This document provides an overview of socio-psychological views of alcoholism from a historical and sociological perspective. It discusses three phases in the development of social views: the moral phase which viewed alcoholism as a moral failing; the disease phase which began in the 18th century conceptualizing alcoholism as a disease; and the current multifactorial phase which sees alcohol-related problems as affecting whole societies. It also examines sociological explanatory models of alcoholism including socio-cultural, alcohol distribution, and system dynamics models. Finally, it discusses epidemiological research challenges around alcoholism and medicine's evolving conceptualization of alcoholism as a disease.
This document summarizes Matthias Zick Varul's article analyzing Talcott Parsons' concept of the sick role and how it relates to chronic illness. The key points are:
1) Parsons' sick role concept is based on acute illnesses and becoming problematic with the rise of chronic illnesses which do not conform to the sick role's expectations of a temporary deviation from social roles and recovery.
2) Parsons viewed illness as a disruption of social and economic contributions in capitalist societies where health underlies economic productivity. The sick role provides legitimacy and social support during illness by exempting patients from normal roles and obligations in exchange for seeking treatment.
3) For chronic illnesses, the sick role's expectations of
This document summarizes key insights from research on the social construction of illness. It discusses three main themes:
1) Cultural meanings of illness - Certain illnesses have social and cultural meanings attributed to them that are not directly derived from the biological condition. These meanings can impact how society responds to those afflicted and influence experiences of illness.
2) Illness experience as socially constructed - All illnesses are socially constructed at the experiential level based on how individuals understand and live with their condition.
3) Medical knowledge as socially constructed - Medical knowledge about illness and disease is constructed through social processes and claims-making rather than being purely objective facts of nature.
The document traces the intellectual roots of social constructionism
Shreejeet Shrestha provides an overview of sociology and its application in public health. Sociology developed from 19th century theoretical writings and emphasizes social structures and processes over individuals. Key concepts in sociology like social fabric, conflict, and social systems are highly relevant to public health. While psychology has traditionally dominated social sciences in public health, sociology is increasingly important for understanding large-scale social determinants of health like inequality, social capital, and health systems. Sociological methods involving both quantitative and qualitative data are valuable tools for public health research and evaluation.
The course is to a large extend considered satisfactory for the meant students as it offers the candidates the base line knowledge in social aspects of the health , social systems and their impact on health and /or illness
This document provides an introduction to medical sociology. It defines key concepts like sociology, society, group, community, role, culture, and social control mechanisms. Medical sociology studies the medical profession, relationship between medicine and the public, and role of social factors in disease. A society is a system of social relationships with compulsory membership and cooperation/conflict. Culture refers to learned behaviors acquired in a society through customs, beliefs and skills. Acculturation describes the diffusion of cultures with contact between groups. Social problems can threaten community welfare when affecting many individuals.
Traditional and alternative medical systems power pointMoranodi Moeti
Medical sociology examines health, illness, and healing from social, cultural, and behavioral perspectives rather than only medical views. It studies how social factors influence health and the distribution of illness. Medical sociology analyzes the social causes and consequences of health and illness, incorporating research on communities, patients' social dimensions, and policy development. The field has roots in both sociology and medicine and encompasses topics like the social construction of health and the influence of culture, economics, and social structures on disease processes.
Social pathology is the study of social problems as diseased conditions of social organization. It views undesirable social conditions as "sick" and aims to identify the causes of social diseases and find ways to remove them. The social pathology perspective is rooted in the organic analogy of viewing society as an organism. If one part is dysfunctional, it impacts the whole. Early sociologists who studied social pathology focused on identifying immoral individuals as the cause of problems. More recent views examine broader societal forces like technology and population that influence social problems. Solutions suggested include education to promote moral values.
An Analysis of Competitiveness of Pakistan’s Agricultural Export CommoditiesIOSR Journals
This paper analyzes the global competitiveness of Pakistan’s agricultural exports, rice, fish and fish preparations, vegetables and fruits, meat and meat preparations, vis-a-vis major Asian competitors using the approach of revealed comparative advantage (RCA), during the period 2001-2010. The results indicate that rice exhibits very strong comparative advantage while increasing trend has been observed in all other commodities reflecting heavy potentials for export growth in global market. There is a need for Pakistan to strengthen the competitiveness in all these sectors.
This document summarizes Matthias Zick Varul's article analyzing Talcott Parsons' concept of the sick role and how it relates to chronic illness. The key points are:
1) Parsons' sick role concept is based on acute illnesses and becoming problematic with the rise of chronic illnesses which do not conform to the sick role's expectations of a temporary deviation from social roles and recovery.
2) Parsons viewed illness as a disruption of social and economic contributions in capitalist societies where health underlies economic productivity. The sick role provides legitimacy and social support during illness by exempting patients from normal roles and obligations in exchange for seeking treatment.
3) For chronic illnesses, the sick role's expectations of
This document summarizes key insights from research on the social construction of illness. It discusses three main themes:
1) Cultural meanings of illness - Certain illnesses have social and cultural meanings attributed to them that are not directly derived from the biological condition. These meanings can impact how society responds to those afflicted and influence experiences of illness.
2) Illness experience as socially constructed - All illnesses are socially constructed at the experiential level based on how individuals understand and live with their condition.
3) Medical knowledge as socially constructed - Medical knowledge about illness and disease is constructed through social processes and claims-making rather than being purely objective facts of nature.
The document traces the intellectual roots of social constructionism
Shreejeet Shrestha provides an overview of sociology and its application in public health. Sociology developed from 19th century theoretical writings and emphasizes social structures and processes over individuals. Key concepts in sociology like social fabric, conflict, and social systems are highly relevant to public health. While psychology has traditionally dominated social sciences in public health, sociology is increasingly important for understanding large-scale social determinants of health like inequality, social capital, and health systems. Sociological methods involving both quantitative and qualitative data are valuable tools for public health research and evaluation.
