Caculation of pigging effectiveness
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This presentation discusses the calculation of pigging effectiveness for petroleum pipelines. It defines pigging as pushing a device with metal brushes through pipelines to clean deposits from inner walls. Three equations are provided to calculate pigging effectiveness by comparing pressure differences and flow rates before and after pigging. An example calculation shows an effectiveness of 1.56% using the first equation. The importance of pigging and the Moody chart for relating friction factors, Reynolds numbers, and surface roughness are also briefly discussed.
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Based on a mixture multiphase flow model,theRNG k–εturbulencemodelandfrozen rotor method were used to perform a numerical simulation of steady flow in the internal flow field of a sewage pump that transports solid and liquid phase flows. Resultsof the study indicate that the degree of wear on the front and the back of the blade suction surface from different densities of solid particles shows a completely opposite influencing trend. With the increase of delivered solid-phase density, the isobaric equilibrium position moves to the leading edge point of the blade, but the solid-phase isoconcentration point on the blade pressure surface and suction surface basically remains unchanged. The difference between hydraulic lift and water lift indelivering solid- and liquid-phase flows shows a rising trend with the increase of working flow
IRJET - Characteristics of 90°/90° S-Shaped Diffusing Duct using SST K-O Turb...
1) The document summarizes a study that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the characteristics of a 90/90 S-shaped diffusing duct.
2) The study explores the velocity variation, pressure recovery coefficient, and total pressure loss coefficient along the duct using the SST k-ω turbulent model.
3) The results show flow separation near the top and bottom walls, the formation of counter-rotating vortex pairs at the exit, and that the pressure recovery coefficient first increases then decreases before increasing again towards the exit.
Simulation of pressure drop for combined tapered and nontapered die for polyp...
Abstract: the pressure drop in combined sections tapered and circular for the flow of polypropylene were
studied both analytical and simulation under isothermal and no-slip condition in the die wall. The predicted
pressure drop values are compared with three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulation to identify effect of
contraction angles, die land and radius on pressure drop. The governing equation of pressure drop was first
derived to angle of tapered section, for circular section the pressure drop was studied using different die lands
and radii .The three parameters were varied in the ansys Polyflow at specified polymer flow rate and the results
are compared with analytical results .For the tapered section the best angle is analytically and for
the simulation. For circular section of the die the results for die lands variations are almost the same but when
varying the varying the radius the results differ at radii less than 2 cm and approach each other at 2 cm and
above. Index Terms: Tapered die, circular section, pressure drop, Polyflow.
Simulation of Secondary Flow in Lubrication Pipe with End Bends of an Aero En...
1) The document simulates oil flow behavior in the pressure pipe line of an aero engine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It examines the flow characteristics at five sections between the inlet and outlet.
2) Secondary flow develops at the bended sections due to curvature effects. Dean vortices form and their locations are visualized. Velocity decreases around the inner curvature and increases around the outer curvature.
3) Pressure drops slightly from 5 bar at the inlet to 4.9 bar at the outlet due to the short pipe length. Higher pressure variations occur around the bends.
Pipe project daniel
Analysis and design of embedded pipes: pipelines, vertical hollow piles.Soil-structure reactions for applied displacements of horizontally embedded systems at serviceability and ultimate limit states.
The design of a Buried Steel Pipeline with straight pressure under a road, within a ditch trench. Checking the ULS & SLS conditions both in the plane of the pipeline section & in the vertical plane along pipeline axis.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN SHAPE OF SUCTION MANIFOLD TO...
Centrifugal pumps are used extensively for pumping water over short to medium distance through pipeline where the requirements of head and discharge are moderate. The design and optimization of turbo machine impellers such as tho se in pumps and turbines is a highly complicated task due to the complex three-dimension al shape of the impeller blades and surrounding devices. Small differences in geometry can lead to significant changes in the performance of these machines. The efficiency of th e centrifugal pump can be increased by number of ways such as modifying the geometry of th e sump,increasing the diameter of the suction pump,having multiple pumps working in seri es,etc. This paper is part of research work carried out to improve efficiency of a centrifugal pump through changing shapes of the manifolds.
