Caffeinism
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Caffeinism refers to the negative effects of consuming too much caffeine. Those at highest risk include business people, teachers, writers, children, babies, and students. Signs and symptoms of caffeinism range from mild effects like headaches and insomnia to more severe issues like trouble breathing, vomiting, and convulsions. Treatment focuses on removing caffeine from the body through methods like activated charcoal, laxatives, or gastric lavage. Patients are also monitored for heart and breathing problems and given supportive care. While caffeine overdose can often be treated without long-term effects, it can be life-threatening, especially for young children, so medical help is advised.
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Constipation in children
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of childhood constipation. It begins with definitions of constipation and discusses the physiology of defecation and normal bowel habits for different age groups. It describes the Rome III criteria for diagnosing chronic constipation and covers the etiology, including functional and organic causes. The pathogenesis of functional constipation is explained. Guidelines are provided on taking a history and performing an examination to diagnose idiopathic constipation versus constipation from other causes. Investigations, complications, and approaches to disimpaction and maintenance therapy are outlined. Key takeaways are that functional constipation is most common, can be managed with diet, toilet training and laxatives, and caregivers should avoid punitive
Constipaton
Functional constipation accounts for 95% of cases of childhood constipation. With a combination of lifestyle changes focusing on diet, physical activity, toilet habits and use of laxatives if needed, 75% of children with functional constipation will achieve remission within 6 months. However, 50% may experience relapse within a year of stopping treatment. Evaluation of history and examination is important to identify red flags and rule out the 5% of cases that are caused by organic disease.
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Constipation in children
constipation in children , pediatric constipation , management of constipation in children , understanding constipation , causes of constipation in children , functional constipation in children , treatment of constipation ,approach to constipation in children ,constipation in infants
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- A 3 year 5 month old child presented with constipation since 6 months of age, which was diagnosed as functional constipation. Examination found a loaded colon on x-ray but no other abnormalities.
- Functional constipation is usually caused by painful bowel movements that cause voluntary withholding of stool. It is commonly treated with lifestyle changes like diet and behavior modifications, disimpaction if needed, and maintenance therapy using laxatives.
- Younger infants require more evaluation to rule out organic causes for constipation like Hirschsprung's disease. Older children may need further testing if constipation is intractable or there are red flags for underlying conditions.
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Constipation symptoms can be caused by a variety of factors including diet, medication, lifestyle, travel, pregnancy, and underlying medical conditions. The medical definition of constipation is having less than three bowel movements a week, but patients may experience it differently through hard stools, infrequent bowel movements, or pain with defecation. Managing constipation symptoms involves eating a high fiber diet, staying hydrated, exercising regularly, and establishing a routine toilet schedule in order to prevent more serious issues like hemorrhoids.
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Constipation in children
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of childhood constipation. It begins with definitions of constipation and discusses the physiology of defecation and normal bowel habits for different age groups. It describes the Rome III criteria for diagnosing chronic constipation and covers the etiology, including functional and organic causes. The pathogenesis of functional constipation is explained. Guidelines are provided on taking a history and performing an examination to diagnose idiopathic constipation versus constipation from other causes. Investigations, complications, and approaches to disimpaction and maintenance therapy are outlined. Key takeaways are that functional constipation is most common, can be managed with diet, toilet training and laxatives, and caregivers should avoid punitive
Constipaton
Functional constipation accounts for 95% of cases of childhood constipation. With a combination of lifestyle changes focusing on diet, physical activity, toilet habits and use of laxatives if needed, 75% of children with functional constipation will achieve remission within 6 months. However, 50% may experience relapse within a year of stopping treatment. Evaluation of history and examination is important to identify red flags and rule out the 5% of cases that are caused by organic disease.
Journal club33333 use of isotonic saline as maintenance
This randomized controlled trial compared isotonic and hypotonic intravenous fluids in children ages 29 days to 18 years admitted to pediatric intensive care. The study aimed to determine if isotonic fluids prevent hyponatremia and reduce adverse events. Patients receiving isotonic fluids had a lower rate of hyponatremia at 24 hours (5.1%) compared to those receiving hypotonic fluids (20.6%). No other adverse events differed between groups. The study demonstrates that isotonic fluids may prevent iatrogenic hyponatremia without increasing side effects.