The course is to a large extend considered satisfactory for the meant students as it offers the candidates the base line knowledge in social aspects of the health , social systems and their impact on health and /or illness
This document provides an introduction to medical sociology. It defines key concepts like sociology, society, group, community, role, culture, and social control mechanisms. Medical sociology studies the medical profession, relationship between medicine and the public, and role of social factors in disease. A society is a system of social relationships with compulsory membership and cooperation/conflict. Culture refers to learned behaviors acquired in a society through customs, beliefs and skills. Acculturation describes the diffusion of cultures with contact between groups. Social problems can threaten community welfare when affecting many individuals.
Traditional and alternative medical systems power pointMoranodi Moeti
Medical sociology examines health, illness, and healing from social, cultural, and behavioral perspectives rather than only medical views. It studies how social factors influence health and the distribution of illness. Medical sociology analyzes the social causes and consequences of health and illness, incorporating research on communities, patients' social dimensions, and policy development. The field has roots in both sociology and medicine and encompasses topics like the social construction of health and the influence of culture, economics, and social structures on disease processes.
Social pathology is the study of social problems as diseased conditions of social organization. It views undesirable social conditions as "sick" and aims to identify the causes of social diseases and find ways to remove them. The social pathology perspective is rooted in the organic analogy of viewing society as an organism. If one part is dysfunctional, it impacts the whole. Early sociologists who studied social pathology focused on identifying immoral individuals as the cause of problems. More recent views examine broader societal forces like technology and population that influence social problems. Solutions suggested include education to promote moral values.
An Analysis of Competitiveness of Pakistan’s Agricultural Export CommoditiesIOSR Journals
This paper analyzes the global competitiveness of Pakistan’s agricultural exports, rice, fish and fish preparations, vegetables and fruits, meat and meat preparations, vis-a-vis major Asian competitors using the approach of revealed comparative advantage (RCA), during the period 2001-2010. The results indicate that rice exhibits very strong comparative advantage while increasing trend has been observed in all other commodities reflecting heavy potentials for export growth in global market. There is a need for Pakistan to strengthen the competitiveness in all these sectors.
Analysis of the Demand for Eggs in City Of MalangIOSR Journals
This research was aimed at determining the factors that influence the demand for eggs in the City of Malang and knowing the elasticity of demand in relation to the changes in price of the eggs in the City of Malang. Data collection was conducted from November 2012 to December 2012 from the consumers who purchase eggs at the traditional markets in the City of Malang (Dinoyo market and Pasar Besar market). The research method being employed in this study was a survey method. Sampling was conducted through purposive sampling method. The data collected included the primary data from 200 respondents through direct observations and interviews and the secondary data that were obtained from certain relevant agencies. Data were then analyzed by using multiple linear regressions in logarithms. Regression analysis result showed that the independent variables together significantly affected (P < 0.01) the dependent variable with a value of R ² was 0.731. Partially that each of the prices of the eggs, household income, the family members, and education, affected the demand for eggs in the City of Malang. The price elasticity of demand for eggs is elastic with a value of -2.824. The value of the income elasticity of demand for eggs was 0.022 which was inelastic, which means that eggs are normal goods or commodity. The value of cross-price elasticity of demand for eggs to broiler meat was -4.451, which means that the broiler meat are not as substitutes (commodity) for eggs of egg-laying chickens.
Entrepreneur as a Career Choice: Interrelationship between Risk Taking, Compe...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the personal characteristics that influence university graduates' choice to pursue a career as an entrepreneur or non-entrepreneur. It identifies five key factors: risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, proactiveness, innovativeness, and autonomy. The study collected data from 76 respondents and analyzed it using various statistical methods to test how the five factors relate to career choice. The analysis found that proactiveness, risk taking, and competitive aggressiveness significantly influenced the choice to become an entrepreneur, while innovativeness and autonomy were basic characteristics for both entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs.
Evaluation of Process Capability Using Fuzzy Inference SystemIOSR Journals
In many industrial instances product quality depends on a multitude of dependent characteristics and as a consequence, attention on capability indices shifts from univariate domain to multivariate domain. In this research fuzzy inference system is used to determine the process capability index. Fuzzy sets can represent imprecise quantities as well as linguistic terms. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a method, based on the fuzzy theory, which maps the input values to the output values. The mapping mechanism is based on some set of rules, a list of if-then statements. In this research Mamdani fuzzy inference system is used to derive the overall output process capability when subjected to six crisp input and one output. This paper deals with a novel approach to evaluating process capability based on readily available information using fuzzy inference system.