I1304015865
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a convergent-divergent rocket nozzle. The analysis was performed using ANSYS Fluent software to simulate flow at different mesh resolutions. Parameters like pressure, velocity, Mach number, and mesh quality were calculated and compared across five mesh types that varied the number of divisions at the inlet, exit, and walls of the nozzle. Results showed that parameters generally increased with finer mesh resolution, with maximum Mach number rising from 2.78 to 3.11 and maximum pressure from 292,787 Pa to 298,768 Pa. The study validated the CFD model against experimental data and other numerical studies of rocket nozzle flow.
Episode 39 : Hopper Design
Episode 39 : Hopper Design
Problem:
1 -experiments with shear box jenike on a particulate catalyst to give the family
yield locus as in 1. given that the bulk density is 1000 kg/m3 particulates and wall friction angle is 15
a-from design chart silo cone, do design a mass flow hopper for the material.
b-if the average size is 100 um, calculate the discharge flow rate passing through the discharge opening
2 - For the above materials using stainless steel is required to store 1000 tons of particulate in it. Coefficient of friction at the wall is given as 0.45 for each value and the formula that you use the appropriate justify the design.
a - draw the dimensions of the silo you and draw a vertical stress profile and the wall of the silo whole time say powerful particle
b- specify the maximum vertical stress and the wall of the silo you
c - if you use several different approaches in the design you provide appropriate recommendations to your employer for work before the end of the casting device fabrication started.
d - if problems such as the formation of the entrance are available after a certain time interval suggest measures - flow improvement measures to be taken to your employer
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...
The objective of this project work is to computationally analyze shock waves in the Convergent Divergent (CD) Nozzle. The commercial CFD code Fluent is employed to analyze the compressible flow through the nozzle. The analysis is about NPR (Nozzle Pressure Ratio) i.e., the ratio between exit pressure of the nozzle to ambient pressure. The various models of CD Nozzle are designed and the results are compared. The flow characteristic of shockwave for various design of CD Nozzle is also discussed. The purpose of this project is to investigate supersonic C-D nozzle flow for increasing NPR (Nozzle pressure ratio) through CFD. The imperfect matching between the pressures and ambient pressure and exit pressure leads to the formation of a complicated shock wave structure. Supersonic nozzle flow separation occurs in CD nozzles at NPR values far above their design value that results in shock formation inside the nozzle. The one-dimensional analysis approximations are not accurate, in reality the flow detaches from the wall and forms a separation region, subsequently the flow downstream becomes non-uniform and unstable. Shock wave affects flow performance of nozzle from NPR value 1.63 for existing geometrical conditions of nozzle. Problem of using this nozzle above 1.63NPR is shock wave at downstream of throat. After shock wave, static pressure increases further downstream of flow. It leads to flow separation and back pressure effects. Back pressure makes nozzle chocked. To investigate this problem, geometry of divergent portion is introduced and analysed through CFD. This is expected in resulting of reduction of flow separation and back pressure effect as well as increase in nozzle working NPR.
Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...
The objective of this project work is to computationally analyze shock waves in the Convergent Divergent (CD) Nozzle. The commercial CFD code Fluent is employed to analyze the compressible flow through the nozzle. The analysis is about NPR (Nozzle Pressure Ratio) i.e., the ratio between exit pressure of the nozzle to ambient pressure. The various models of CD Nozzle are designed and the results are compared. The flow characteristic of shockwave for various design of CD Nozzle is also discussed. The purpose of this project is to investigate supersonic C-D nozzle flow for increasing NPR (Nozzle pressure ratio) through CFD. The imperfect matching between the pressures and ambient pressure and exit pressure leads to the formation of a complicated shock wave structure. Supersonic nozzle flow separation occurs in CD nozzles at NPR values far above their design value that results in shock formation inside the nozzle. The one-dimensional analysis approximations are not accurate, in reality the flow detaches from the wall and forms a separation region, subsequently the flow downstream becomes non-uniform and unstable. Shock wave affects flow performance of nozzle from NPR value 1.63 for existing geometrical conditions of nozzle. Problem of using this nozzle above 1.63NPR is shock wave at downstream of throat. After shock wave, static pressure increases further downstream of flow. It leads to flow separation and back pressure effects. Back pressure makes nozzle chocked. To investigate this problem, geometry of divergent portion is introduced and analysed through CFD. This is expected in resulting of reduction of flow separation and back pressure effect as well as increase in nozzle working NPR.
