This document discusses bureaucracies and formal organizations. It notes that bureaucracies have clear levels, a division of labor, written rules and procedures, and impersonal relationships. Potential dysfunctions of bureaucracies include red tape, a lack of communication between units, and bureaucratic alienation. Voluntary associations can advance interests, offer identity, and help mediate between individuals and governments. The document also examines humanizing corporate culture through work teams and other strategies, as well as comparing US and Japanese corporations.