Leading the Instructional Program and its effect on Academic Achievement of s...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between instructional program and academic achievement of students in national examinations in public secondary schools in Tinderet sub county Kenya. The objective of this study was: to determine the impact of leading the instructional program on the students’ academic achievement in national examinations. The study was guided by the effective schools model by Lezotte (2010), which states that an effective school is characterized by seven correlates namely: leading the instructional program, focus on school mission, safety and orderliness of schools, expectations for success, home-school relations, frequent monitoring of students progress and opportunity to learn for students. The researcher employed a survey design targeting all the 18 public secondary schools in Tinderet Sub County, all the 18 principals and the 225 teachers. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 10 schools for the study from the total 18 schools in the distinct. The sampled schools were stratified according to the academic performance for the last three years (2011-2013). All the principals of the sampled 10 schools took part in the study. Simple random sampling was used to select 90 teachers (9 teachers from each school selected). The sample size was 100 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect data. The descriptive survey allowed the generation of both qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and Anova were used to make inferences. Qualitative data was put under themes consistent with the research objectives. The analyzed data was then presented in form of graphs, pie charts and tables for easy interpretation. Findings from the study showed that, majority of the principals indicated that they always led the instructional program. Majority of the teachers on the other hand indicated that, principals did not always engage in these leadership practices but did engage sometimes. Analysis of variance between principals' and teachers' responses on similar issues indicated that there was a significant difference in the manner teachers and principals were responding to questions. Findings on the effect of leadership practices on academic performance were consistent as the teachers and principals were in agreement that these leadership practices when applied had a positive effect on academic performance. Correlation test however revealed that the effect was weak as indicated by the correlation coefficients which were below 0.5. The study concluded that; leading the instructional program was not being implemented fully. The study recommended that; Implementation of leading the instructional program practices should be effected in schools by all principals. Various stakeholders that is teachers, students, Board of Management and princi
Pep Guardiola fue entrenador del Barcelona de 2008 a 2012, liderando al equipo a la victoria en 14 de los 20 títulos posibles durante ese periodo. En su primera temporada logró el triplete histórico de la Liga, Copa y Champions League. En las siguientes temporadas continuó su éxito ganando otros tripletes, dobletes y títulos individuales, estableciendo récords y convirtiendo a este equipo en uno de los mejores de la historia.
This document contains information about performance evaluation forms and methods for assistants. It includes a sample job performance evaluation form with sections for rating an assistant's performance, strengths, areas for improvement, and signatures.
The form provides definitions for performance ratings and lists several performance factors to evaluate, such as administration, knowledge, communication, and teamwork. Supporting documents on the subsequent pages provide examples of performance review phrases and descriptions of the top 12 methods for performance appraisal, including management by objectives, critical incident, behaviorally anchored rating scales, and 360-degree feedback.
Challenges facing staff development and training: A survey of secondary schoo...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges facing staff development and training needs of teachers of English in secondary schools in Kenya with reference to Kericho County. The objective of the study was to describe factors limiting teachers’ participation in staff development and training programmes. In doing this, the study adopted the needs assessment theory and Frederic Herzerberg’s two factor theory of job motivation and satisfaction. Both theories talk of the need for continuous training of staff in order to increase their productivity. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used in the study. The study used a survey research design. A total of 25 schools, 50 teachers of English, 25 heads of department and 25 head teachers took part in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the 25 schools out of which two teachers of English from each of the participating schools were randomly picked. All heads of English departments and head teachers of the participating schools took part in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the 50 teachers of English while interview schedules were used to obtain data from the heads of English departments and head teachers. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages and presented using tables, charts and figures, while qualitative data from the heads of departments and head teachers’ interview schedules was coded and analyzed thematically to establish relationships, trends and patterns from which the researcher drew useful conclusions and recommendations. The study established that most of the teachers fell short of the expected competencies under investigation, an indication of the need for more in-service training for serving teachers. The study also established that there were many factors hindering teachers’ participation in the existing staff development and training programmes. The study recommends that in-service training should be structured, regularized, institutionalized and made compulsory for all teachers of English.
A Study of Celie’s Emancipation in Alice Walker’s The Color Purpleinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Alice Walker‘s The Color Purple is a novel that wonderfully portrays the gradual forming of a new black woman, Celie, who evolves from patriarchal oppression to awakening and independence. Celie a black poor and uneducated African American girl is able to change her situation. She is a symbol of hope that impresses the readers by her strength, faith and courage. In the present paper an attempt has been made to analyze Celie’s process of emancipation and her struggle to gain her independence. In the early part of the novel, she faces the oppression and ignorance of the patriarchal society in which men are considered as the head of family matters. She has to be obedient to her abusive father and husband. She also faces discrimination from White because of being a Black woman. Both the oppression from the patriarchal family and White society led her being an independent woman. She succeeds being independent woman by having good relationship among women character namely Nettie, Sofia, and Shug Avery. Those women have reshaped Celie from the submissive woman who is usually oppressed by male characters especially her father and her husband into independent woman who is not dependent to men anymore.
Staff Development and Training Needs That Teachers of English Desire to Parti...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the staff development and training needs that teachers of English desire to participate in with reference to Kericho County. The objective of the study was to: identify the staff development and training programmes that teachers of English desire to participate in, In doing this, the study adopted the needs assessment theory. The theory talks of the need for continuous training of staff in order to increase their productivity. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used in the study. The study used a survey research design. A total of 25 schools, 50 teachers of English, 25 heads of department and 25 head teachers took part in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the 25 schools out of which two teachers of English from each of the participating schools were randomly picked. Te study used questionnaires to collect data from the 50 teachers of English. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages and presented using tables, charts and figures. The study established that there is a discrepancy between the training needs of teachers of English and what was offered through the existing staff development and training programmes. Most of the teachers fell short of the expected competencies under investigation, an indication of the need for more in-service training for serving teachers. The study recommends that a thorough needs assessment should be carried out to clearly establish the training needs of teachers before implementing any training programmes.
Currently, the harmful use of alcohol and drug consumption is one of the biggest public health problems in the world, due to its high social and economic cost; registering in youth.
The concept of alcoholism encompasses both addictive behavior to alcohol, as well as the set of somatic and psychological problems or disorders caused by the use/abuse and dependence on this substance.
