CA potential effects on soil erosion for rainfed drops in hte Lake eric scopel

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This document summarizes a study on the potential effects of conservation agriculture on soil erosion for rainfed crops in the Lake Alaotra region of Madagascar. The researchers found that conservation agriculture systems with cover crops and mulch significantly reduced soil losses compared to traditional ploughed systems, with differences increasing on steeper slopes. Specifically, conservation agriculture was found to reduce soil losses by 50-75% and nutrient losses by around 2 kg N/ha, 13 kg P/ha, 0.7 kg K/ha and 57 kg C/ha compared to traditional systems. The researchers used the RUSLE model to estimate long term impacts of conservation agriculture rotations in reducing soil erosion.

Conservation Agriculture potential effects on
Soil Erosion for rainfed crops in the Lake
Alaotra region in Madagascar

L.I. Rasolofo, F. Van Hulst, K. Naudin, R. Domas, J. De Graaff,
S. Visser, E. Scopel

Alaotra Lake:
One of the main zones of rice production
in Madagascar

Rice mainly under irrigated conditions in the lowlands, but with strong
progress of upland rice on the hillsides with other stapple crops

Rainfall variability:
A strong constraint for rainfed crops

Rainfall at Alaotra Lake

1600.0
1999-2000
1400.0
2000-01
1200.0
Rainfall in mm

2001-02
2002-03
1000.0 Total
moy 11 ans
800.0 2003-04

600.0 2004-05
2005-06
400.0 2006-07

200.0 2007-08
2008-09
0.0
2009-10
sep oct nov déc jan fév mars avr mai juin juil août
month

Distribution

Classical problems with conventional tillage

CA as been promoted as an alternative
for sustainable production of rainfed
stapple crops

- First on maize and grain legumes crops
- Then with new adaptations for rainfed upland
rice

Effect of cover crops and mulch on
water balance and soil erosion

Water erosion: EXPERIMENTS Madagascar

Lb R
N

O E
P6
6m P5
6m P4
6,5m
P= + /- 25%
S

3m
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

P3 P2 P1 SCV R
P= + /- 6% 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

6,5m 6m 6m
CA system with Ploughed CA
maize+dolichos system with System with
intercropped rainfed rice rainfed rice
or or or
SCV M+D Lb R SCV R

SCV M+D

Soil losses
300
c
Soil losses (g/m²) 250
P.terres (g/m²)

200

150 b
Divided by 100 a Divided by
2 to a
50 a a 4 to
4 8
0
Lb R SCV R SCV LB R SCV R SCV
M+D M+D

Pente Slope
25% Faible 6% Slope
Pente Forte

Important difference on soil losses between ploughed system and AC systems
This difference increases when the slope increases

Relation between the ground cover rate and the water erosion

Pente faible Pente faible
9 Pente forte 450
Pente forte
8 R²= 0,740 (pente faible) 400
R²= 0,823 (pente forte)
7 R²= 0,929 (pente forte) 350
T. ruis (%)

P.terres (g/m²)
R²= 0,954 (pente faible)
6 300
5 250
4 200
3 150
2 100
1
50
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T.couv(%) T.couv(%)

Relation between cover rate and Relation between cover rate and
runoff soil losses

Nutrients losses: N, P, K, C

Ploughed
Nutrients losses system
CA system saved around:

2 kg N/ha
13 kg P/ha
0,7 kg K/ha
57 kg C/ha

DMC
systems

Proportional to soil erosion

Reduced losses but linked with low rainfall of 2010-2011 cycle
(-40%: 640 mm)

First uses of RUSLE for extrapolating effects of
Conservation Agriculture on erosion

The model
• Soil loss A = R · K · LS · C · P

• Rainfall erosivity R
potential
• Soil erodibility K erosion
• Slope length & steepness LS

• Crop cover C effect of
• Conservation practices P management

Estimation of the C factor: pluri-anual
rotations

Maize

Dolichos lablab

Weeds

Upland rice

Stylosanthes
guianensis

Estimation of the C factor: combining
mulch and plant cover

Pluri-anual effects of CA on erosion
Cropping system Year Soil loss from monthly
cover management C
(ton·ha-1yr-1)
Stylo 1 1 7.2
2 0.1
3 0.2
4 0.5
Av. 2.0
Dolichos 1 7.3
2 10.6
Av. 9.0
Traditional 1 79
2 94.1
Av. 86.6

