bottle (3 times a day)
• Still breastfed
• Doesn’t brush
• Has white lesion on DEFG
• Mother wants to know if he needs fluoride.
Care-Path
39. • 4 Years old
• Has Asthma (uses Albuterol)
• Brushes once a day
• Her favorite drink is sugared apple juice twice a day
• Has white lesion on DEFG
• Father is concerned about the necessity of
radiographs.
Care-Path
41. • These care-paths are expected to be dynamic and
change with the emergence of new evidence based
modalities with the aim of prevention.
• A careful consideration regarding every patient’s
specific needs must be made.
Care-Path
42. • The world thought that toothpaste containing Fluoride
should never be used by young children.
Once upon a time …
• We refer to this concept as a myth, because more
evidence based work proved otherwise.
46. Use of Fluoridated toothpaste *2014 ADA Consensus
• Fluoridated toothpaste is recommended for all children.
• A smear (the size of a grain of rice) of toothpaste should be used up to
age 3.
• After the 3rd birthday, a pea-sized amount may be used.
• Parents should dispense toothpaste for young children and
supervise and assist with brushing.
• Fluoride varnish is recommended in the primary care setting
every 3–6 months starting at tooth emergence.
• Over-the counter fluoride rinse is not recommended for children
younger than 6 years.
47. • The major barriers in the way of caries risk
assessment and carious disease management are:
1. Service provider’s lack of knowledge, comfort
and skills.
2. Parent’s knowledge, preference and
expectations.
3. Reimbursement favoring surgical management
of caries and not encouraging protective
management.
Barriers
48. • The combined and un-easing effort of everyone –
health care professionals, patients, and their families,
researchers, payers, planners, and educators- to
make changes that will lead to better patient
outcomes (health), better system performance (care)
and better professional learning.
Quality Improvement
49. • Is not familiar to dentistry yet but offers the potential
to transform oral health care delivery in order to
provide better oral health care, improve oral health
outcomes and to reduce costs of treatment of caries
Quality Improvement
50. • CAMBRA’s easy to use organized format of disease
indicators, risk and protective factors, clinical
findings, and self management goals helps to
facilitate oral health education, deepens the
appreciation of oral health information and increases
the understanding of how individual behaviors can
affect caries development and progression.
Editor's Notes
by inhibiting some enzyme processes.
by acting on the composition of the bacterial flora and/ or on the metabolic activity of microorganisms.
by exerting a remineralization effect, especially at low concentrations
(soft, and thin, Easily chipped away).
(Varies depending upon the type of the disorder ranging from white, yellowish white, to brown).
, characterized by occasional white flecks or spotting of the enamel.
It will depend on the condition of the affected enamel.
the procedure is done periodically since it can recur
such as crowns, onlays, etc.
Fluoridated toothpaste is recommended for all children starting at tooth eruption, regardless of caries risk
Over-the counter fluoride rinse is not recommended for children younger than 6 years due to risk of swallowing higher-than-recommended levels of fluoride.
Because fluoride is available in many sources, including food and tap water, and may be administered at home and professionally applied, pediatricians should be aware of the risks and benefits of various fluoride modalities to appropriately advise families to achieve maximum protection against dental caries, and to help counsel patients about proper oral health.