It is considered one of the toxins that accompany and sometimes destroy the bio-psycho-social environment of the individual and his own life; alcohol addiction is a major physical health problem
Deviant Drinking as Disease Alcoholism as a Social Accom.docxAASTHA76
Deviant Drinking as Disease: Alcoholism as a Social Accomplishment
Author(s): Joseph W. Schneider
Source: Social Problems, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Apr., 1978), pp. 361-372
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social
Problems
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DEVIANT DRINKING AS DISEASE:
ALCOHOLISM AS A SOCIAL ACCOMPLISHMENT*
JOSEPH W. SCHNEIDER
Drake University
This paper presents a brief social history of the claim that certain forms of deviant
drinking behavior should be defined as disease, and that their authors ought to
receive medical treatment rather than moral scorn and punishment. It provides a
case example of the medicalization of deviant behavior. The concern is then with
the viability rather than the validity of this claim. The almost two hundred year history of
the medicalization of repeated and disruptive alcohol intoxication is reviewed. The
twentieth century "success" of the disease concept is linked to three developments:
the scientific Yale Center on alcohol Studies, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the Jellinek
formulation. The symbolic endorsement by the American Medical Association is
seen as a product rather than a cause of these developments. I concluded that
rather than an achievement of medical science, the disease concept of alcoholism
is understood best as a social and political accomplishment.
This paper presents a brief social history of the idea that certain kinds of deviant drinking
behavior should be identified by the label "disease." The historical location is the United States
since roughly the end of the eighteenth century. I define the claim that such behavior is a disease
as a social and political construction, warranting study in its own right (Berger and Luckmann,
1966; MacAndrew, 1969; Mulford, 1969; Freidson, 1970; Spector and Kitsuse, 1977). Whether
such drinking "really" is a disease and, as such, what its causes might be, are not at issue. The
analysis will trace the connection between ideas and social structures which appear to support or
"own" them (Gusfield, 1975). This study is an investigation of the social bases of an assertion
about a drinking b.
ALCOHOL.Editors John Merriman and Jay WinterThe production an.docxdaniahendric
ALCOHOL.
Editors: John Merriman and Jay Winter
The production and consumption of alcoholic beverages have been characteristic features of European societies for centuries. Europe is the origin of beverage forms known the world over: distilled beverages such as gin, vodka, scotch, and cognac; wines that include champagne, Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Chianti; and beer styles such as lager, stout, and ale. Indeed, Europe has been the fount of the global flow of alcohol over the last several centuries, having exported both the taste for alcohol through worldwide emigration and colonization and the means of production through advanced knowledge of commercial viti-culture, brewing, and distilling. Indigenous forms of alcohol have survived throughout the world together with these imported—and sometimes imposed—traditions, but nearly everywhere these European beverages and their many cousins, with their familiar brand names, have been associated with affluence, upward mobility, and a Western cultural outlook. The global market for alcoholic beverages totals about 780 billion dollars, and western European consumption accounts for 280 billion dollars, more than a third of the total. If alcohol is a factor in the global economy, it is also a factor in global health. The World Health Organization estimated for the year 2000 that alcohol consumption was a major factor in the global burden of disease, a measure of premature deaths and disability. Alcohol-related death and disability accounted for about 10 percent of the global burden of disease in developed countries, making it the third most important risk.
CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
Alcohol, of course, is no ordinary commodity. Its special character is recognized in myth and layers of symbolic association and cultural meaning that are not far below the surface even in the early twenty-first century. For the ancient Greeks, alcohol was an extraordinary gift of the gods, bestowed on humanity by Dionysus. Wine has played an important symbolic role in both Christian and Jewish rituals and traditions, and alcohol is closely linked to secular rituals of reciprocity and trust. Glimpses of this archaeology of meaning may still be seen—in toasts at dinner parties among family and friends; in the rituals of drinking together to concludePage 42 | Top of Article
FIGURE 1
Comprehensiveness and strictness of alcohol policies 1950 and 2000
SOURCE: Osterberg and Karlson, 2002, Figures 2.1 and 2.2.
important business dealings; in elaborate wedding ceremonies, which combine the convivial blessing of the couple and the sealing of the marriage contract; in the practice of alternate treating that confirms equality of status and solidifies social ties; and in the drinking bouts of young men—comrades in arms, teammates, fraternity brothers, or workmates—who test their ability to stand up to alcohol's powers, and thereby draw a circle of shared experience and trust around themselves.
Alcohol's duality as a food-drug is ...
This document discusses how societies conceptualize and handle drug problems over time and across cultures. It notes that what is considered a problem, which institutions address it, and which treatment models are used vary greatly. For example, alcohol problems may be viewed as a medical issue, mental health issue, crime, or moral failing depending on the culture and era. The professions and institutions tasked with handling the problem also vary. Further, there is no single treatment model, as different analogies are used like addiction as a disease or contagion. The document examines how viewpoints have changed over time in countries like the US, Finland, and Sweden.
The Public Perception and Media Campaign Against Yoga Practitioners in Romani...inventionjournals
This case study aims to estimate the effects of the continuous defamation of the yoga practitioners in Romanian mass-media. The paper is based on the results of a quantitative research focused on the public perception about Romanian yoga practitioners, compared to their description in the media. The research also analyzed the opinion of persons belonging to the yoga movement, regarding the defamation media campaign and their testimonials about discrimination incidents. During the communism, in Romania the yoga practitioners were persecuted by the secret political police. After the communist period, Romanian yogis continue to face difficulties like media campaigns of defamation and hate speech. Our results prove that the negative media campaigns are important factors that caused the marginalization of the yoga practitioners as a social group and favored their discrimination in the Romanian society. For more than 25 years, the media constantly depicted the yoga practitioners in depreciative words. Our study proves that the perception upon yogis is very different for the people who know directly the yoga movement and its students and for the people who know the movement and the yogis only from media. The huge difference of the direct and mediated knowledge, and the fact that the words used by respondents to describe the yogis are similar to those used by press, suggest the assimilation of the mediated message by the public. There is strong evidence that this message is not true, since it is so different than the direct knowledge of people who came in contact with the movement.