Constipation in children
constipation in children , pediatric constipation , management of constipation in children , understanding constipation , causes of constipation in children , functional constipation in children , treatment of constipation ,approach to constipation in children ,constipation in infants
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This study aims to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus in children under 5 years old presenting with acute watery diarrhea at a tertiary hospital in Pondicherry, India. Stool samples from 354 children meeting the case definition will be tested using the rapid VIKIA® Rota-Adeno immunoassay kit. Clinical and demographic data will also be collected. Results will be analyzed to compare characteristics between rotavirus, adenovirus, and negative groups and identify any clinical predictors of rotavirus diarrhea. This cross-sectional study aims to provide local data on viral etiology of acute watery diarrhea to inform guidelines on antibiotic use and evaluate the utility of rapid testing in clinical practice.
Constipation
- A 3 year 5 month old child presented with constipation since 6 months of age, which was diagnosed as functional constipation. Examination found a loaded colon on x-ray but no other abnormalities.
- Functional constipation is usually caused by painful bowel movements that cause voluntary withholding of stool. It is commonly treated with lifestyle changes like diet and behavior modifications, disimpaction if needed, and maintenance therapy using laxatives.
- Younger infants require more evaluation to rule out organic causes for constipation like Hirschsprung's disease. Older children may need further testing if constipation is intractable or there are red flags for underlying conditions.
Constipation symptoms
Constipation symptoms can be caused by a variety of factors including diet, medication, lifestyle, travel, pregnancy, and underlying medical conditions. The medical definition of constipation is having less than three bowel movements a week, but patients may experience it differently through hard stools, infrequent bowel movements, or pain with defecation. Managing constipation symptoms involves eating a high fiber diet, staying hydrated, exercising regularly, and establishing a routine toilet schedule in order to prevent more serious issues like hemorrhoids.
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The document is a presentation by the National Association For Continence about bladder health. It discusses what the bladder is, why bladder health is important, common urinary problems like stress incontinence and overactive bladder, risk factors, treatment options, and when to seek help. It encourages getting educated about symptoms and finding an expert to address bladder health issues.
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Hirschsprung Disease is a birth defect that causes severe constipation or intestinal obstruction. It occurs when nerve cells are missing from parts of the large intestine, preventing normal movement of stool. Symptoms often appear shortly after birth and can include constipation, vomiting, abdominal swelling, and poor weight gain. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy of the intestine. Treatment is usually a surgical procedure to remove the affected segment and connect the healthy parts of the intestine. Prognosis is generally good after surgery, though some may have ongoing bowel issues.
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This document provides information on constipation in children, including definitions, prevalence, types (functional vs organic), and management. Some key points:
- Functional constipation is more common than organic causes and typically starts after infancy. Chronic constipation accounts for 3-25% of pediatric GI visits.
- Idiopathic constipation is a self-perpetuating condition where untreated stool retention leads to dilated bowels and worsening constipation.
- Hirschsprung's disease is a rare cause of constipation characterized by absence of ganglion cells in parts of the bowel. Diagnosis involves biopsy and tests like barium enema.
- Slow transit constipation involves prolonged
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The document discusses constipation in children. It defines constipation and explains some common causes in children like low fiber diet, inactivity, and behavioral factors. It can present at any age but most commonly during periods of transition. Investigations are usually not needed for functional constipation. Treatment involves disimpaction followed by maintenance therapy using laxatives like polyethylene glycol for months to years. Education of parents and lifestyle changes also play a key role in managing constipation in children.
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This document defines constipation and provides details about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It begins by defining constipation as difficulty or delay in defecation for at least 2 weeks, and discusses other related terms. It then covers the causes of constipation including functional, organic, dietary and drug-related factors. The key components of diagnosing constipation through history and physical examination are outlined. Rome III diagnostic criteria for children and adults are presented. Finally, the document discusses approaches to treatment including lifestyle changes, bulk-forming laxatives, stimulant laxatives and biofeedback training.
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Chronic constipation is defined as difficult or infrequent defecation lasting at least two weeks. It can be classified based on age of onset (congenital or acquired) and duration (acute or chronic). Causes include functional issues in 90-95% of cases, as well as anorectal abnormalities, neurological conditions, metabolic disorders, and certain drugs. Treatment involves complete disimpaction followed by maintenance therapy using laxatives, a high-fiber diet, and behavioral modifications like scheduled toilet sitting to prevent recurrence. Proper treatment can result in excellent improvement for many children, though some may continue to struggle with constipation into adolescence.