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
This document discusses determining pressure and shock losses in underground mine openings using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation techniques. It aims to calculate losses in different mine configurations using CFD and compare results to classical formulas. The document outlines the objective, scope, literature review on losses, and CFD methodology. It describes setting up simulations of common mine geometries like tunnels, bends, junctions, and shafts in Gambit meshing software and analyzing them in Fluent. Results are presented on velocity profiles and pressure losses for configurations like gradual contractions and expansions.
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
This document discusses the determination of shock and pressure losses in underground mine openings using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation techniques. The objective is to calculate losses in different mine configurations and compare results from CFD simulations to classical formulas. The document outlines the scope of the project, literature review on losses, and describes meshing mine geometries in Gambit and performing CFD simulations in Fluent. Results are presented for simulations of tunnels, bends, junctions, contractions, expansions, shafts, and regulators. CFD-generated shock loss coefficients are found to agree reasonably well with published values, except for splits/junctions and forcing shafts, which may be due to modeling limitations. The conclusion is that 3D
Erosion Rate Prediction in Single and Multiphase Flow using CFD
1. The document discusses predicting erosion rates in single and multiphase flows using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It focuses on studying the motion of sand particles through carrier fluids like methane, methane-oil mixtures, and mixed gases.
2. A 90-degree bend geometry is modeled in ANSYS and meshed. Different cases of sand particle sizes and velocities are analyzed for methane, methane-oil mixtures, and mixed gases. Erosion rates are calculated and compared to API standards.
3. Results show erosion rates are highest for mixed gases, lower for methane, and lowest for methane-oil mixtures. Erosion decreases with denser multiphase flows due to smaller drag forces. The CFD approach
Studies on impact of inlet viscosity ratio, decay rate & length scales in a c...
This document summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies on the impact of inlet turbulence parameters on the aerodynamic performance of a cooled turbine stage. The parameters studied include turbulence intensity, length scale, viscosity ratio, and decay rate. The key findings are:
1) Increasing the inlet length scale and turbulence intensity decreases stage efficiency, with higher drops at higher intensities and scales. Efficiency drops more sharply with logarithmic increases in these parameters.
2) Increasing the viscosity ratio and decay rate also decreases efficiency, with impacts becoming more significant at higher ratios and rates. Efficiency drops more sharply with logarithmic increases in viscosity ratio.
3) Higher turbulence parameters result in more uniform total pressure profiles
Implementation of finite volume method in creeping flow around a circular cyl...
Abstract
A Finite Volume Method have been performed in simulation of creeping flow around a circular cylinder contained between plates. By adopting the SIMPLE algorithm the governing equations are solved together with Papanastasious regularization. Apparent viscosity is calculated on each iteration by using forward difference operation. Yield surfaces are studied over the range of Oldroyd number 10≤Od≤〖10〗^4. The model results are found to be in good agreement with obtained results of the other method.
Keywords: Creeping flow, Finite Volume Method, Yielded and unyielded zone, Bingham number.
Implementation of finite volume method in creeping flow around a circular cyl...
Abstract
A Finite Volume Method have been performed in simulation of creeping flow around a circular cylinder contained between plates. By adopting the SIMPLE algorithm the governing equations are solved together with Papanastasious regularization. Apparent viscosity is calculated on each iteration by using forward difference operation. Yield surfaces are studied over the range of Oldroyd number 10≤Od≤〖10〗^4. The model results are found to be in good agreement with obtained results of the other method.
Keywords: Creeping flow, Finite Volume Method, Yielded and unyielded zone, Bingham number.
Shaft Grouting - Improving the capacity of bored piles by shaft grouting
Shaft grouting, a relatively new technique, is carried out by injecting grout at discrete points around a pile shaft, assuming that the grout spreads along it
Suspensioncontrollerdesignproject
Using Matlab software we designed a suspension controller for buses. If there is any bump is there then there is a chance for
movement of the seat due to this the passengers feels discomfort .so we reduce the time for the movement of seat less than 5 seconds by using feedback signal.