This document reviews the relationship between suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. It finds that alcohol use is highly associated with suicide in three ways: through its disinhibiting effects on suicide attempts and completions, by increasing suicide risk among those with alcohol use disorders, and through correlations found between alcohol consumption and suicide rates at population levels. The review examines evidence from studies searching medical databases on this topic. It finds that psychiatric disorders like depression and substance abuse are often linked to suicide cases. However, comorbid psychopathology is neither sufficient nor necessary to explain the relationship between alcohol and suicide.
Carroll University CCS400 Alcohol awareness presentationKelly Ibbotson
The document provides information on alcohol and its effects from a public health perspective. It discusses that alcohol is causally related to over 60 medical conditions, and increases the risk of breast cancer when consumed with estrogen replacement therapy. Alcohol consumption is consistently associated with violent crimes reducing when alcohol restrictions are implemented. However, the effects of alcohol are not equal across cultures. The document then explores the history of alcohol, its role as a beverage, public health impacts, treatment approaches, relationship to aggression, and how cultural factors influence drinking behaviors.
This document discusses key concepts in medical sociology. It defines medical sociology as the study of how humans manage health care for the sick and healthy. Major areas of investigation include the social facts of health and disease and the social behavior of health care personnel and clients. The document also contrasts ideas about health and social behavior throughout history, from primitive societies' spiritual views to the modern medical view of diseases having biological causes. It discusses the impact of germ theory and advances in treating infectious diseases, leading to a focus on chronic illnesses in recent decades.
Analysis of the Demand for Eggs in City Of MalangIOSR Journals
This research was aimed at determining the factors that influence the demand for eggs in the City of Malang and knowing the elasticity of demand in relation to the changes in price of the eggs in the City of Malang. Data collection was conducted from November 2012 to December 2012 from the consumers who purchase eggs at the traditional markets in the City of Malang (Dinoyo market and Pasar Besar market). The research method being employed in this study was a survey method. Sampling was conducted through purposive sampling method. The data collected included the primary data from 200 respondents through direct observations and interviews and the secondary data that were obtained from certain relevant agencies. Data were then analyzed by using multiple linear regressions in logarithms. Regression analysis result showed that the independent variables together significantly affected (P < 0.01) the dependent variable with a value of R ² was 0.731. Partially that each of the prices of the eggs, household income, the family members, and education, affected the demand for eggs in the City of Malang. The price elasticity of demand for eggs is elastic with a value of -2.824. The value of the income elasticity of demand for eggs was 0.022 which was inelastic, which means that eggs are normal goods or commodity. The value of cross-price elasticity of demand for eggs to broiler meat was -4.451, which means that the broiler meat are not as substitutes (commodity) for eggs of egg-laying chickens.
Entrepreneur as a Career Choice: Interrelationship between Risk Taking, Compe...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the personal characteristics that influence university graduates' choice to pursue a career as an entrepreneur or non-entrepreneur. It identifies five key factors: risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, proactiveness, innovativeness, and autonomy. The study collected data from 76 respondents and analyzed it using various statistical methods to test how the five factors relate to career choice. The analysis found that proactiveness, risk taking, and competitive aggressiveness significantly influenced the choice to become an entrepreneur, while innovativeness and autonomy were basic characteristics for both entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs.
Evaluation of Process Capability Using Fuzzy Inference SystemIOSR Journals
In many industrial instances product quality depends on a multitude of dependent characteristics and as a consequence, attention on capability indices shifts from univariate domain to multivariate domain. In this research fuzzy inference system is used to determine the process capability index. Fuzzy sets can represent imprecise quantities as well as linguistic terms. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a method, based on the fuzzy theory, which maps the input values to the output values. The mapping mechanism is based on some set of rules, a list of if-then statements. In this research Mamdani fuzzy inference system is used to derive the overall output process capability when subjected to six crisp input and one output. This paper deals with a novel approach to evaluating process capability based on readily available information using fuzzy inference system.
Leading the Instructional Program and its effect on Academic Achievement of s...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between instructional program and academic achievement of students in national examinations in public secondary schools in Tinderet sub county Kenya. The objective of this study was: to determine the impact of leading the instructional program on the students’ academic achievement in national examinations. The study was guided by the effective schools model by Lezotte (2010), which states that an effective school is characterized by seven correlates namely: leading the instructional program, focus on school mission, safety and orderliness of schools, expectations for success, home-school relations, frequent monitoring of students progress and opportunity to learn for students. The researcher employed a survey design targeting all the 18 public secondary schools in Tinderet Sub County, all the 18 principals and the 225 teachers. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 10 schools for the study from the total 18 schools in the distinct. The sampled schools were stratified according to the academic performance for the last three years (2011-2013). All the principals of the sampled 10 schools took part in the study. Simple random sampling was used to select 90 teachers (9 teachers from each school selected). The sample size was 100 respondents. Questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect data. The descriptive survey allowed the generation of both qualitative and quantitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and Anova were used to make inferences. Qualitative data was put under themes consistent with the research objectives. The analyzed data was then presented in form of graphs, pie charts and tables for easy interpretation. Findings from the study showed that, majority of the principals indicated that they always led the instructional program. Majority of the teachers on the other hand indicated that, principals did not always engage in these leadership practices but did engage sometimes. Analysis of variance between principals' and teachers' responses on similar issues indicated that there was a significant difference in the manner teachers and principals were responding to questions. Findings on the effect of leadership practices on academic performance were consistent as the teachers and principals were in agreement that these leadership practices when applied had a positive effect on academic performance. Correlation test however revealed that the effect was weak as indicated by the correlation coefficients which were below 0.5. The study concluded that; leading the instructional program was not being implemented fully. The study recommended that; Implementation of leading the instructional program practices should be effected in schools by all principals. Various stakeholders that is teachers, students, Board of Management and princi
Pep Guardiola fue entrenador del Barcelona de 2008 a 2012, liderando al equipo a la victoria en 14 de los 20 títulos posibles durante ese periodo. En su primera temporada logró el triplete histórico de la Liga, Copa y Champions League. En las siguientes temporadas continuó su éxito ganando otros tripletes, dobletes y títulos individuales, estableciendo récords y convirtiendo a este equipo en uno de los mejores de la historia.