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- Common bowel problems like constipation, diarrhea, and hemorrhoids.
- Nursing interventions to promote healthy elimination and treat issues like administering enemas, suppositories, and catheter care.
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This presentation talk about caffeine in the context of health and medicine. An outline of subtopics is provided in the report. Originally by Epay Ruizal
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(2) hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung Disease is a birth defect that causes severe constipation or intestinal obstruction. It occurs when nerve cells are missing from parts of the large intestine, preventing normal movement of stool. Symptoms often appear shortly after birth and can include constipation, vomiting, abdominal swelling, and poor weight gain. Diagnosis involves medical imaging and biopsy of the intestine. Treatment is usually a surgical procedure to remove the affected segment and connect the healthy parts of the intestine. Prognosis is generally good after surgery, though some may have ongoing bowel issues.
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This document provides information on constipation in children, including definitions, prevalence, types (functional vs organic), and management. Some key points:
- Functional constipation is more common than organic causes and typically starts after infancy. Chronic constipation accounts for 3-25% of pediatric GI visits.
- Idiopathic constipation is a self-perpetuating condition where untreated stool retention leads to dilated bowels and worsening constipation.
- Hirschsprung's disease is a rare cause of constipation characterized by absence of ganglion cells in parts of the bowel. Diagnosis involves biopsy and tests like barium enema.
- Slow transit constipation involves prolonged
Constipation in children
The document discusses constipation in children. It defines constipation and explains some common causes in children like low fiber diet, inactivity, and behavioral factors. It can present at any age but most commonly during periods of transition. Investigations are usually not needed for functional constipation. Treatment involves disimpaction followed by maintenance therapy using laxatives like polyethylene glycol for months to years. Education of parents and lifestyle changes also play a key role in managing constipation in children.
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This document discusses enuresis, or involuntary voiding of urine during sleep beyond the age of 5. It defines primary and secondary enuresis and describes the typical achievement of bladder control by age. Treatment options discussed include behavioral interventions, alarm therapy, pharmacotherapy using drugs like DDAVP and antidepressants, and rarely surgery. The overall approach emphasizes a multifaceted treatment tailored to each child, with the goal of solving the problem through a positive attitude and commitment from the child, parents, and pediatrician.
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This document provides an overview of childhood enuresis (bedwetting), including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis, and treatment options. It defines primary and secondary enuresis and notes that psychological problems are usually a result rather than a cause. Treatment options discussed include supportive management, alarm therapy, desmopressin, anticholinergic medications like oxybutynin, and imipramine. Alarm therapy and desmopressin are identified as the most effective evidenced-based treatments.
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This document defines constipation and provides details about its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It begins by defining constipation as difficulty or delay in defecation for at least 2 weeks, and discusses other related terms. It then covers the causes of constipation including functional, organic, dietary and drug-related factors. The key components of diagnosing constipation through history and physical examination are outlined. Rome III diagnostic criteria for children and adults are presented. Finally, the document discusses approaches to treatment including lifestyle changes, bulk-forming laxatives, stimulant laxatives and biofeedback training.
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OTC Medications - Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the enlargement of the prostate gland which commonly affects men over age 40. The enlarged prostate puts pressure on the bladder and urethra, leading to urinary symptoms. Tamsulosin, an alpha-1 blocker available over-the-counter, helps relax the prostate and relieve BPH symptoms such as weak urine flow and frequent urination. Patients should see their doctor within 6 weeks of starting tamsulosin to confirm the BPH diagnosis and determine if continued OTC use is appropriate.
Chronic Constipation -Dr. Vishnu Biradar
Chronic constipation is defined as difficult or infrequent defecation lasting at least two weeks. It can be classified based on age of onset (congenital or acquired) and duration (acute or chronic). Causes include functional issues in 90-95% of cases, as well as anorectal abnormalities, neurological conditions, metabolic disorders, and certain drugs. Treatment involves complete disimpaction followed by maintenance therapy using laxatives, a high-fiber diet, and behavioral modifications like scheduled toilet sitting to prevent recurrence. Proper treatment can result in excellent improvement for many children, though some may continue to struggle with constipation into adolescence.