T130403141145
The researchers used strain gauges to experimentally determine the drag coefficient of a scale model Toyota car. Tests were conducted in a subsonic wind tunnel from 21.17 to 33 m/s. Drag coefficients were obtained ranging from 1.10 to 0.53, decreasing about 50% over the speed range tested. Flow visualization showed recirculating vortices at the rear that influence drag. Measurement errors for velocity, drag force, and drag coefficient decreased with increasing air speed.
AJK2011-03023 (Conference Paper DR) Modelling Multiphase Jet Flows for High V...
This document summarizes CFD simulations of flow inside an industrial static mixer called a Sonolator. Single-phase steady-state simulations were performed for three mass flow rates through a fixed nozzle orifice. Streamline data was used to calculate residence times and turbulent energy dissipation rates, which can provide insight into droplet breakup for emulsification processes. Validation was done against experimental discharge coefficients and predicted droplet sizes may depend on inlet conditions for multiphase mixtures.
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Numerical Calculation of Solid-Liquid two-Phase Flow Inside a Small Sewage Pump
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Simulation of Secondary Flow in Lubrication Pipe with End Bends of an Aero En...
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN SHAPE OF SUCTION MANIFOLD TO...
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Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...
Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...
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Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
Erosion Rate Prediction in Single and Multiphase Flow using CFD
Erosion Rate Prediction in Single and Multiphase Flow using CFD
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Studies on impact of inlet viscosity ratio, decay rate & length scales in a c...
Implementation of finite volume method in creeping flow around a circular cyl...
Implementation of finite volume method in creeping flow around a circular cyl...
Implementation of finite volume method in creeping flow around a circular cyl...
Implementation of finite volume method in creeping flow around a circular cyl...
Shaft Grouting - Improving the capacity of bored piles by shaft grouting
Shaft Grouting - Improving the capacity of bored piles by shaft grouting
AJK2011-03023 (Conference Paper DR) Modelling Multiphase Jet Flows for High V...
AJK2011-03023 (Conference Paper DR) Modelling Multiphase Jet Flows for High V...
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A poster presentation on raise boring machine
A raise borer is a machine that drills vertical or near-vertical holes between levels of a mine without explosives. It works by first drilling a small pilot hole, then attaching a reamer head to the drill string to widen the hole to the desired diameter. Rock cuttings from the reaming process fall down to the lower level. Raise boring provides safety benefits over conventional drilling and blasting, allows faster hole completion, and results in smooth-walled holes suitable for uses like ventilation.
Rules and regulation of transmission and distribution of natural gas and its ...
Rules and regulation of transmission and distribution of natural gas and its ...Md. Shahadot Hossain
Group 1 presented on the rules and regulations of natural gas transmission and distribution in Bangladesh. The group members are 150801, 150802, 150803, 150806, and 150808. The presentation covered the importance of natural gas in Bangladesh, providing 72% of commercial energy. It also discussed the types of transmission and distribution pipelines, common laws regarding natural gas infrastructure in Bangladesh, design standards for pipelines, and concluded with the importance of proper rules and regulations for developing the energy sector.Flow in pipes
This document discusses different types of fluid flow in pipes. There are three main types: laminar flow, where fluid particles move in parallel layers without mixing; turbulent flow, where the fluid movement is irregular and random; and transitional flow, which is a mixture of laminar and turbulent. The Reynolds number determines whether flow is laminar or turbulent, with laminar flow below a Reynolds number of 2300 and turbulent above 4000. The document also defines the entrance region and entrance length as the area and distance where fluid flow develops after entering a pipe.
Production optimization using prosper
production optimization nowadays is a vital thing to capture for every gas field to get proper production rate. That's they need proper way to optimize there production. Here I have discussed about the process of production optimization using prosper softer from petroleum expert.
Mine waste dump
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Safety procedure of lab
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Capillary Pressure Measurement Using Porous Plate
The document summarizes the porous plate method for measuring capillary pressure. It describes how the porous plate method is the most accurate for measuring capillary pressure in homogeneous and heterogeneous cores. It can measure several plugs at once, though the capillary discontinuity may distort results. The method involves placing a saturated core on a porous plate in a cell and applying varying pressure differences over multiple 3-day periods to determine water saturation levels corresponding to capillary pressures. Calculations are then performed and reported.