This document contains information about performance evaluation forms and methods for assistants. It includes a sample job performance evaluation form with sections for rating an assistant's performance, strengths, areas for improvement, and signatures.
The form provides definitions for performance ratings and lists several performance factors to evaluate, such as administration, knowledge, communication, and teamwork. Supporting documents on the subsequent pages provide examples of performance review phrases and descriptions of the top 12 methods for performance appraisal, including management by objectives, critical incident, behaviorally anchored rating scales, and 360-degree feedback.
Challenges facing staff development and training: A survey of secondary schoo...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges facing staff development and training needs of teachers of English in secondary schools in Kenya with reference to Kericho County. The objective of the study was to describe factors limiting teachers’ participation in staff development and training programmes. In doing this, the study adopted the needs assessment theory and Frederic Herzerberg’s two factor theory of job motivation and satisfaction. Both theories talk of the need for continuous training of staff in order to increase their productivity. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used in the study. The study used a survey research design. A total of 25 schools, 50 teachers of English, 25 heads of department and 25 head teachers took part in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the 25 schools out of which two teachers of English from each of the participating schools were randomly picked. All heads of English departments and head teachers of the participating schools took part in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the 50 teachers of English while interview schedules were used to obtain data from the heads of English departments and head teachers. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages and presented using tables, charts and figures, while qualitative data from the heads of departments and head teachers’ interview schedules was coded and analyzed thematically to establish relationships, trends and patterns from which the researcher drew useful conclusions and recommendations. The study established that most of the teachers fell short of the expected competencies under investigation, an indication of the need for more in-service training for serving teachers. The study also established that there were many factors hindering teachers’ participation in the existing staff development and training programmes. The study recommends that in-service training should be structured, regularized, institutionalized and made compulsory for all teachers of English.
A Study of Celie’s Emancipation in Alice Walker’s The Color Purpleinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Alice Walker‘s The Color Purple is a novel that wonderfully portrays the gradual forming of a new black woman, Celie, who evolves from patriarchal oppression to awakening and independence. Celie a black poor and uneducated African American girl is able to change her situation. She is a symbol of hope that impresses the readers by her strength, faith and courage. In the present paper an attempt has been made to analyze Celie’s process of emancipation and her struggle to gain her independence. In the early part of the novel, she faces the oppression and ignorance of the patriarchal society in which men are considered as the head of family matters. She has to be obedient to her abusive father and husband. She also faces discrimination from White because of being a Black woman. Both the oppression from the patriarchal family and White society led her being an independent woman. She succeeds being independent woman by having good relationship among women character namely Nettie, Sofia, and Shug Avery. Those women have reshaped Celie from the submissive woman who is usually oppressed by male characters especially her father and her husband into independent woman who is not dependent to men anymore.
Staff Development and Training Needs That Teachers of English Desire to Parti...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the staff development and training needs that teachers of English desire to participate in with reference to Kericho County. The objective of the study was to: identify the staff development and training programmes that teachers of English desire to participate in, In doing this, the study adopted the needs assessment theory. The theory talks of the need for continuous training of staff in order to increase their productivity. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used in the study. The study used a survey research design. A total of 25 schools, 50 teachers of English, 25 heads of department and 25 head teachers took part in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the 25 schools out of which two teachers of English from each of the participating schools were randomly picked. Te study used questionnaires to collect data from the 50 teachers of English. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages and presented using tables, charts and figures. The study established that there is a discrepancy between the training needs of teachers of English and what was offered through the existing staff development and training programmes. Most of the teachers fell short of the expected competencies under investigation, an indication of the need for more in-service training for serving teachers. The study recommends that a thorough needs assessment should be carried out to clearly establish the training needs of teachers before implementing any training programmes.
Currently, the harmful use of alcohol and drug consumption is one of the biggest public health problems in the world, due to its high social and economic cost; registering in youth.
The concept of alcoholism encompasses both addictive behavior to alcohol, as well as the set of somatic and psychological problems or disorders caused by the use/abuse and dependence on this substance.
It is considered one of the toxins that accompany and sometimes destroy the bio-psycho-social environment of the individual and his own life; alcohol addiction is a major physical health problem
Deviant Drinking as Disease Alcoholism as a Social Accom.docxAASTHA76
Deviant Drinking as Disease: Alcoholism as a Social Accomplishment
Author(s): Joseph W. Schneider
Source: Social Problems, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Apr., 1978), pp. 361-372
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social
Problems
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DEVIANT DRINKING AS DISEASE:
ALCOHOLISM AS A SOCIAL ACCOMPLISHMENT*
JOSEPH W. SCHNEIDER
Drake University
This paper presents a brief social history of the claim that certain forms of deviant
drinking behavior should be defined as disease, and that their authors ought to
receive medical treatment rather than moral scorn and punishment. It provides a
case example of the medicalization of deviant behavior. The concern is then with
the viability rather than the validity of this claim. The almost two hundred year history of
the medicalization of repeated and disruptive alcohol intoxication is reviewed. The
twentieth century "success" of the disease concept is linked to three developments:
the scientific Yale Center on alcohol Studies, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the Jellinek
formulation. The symbolic endorsement by the American Medical Association is
seen as a product rather than a cause of these developments. I concluded that
rather than an achievement of medical science, the disease concept of alcoholism
is understood best as a social and political accomplishment.