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This document discusses gastrointestinal tract problems focusing on constipation and diarrhea. For constipation, it describes associated symptoms, causes such as diet and medication, and management approaches including lifestyle changes and different types of laxatives. For diarrhea, it emphasizes the risks of dehydration, especially for infants and elderly, and recommends fluid and electrolyte replacement as well as antidiarrheal medications for treatment. The pharmacist's role in educating patients, monitoring laxative use, and referring cases as needed is highlighted.
Di case
A 4-month-old male infant presented with fever, cough, noisy breathing for 4 days and failure to thrive. He was found to have polyuria, hypernatremia, and reduced urine osmolality despite increased serum osmolality, consistent with diabetes insipidus. A vasopressin challenge test confirmed nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. He was started on hydrochlorothiazide and improved, with decreasing urine output and serum sodium levels. The final diagnosis was nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acute lower respiratory tract infection, and failure to thrive.
Dehydration imnci
Dehydration is the loss of water and salts essential for normal body function. An infant with mild dehydration may be thirsty with decreased urine output, while one with severe dehydration over 10% body weight loss would be gravely ill and at risk of shock. Treatment involves oral rehydration with breastmilk and oral rehydration solution or intravenous fluids for severe cases. Home treatment focuses on extra fluids, continued feeding, and oral zinc supplements to prevent dehydration complications.
Elimination
The document provides information on urinary and bowel elimination, including:
- The functions of the urinary system to remove waste from the blood and regulate fluid/electrolytes.
- Common issues like urinary retention, incontinence, and infection.
- Factors that affect bowel elimination like diet, hydration, medications, and mobility.
- Common bowel problems like constipation, diarrhea, and hemorrhoids.
- Nursing interventions to promote healthy elimination and treat issues like administering enemas, suppositories, and catheter care.
Concept of elimination By: Aasandas
The document discusses elimination patterns and common problems related to fecal and urinary elimination. It defines elimination and describes the processes of urinary and bowel elimination. Common problems are outlined, including diarrhea, constipation, impaction, hemorrhoids, flatulence, and incontinence. Nursing interventions are provided for various elimination issues, such as encouraging fluid intake, fiber consumption, exercise and scheduled voiding or bowel movements. Factors that can alter the urinary system are also discussed.
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This document discusses evidence-based management of enuresis. It defines enuresis and classifies it as monosymptomatic or non-monosymptomatic. Prevalence is noted to be 3.8-20% in India. Pathophysiology is multifactorial involving genetic and developmental factors. Evaluation involves history, voiding diary, physical exam and some investigations. Management includes non-pharmacological approaches like motivation therapy and alarm therapy as first-line. Pharmacological options include desmopressin, which is effective but relapses occur after stopping, and anticholinergics which are useful for overactive bladder symptoms. Refractory cases may require tricyclic antidepressants. The document
Management of diarrhoea in child & pregnant women
This document discusses the management of diarrhea in children and pregnant women. It provides information on common pathogens that cause diarrhea, rehydration strategies like oral rehydration solution and intravenous fluids, maintaining nutrition during diarrhea, and choices of drug treatment based on the identified pathogen. The key points are: more than 5 million children under 5 die from diarrhea annually in India; oral rehydration with WHO's new lower sodium and glucose formula is preferred if fluid loss is mild; intravenous fluids like Ringer's lactate are given for more severe dehydration; maintaining nutrition with foods like milk and bananas during diarrhea; and targeted antibiotic treatment depending on the identified diarrhea-causing bacteria or parasite.
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Urinary Incontinence: Types, Causes & Prevention By Unique Wellness
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Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves that control urination. There are two main types: a flaccid bladder that does not contract fully and leaks urine, and a spastic bladder that has involuntary contractions causing frequent urination. Causes include stroke, Parkinson's disease, MS, spinal cord injuries, and more. Symptoms include frequent urination, incontinence, and inability to urinate. Treatment options include medications to relax or stimulate the bladder, botulinum toxin injections, surgery like an artificial sphincter or urinary diversion with a stoma.
Management of Overactive Bladder For Gynecologist
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Caffeine
The document discusses caffeine, including what it is, how it affects the body, how much is too much, and activities related to caffeine. Caffeine is a bitter, white crystal found in plants that acts as a stimulant in humans by temporarily fighting drowsiness and restoring alertness. The document also provides information on how caffeine affects the body, caffeine intake guidelines, a find-a-word activity, and a guessing game about foods containing caffeine.