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
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Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
this notes have been created
by Eric36 at nyamata ttc
after readings
pe book for y2sme .
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
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Caculation of pigging effectiveness
- 2. Topic: Calculation of Pigging Effectiveness for Petroleum (Product) Pipelines. Presented By- Md. Shahadot Hossain Roll: 150802 Session: 2015-2016 Depth. Of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Jashore University of Science and Technology
- 3. What is Pigging? Pigging is a process of pushing a device (PIG) equipped with metal wire brushes to clean the deposits on the inner walls of the pipeline.
- 4. Equations Using for Calculating Pigging Effectiveness 1. 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈= 𝑸 𝜟𝒑 𝒂𝒑− 𝑸 𝜟𝒑 𝒃𝒑 𝑸 𝜟𝒑 𝒃𝒑 X100% Where, bp=Before Pigging & ap= After Pigging 2. 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈= 𝜟𝒑 𝒑.𝒈.𝑸 𝟐 𝒃𝒑− 𝜟𝒑 𝒑.𝒈.𝑸 𝟐 𝒂𝒑 𝜟𝒑 𝒑.𝒈.𝑸 𝟐 𝒃𝒑 X100% 3. 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈= 𝜺 𝑫 𝒃𝒑− 𝜺 𝑫 𝒂𝒑 𝜺 𝑫 𝒃𝒑 X100% , Where, ϵ is the surface roughness.
- 5. Why pigging is Important? Before Pigging After Pigging a) Suction Pressure at upstream station.(Kg/sq.cm) 6.5 3 b) Flow rate (KLS/hr) (Q ) 251 258 c) Back. Pr. At downstream station.(Kg/sq.cm) 50 47
- 6. Pigging Effectiveness by First Equation from Given Data Here, ΔP For Before Pigging, 50-6.5=43.5 Kg/sq.cm ΔP For After Pigging, 47-3=44 Kg/sq.cm Pigging Effectiveness: 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈= 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝟒𝟒 𝒂𝒑− 𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝟒𝟑.𝟓 𝒃𝒑 𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝟒𝟑.𝟓 𝒃𝒑 X100% = 1.56%
- 7. Pigging Effectiveness by Second Equation from Given Data To calculate effectiveness there need the given data chart.
- 8. Pigging Effectiveness by Second Equation from Given Data Using the data on date 30.10.10- ΔP For Before Pigging, 50-6.5=43.5 Kg/sq.cm ΔP For After Pigging, 47-3=44 Kg/sq.cm As assuming same density of fluid before & after Pigging, so taking ρg=Constant (K) 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈= 𝟒𝟑.𝟓 𝑲.(𝟐𝟓𝟏) 𝟐 𝒃𝒑 − 𝟒𝟒 𝑲. 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝟐 𝒂𝒑 𝟒𝟑.𝟓 𝑲. 𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝟐 𝒃𝒑 X100% = 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟗−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟗 X100% =4.3% Similarly 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈=-5% for 08.01.11 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈 =2.8% for 24.03.11 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈 =7.04% for 21.06.11 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈 =-3.07% for 28.10.11 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈 =1.56% for 09.03.12
- 9. What is Moody Chart? In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates- The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, f Reynolds number, Re and Surface roughness, ϵ for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
- 10. Moody Chart
- 11. Pigging Effectiveness by Third Equation from Given Data From any given data we can calculate Pigging Effectiveness by using third equation: Here, Imagine. Diameter of Pipe, d= 0.01 (m) Reynolds number, Re = 107 friction factor, f=0.013. Then Relative Roughness, 𝜺 𝑫=?
- 12. Pigging Effectiveness by Third Equation from Given Data Once we have calculated the Reynolds No. (Re) & then friction factor ‘f’ (eqn. vi), we may either make use of Moody’s chart, or use Colebrook equation to find relative roughness before & after Pigging. Then the effectiveness would be calculated as: 𝜼 𝒑𝒊𝒈= 𝜺 𝑫 𝒃𝒑 − 𝜺 𝑫 𝒂𝒑 𝜺 𝑫 𝒃𝒑 X100%