This paper presents a brief social history of the idea that certain kinds of deviant drinking
behavior should be identified by the label "disease." The historical location is the United States
since roughly the end of the eighteenth century. I define the claim that such behavior is a disease
as a social and political construction, warranting study in its own right (Berger and Luckmann,
1966; MacAndrew, 1969; Mulford, 1969; Freidson, 1970; Spector and Kitsuse, 1977). Whether
such drinking "really" is a disease and, as such, what its causes might be, are not at issue. The
analysis will trace the connection between ideas and social structures which appear to support or
"own" them (Gusfield, 1975). This study is an investigation of the social bases of an assertion
about a drinking b.
ALCOHOL.Editors John Merriman and Jay WinterThe production an.docxdaniahendric
ALCOHOL.
Editors: John Merriman and Jay Winter
The production and consumption of alcoholic beverages have been characteristic features of European societies for centuries. Europe is the origin of beverage forms known the world over: distilled beverages such as gin, vodka, scotch, and cognac; wines that include champagne, Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Chianti; and beer styles such as lager, stout, and ale. Indeed, Europe has been the fount of the global flow of alcohol over the last several centuries, having exported both the taste for alcohol through worldwide emigration and colonization and the means of production through advanced knowledge of commercial viti-culture, brewing, and distilling. Indigenous forms of alcohol have survived throughout the world together with these imported—and sometimes imposed—traditions, but nearly everywhere these European beverages and their many cousins, with their familiar brand names, have been associated with affluence, upward mobility, and a Western cultural outlook. The global market for alcoholic beverages totals about 780 billion dollars, and western European consumption accounts for 280 billion dollars, more than a third of the total. If alcohol is a factor in the global economy, it is also a factor in global health. The World Health Organization estimated for the year 2000 that alcohol consumption was a major factor in the global burden of disease, a measure of premature deaths and disability. Alcohol-related death and disability accounted for about 10 percent of the global burden of disease in developed countries, making it the third most important risk.
CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
Alcohol, of course, is no ordinary commodity. Its special character is recognized in myth and layers of symbolic association and cultural meaning that are not far below the surface even in the early twenty-first century. For the ancient Greeks, alcohol was an extraordinary gift of the gods, bestowed on humanity by Dionysus. Wine has played an important symbolic role in both Christian and Jewish rituals and traditions, and alcohol is closely linked to secular rituals of reciprocity and trust. Glimpses of this archaeology of meaning may still be seen—in toasts at dinner parties among family and friends; in the rituals of drinking together to concludePage 42 | Top of Article
FIGURE 1
Comprehensiveness and strictness of alcohol policies 1950 and 2000
SOURCE: Osterberg and Karlson, 2002, Figures 2.1 and 2.2.
important business dealings; in elaborate wedding ceremonies, which combine the convivial blessing of the couple and the sealing of the marriage contract; in the practice of alternate treating that confirms equality of status and solidifies social ties; and in the drinking bouts of young men—comrades in arms, teammates, fraternity brothers, or workmates—who test their ability to stand up to alcohol's powers, and thereby draw a circle of shared experience and trust around themselves.
Alcohol's duality as a food-drug is ...
This document discusses how societies conceptualize and handle drug problems over time and across cultures. It notes that what is considered a problem, which institutions address it, and which treatment models are used vary greatly. For example, alcohol problems may be viewed as a medical issue, mental health issue, crime, or moral failing depending on the culture and era. The professions and institutions tasked with handling the problem also vary. Further, there is no single treatment model, as different analogies are used like addiction as a disease or contagion. The document examines how viewpoints have changed over time in countries like the US, Finland, and Sweden.
The Public Perception and Media Campaign Against Yoga Practitioners in Romani...inventionjournals
This case study aims to estimate the effects of the continuous defamation of the yoga practitioners in Romanian mass-media. The paper is based on the results of a quantitative research focused on the public perception about Romanian yoga practitioners, compared to their description in the media. The research also analyzed the opinion of persons belonging to the yoga movement, regarding the defamation media campaign and their testimonials about discrimination incidents. During the communism, in Romania the yoga practitioners were persecuted by the secret political police. After the communist period, Romanian yogis continue to face difficulties like media campaigns of defamation and hate speech. Our results prove that the negative media campaigns are important factors that caused the marginalization of the yoga practitioners as a social group and favored their discrimination in the Romanian society. For more than 25 years, the media constantly depicted the yoga practitioners in depreciative words. Our study proves that the perception upon yogis is very different for the people who know directly the yoga movement and its students and for the people who know the movement and the yogis only from media. The huge difference of the direct and mediated knowledge, and the fact that the words used by respondents to describe the yogis are similar to those used by press, suggest the assimilation of the mediated message by the public. There is strong evidence that this message is not true, since it is so different than the direct knowledge of people who came in contact with the movement.
This document reviews the relationship between suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. It finds that alcohol use is highly associated with suicide in three ways: through its disinhibiting effects on suicide attempts and completions, by increasing suicide risk among those with alcohol use disorders, and through correlations found between alcohol consumption and suicide rates at population levels. The review examines evidence from studies searching medical databases on this topic. It finds that psychiatric disorders like depression and substance abuse are often linked to suicide cases. However, comorbid psychopathology is neither sufficient nor necessary to explain the relationship between alcohol and suicide.