Main conclusions
• Strong inter-annual variability linked with climate
variability in this kind of region
• Necessity of considering for CA both mulch and
crops in their function of soil surface protection
• Necessity of taking into account rotations of the
CA Systems in their diversity (pluri-annual scale)
• The importance of having a diverse rotation
pattern with cover crops (directly covering
soil, indirectly by producing biomass for mulch)

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CA potential effects on soil erosion for rainfed drops in hte Lake eric scopel

1. Conservation Agriculture potential effects on Soil Erosion for rainfed crops in the Lake Alaotra region in Madagascar L.I. Rasolofo, F. Van Hulst, K. Naudin, R. Domas, J. De Graaff, S. Visser, E. Scopel

2. Alaotra Lake: One of the main zones of rice production in Madagascar Rice mainly under irrigated conditions in the lowlands, but with strong progress of upland rice on the hillsides with other stapple crops

3. Rainfall variability: A strong constraint for rainfed crops Rainfall at Alaotra Lake 1600.0 1999-2000 1400.0 2000-01 1200.0 Rainfall in mm 2001-02 2002-03 1000.0 Total moy 11 ans 800.0 2003-04 600.0 2004-05 2005-06 400.0 2006-07 200.0 2007-08 2008-09 0.0 2009-10 sep oct nov déc jan fév mars avr mai juin juil août month Distribution

4. Classical problems with conventional tillage

5. CA as been promoted as an alternative for sustainable production of rainfed stapple crops - First on maize and grain legumes crops - Then with new adaptations for rainfed upland rice

6. Effect of cover crops and mulch on water balance and soil erosion

7. Water erosion: EXPERIMENTS Madagascar Lb R N O E P6 6m P5 6m P4 6,5m P= + /- 25% S 3m 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 P3 P2 P1 SCV R P= + /- 6% 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6,5m 6m 6m CA system with Ploughed CA maize+dolichos system with System with intercropped rainfed rice rainfed rice or or or SCV M+D Lb R SCV R SCV M+D

8. Soil losses 300 c Soil losses (g/m²) 250 P.terres (g/m²) 200 150 b Divided by 100 a Divided by 2 to a 50 a a 4 to 4 8 0 Lb R SCV R SCV LB R SCV R SCV M+D M+D Pente Slope 25% Faible 6% Slope Pente Forte Important difference on soil losses between ploughed system and AC systems This difference increases when the slope increases

9. Relation between the ground cover rate and the water erosion Pente faible Pente faible 9 Pente forte 450 Pente forte 8 R²= 0,740 (pente faible) 400 R²= 0,823 (pente forte) 7 R²= 0,929 (pente forte) 350 T. ruis (%) P.terres (g/m²) R²= 0,954 (pente faible) 6 300 5 250 4 200 3 150 2 100 1 50 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 T.couv(%) T.couv(%) Relation between cover rate and Relation between cover rate and runoff soil losses

10. Nutrients losses: N, P, K, C Ploughed Nutrients losses system CA system saved around: 2 kg N/ha 13 kg P/ha 0,7 kg K/ha 57 kg C/ha DMC systems Proportional to soil erosion Reduced losses but linked with low rainfall of 2010-2011 cycle (-40%: 640 mm)

11. First uses of RUSLE for extrapolating effects of Conservation Agriculture on erosion

12. The model • Soil loss A = R · K · LS · C · P • Rainfall erosivity R potential • Soil erodibility K erosion • Slope length & steepness LS • Crop cover C effect of • Conservation practices P management

13. Estimation of the C factor: pluri-anual rotations Maize Dolichos lablab Weeds Upland rice Stylosanthes guianensis

14. Estimation of the C factor: combining mulch and plant cover

15. Pluri-anual effects of CA on erosion Cropping system Year Soil loss from monthly cover management C (ton·ha-1yr-1) Stylo 1 1 7.2 2 0.1 3 0.2 4 0.5 Av. 2.0 Dolichos 1 7.3 2 10.6 Av. 9.0 Traditional 1 79 2 94.1 Av. 86.6

16. Main conclusions • Strong inter-annual variability linked with climate variability in this kind of region • Necessity of considering for CA both mulch and crops in their function of soil surface protection • Necessity of taking into account rotations of the CA Systems in their diversity (pluri-annual scale) • The importance of having a diverse rotation pattern with cover crops (directly covering soil, indirectly by producing biomass for mulch)

17. Misaotra, Thank you, Merci

CA potential effects on soil erosion for rainfed drops in hte Lake eric scopel

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