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This presentation focuses on alternative approaches to traditional medicine, including dietary and lifestyle behaviors for prevention, disease management, and health. Learn how alternative approaches, including vitamins, minerals, and supplements, can be combined with traditional medicine to improve sleep, boost energy, manage chronic aches and pains, alleviate skin and allergic conditions, and improve immune and digestive function.
9 wfa other medical problems
This document summarizes information on various medical emergencies including respiratory issues like asthma and pneumonia, nervous system issues like seizures and strokes, abdominal complaints, and diabetic emergencies. It provides details on symptoms to look for and first aid steps to take for each condition. Key points covered include how to recognize and treat asthma attacks, common colds, hyperventilation, fainting, headaches, and low or high blood sugar in diabetics. Guidelines are provided on when evacuation is necessary.
Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine and can range from mild dribbling to severe leakage. It affects up to 20% of older adults and 50% of nursing home residents, with prevalence increasing with age. The main types are stress, urge, overflow, and functional incontinence. Treatment includes behavioral modifications like pelvic floor exercises, pharmacotherapy with medications like anticholinergics and alpha-agonists, injections, surgery such as slings and colposuspensions, and devices like pessaries. Behavioral treatments aim to strengthen pelvic floor muscles or modify bladder habits while medications and surgeries treat underlying causes.
Long term side effects of cancer treatment - Catherine Masterson & Mary Dowd
Long term side effects of cancer treatment - Catherine Masterson & Mary DowdIrish Cancer Society
1) Cancer treatments can cause long term side effects like cancer related fatigue, chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, and chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.
2) Cancer related fatigue is a daily lack of energy that is not relieved by sleep and can be caused by both the disease and its treatments. It affects about 40% of breast cancer survivors.
3) Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy causes nerve damage that results in numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities, and can progress over time or with additional chemotherapy treatments.Irritable bowel syndrome disease apr. 4, 2012
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain, constipation, and/or diarrhea caused by abnormal contractions of the intestinal muscles. Stress, anxiety, depression, and gastrointestinal infections can contribute to IBS. Symptoms include abdominal bloating, gas, pain relieved by bowel movements, diarrhea, constipation, and feeling of incomplete emptying. Diet, stress management, education, and medication can help treat and manage IBS symptoms.
Irritable bowel syndrome disease apr. 4, 2012
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incontinence1.pdf
This document discusses incontinence in older people. It states that incontinence is common among those over 65, affecting up to 1 in 5 women and 1 in 10 men, and prevalence increases with age. While often associated with aging, incontinence is not an inevitable result and can be treated or prevented through assessment and management. The document outlines the main types of urinary incontinence in older adults and provides details on evaluating and treating incontinence.
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Caffeinism
- 1. Caffeinism By: Jaelle Nadine B. de Vera
- 3. Who are at risk? BUSINESS PEOPLE TEACHERS WRITERS
- 4. Who are at risk? » CHILDREN AND BABIES » STUDENTS
- 5. • Dizziness • Diarrhea • Increased thirst • Insomnia • Headache • Fever • Irritability What are the Signs and Symptoms?
- 6. Other symptoms seem more severe, and call for immediate medical treatment. • Trouble Breathing • Vomiting • Hallucinations • Chest Pain • Uncontrollable muscle movements • Convulsions What are the Signs and Symptoms?
- 7. Treatment » Treating Caffeine Overdose » The main point of treatment will be to get the caffeine out of your body while managing the symptoms. You may be given activated charcoal, which is a common remedy for drug overdose. It often prevents the caffeine from going into the gastrointestinal tract. » » If the caffeine has already entered the gastrointestinal tract, you may be offered a laxative, or even a gastric lavage, which involves using a tube to wash the contents out of your stomach. Your doctor will likely choose the method that works fastest to get the caffeine out of your body.
- 8. Treatment » During this time, your heart will be monitored through an EKG (electrocardiogram), and you may receive breathing support when necessary. » » If the symptoms are mild, you may be able to wait until the caffeine is no longer in your body, but home treatment does not tend to work for most patients. » » Caffeine overdose can usually be treated with no long-term health problems. However, this condition can be deadly, especially for younger patients, such as infants and toddlers. When treatment is given too late, there may be irreversible health problems and even death. You are advised to at least call Poison Control when you suspect a caffeine overdose.