Carroll University CCS400 Alcohol awareness presentationKelly Ibbotson
The document provides information on alcohol and its effects from a public health perspective. It discusses that alcohol is causally related to over 60 medical conditions, and increases the risk of breast cancer when consumed with estrogen replacement therapy. Alcohol consumption is consistently associated with violent crimes reducing when alcohol restrictions are implemented. However, the effects of alcohol are not equal across cultures. The document then explores the history of alcohol, its role as a beverage, public health impacts, treatment approaches, relationship to aggression, and how cultural factors influence drinking behaviors.
This document discusses key concepts in medical sociology. It defines medical sociology as the study of how humans manage health care for the sick and healthy. Major areas of investigation include the social facts of health and disease and the social behavior of health care personnel and clients. The document also contrasts ideas about health and social behavior throughout history, from primitive societies' spiritual views to the modern medical view of diseases having biological causes. It discusses the impact of germ theory and advances in treating infectious diseases, leading to a focus on chronic illnesses in recent decades.
The document discusses addiction and various theories of addiction from a biopsychosocial perspective. It provides definitions of addiction and dependency, and describes the vicious cycle of drug addiction. It discusses biological, psychological, and social factors that can contribute to addiction based on several theories. The biopsychosocial model is described as considering addiction through an integrated lens of biological, psychological, and social influences. Applying this model, clinicians should recognize relationships, use self-awareness, understand patients' life circumstances, and provide multidimensional treatment.
The document discusses addiction and various theories of addiction from a biopsychosocial perspective. It provides definitions of addiction and dependency, and describes the vicious cycle of drug addiction. It discusses biological, psychological, and social factors that can contribute to addiction based on several theories. The biopsychosocial model is described as considering addiction through an integrated lens of biological, psychological, and social influences. The model emphasizes understanding health issues in their full contexts including relationships, self-awareness, life circumstances, and multidimensional treatment approaches.
This document discusses the problem of alcoholism. It notes that 10-15 million Americans have serious problems related to alcohol use and up to 35 million more are indirectly affected. Alcoholism is implicated in half of automobile accidents, homicides, and one-quarter of suicides. While most alcohol users are not considered alcoholics, an estimated 9% of adults are problem drinkers. Alcoholism causes significant health, social, psychological, and economic costs to both individuals and society. The document provides an overview of perspectives on alcoholism and treatments available.
“A Social Psychiatry Manifesto”
Vincenzo Di Nicola , MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Psychiatric Grand Rounds
VA Boston Mental Health Care System
Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency
April 4, 2020 at 12:00 PM Eastern Time
Purpose Statement
To give an overview of the history and current status of Social Psychiatry with some applications of relevance Veterans and their families
Several sentences that describe the training.
• What is the current knowledge deficit, or gap?
A better understanding of the contributions of social psychiatry
• How does the information you are presenting fill that gap?
By providing the broader context of social psychiatry to understand veterans and their families
• How will it benefit Veterans?
By providing a broader context, the presenter hopes to inform clinicians and policy-makers of the importance of social context and family and social relationships
Objectives
The objectives are what the learners will be able to do after attending the training. It is best that each objective has only one item being focused on.
At the conclusion of this educational program, learners will be able to:
1. Describe and define Social Psychiatry;
2. List the three main branches of Social Psychiatry;
3. Name two major public health projects of Social Psychiatry;
4. Give at least two examples of the clinical and policy relevance of Social Psychiatry for Veterans and their families.
Selected Psychological and Social Factors Contributing to Relapse among Relap...inventionjournals
Drug abuse is a major global problem and in Kenya there has been increasing drug and alcohol abuse with serious negative effects. Treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholism is expensive and non-conclusive due to consequent relapse. This study sought to find out selected psychological and social factors contributing to relapse among recovering alcoholics of Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all relapsed alcoholics and rehabilitation counsellors in Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. A sample of 67 recovering alcoholics and 13 counsellors was drawn from the two purposively selected rehabilitation centres and used in the study. The study used two sets of questionnaires, one for relapsed alcoholics and another for rehabilitation counsellors. The questionnaires were piloted to validate and establish its reliability before the actual data collection. Data was collected through administration of two sets of questionnaires to the selected respondents. The data was then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for windows. The key findings of this study indicated that the selected psychological factor that mostly contributed to relapse was dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict. The social factor that mostly contributed to relapse was hanging around old drinking friends. The key conclusion was that in view of selected factors dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict was the major contributor to relapse. The research findings may benefit NACADA, Ministry of Public Health, mental health agencies, psychologists, counsellors, Non-Governmental organizations, policy makers, researchers, drug abusers and alcoholics in Kenya to better understand factors contributing to relapse and devise ways and means of reducing relapse. Based on the major findings of this study, it is recommended that all stakeholders undertake measures aimed at providing a solution to continued relapse of alcoholics by improvement of rehabilitation and follow-up programmes.
The document discusses social determinants of health, which are defined as the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age that impact health outcomes. These circumstances are shaped by wider social, economic and political forces. Historical evidence from studies like the Black Report and Whitehall studies showed social gradients in health according to factors like socioeconomic status and occupation. Theoretical frameworks explain how social factors influence health through pathways like psychosocial stress and limited access to resources. A conceptual framework outlines how structural factors like income and education act through intermediate factors like housing and healthcare access to impact health. Addressing social determinants requires multisectoral approaches and involvement of various stakeholders.
Alcoholism and its effects on society Free Essay Example. Frightening Alcoholism Argumentative Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Alcohol:What You Should Know - Sample Essay. Fearsome Alcoholism Cause And Effect Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Cause and effects of alcohol essays. Alcohol Consumption Is Common - Free Essay Exa
The mediating role of impulsivity and drinking motives on alcohol useAlyssa Nicholas
This document discusses a dissertation that examines the role of impulsivity and drinking motives on alcohol use. The dissertation aims to investigate whether an impulsive personality leads to increased alcohol consumption, and whether drinking motives mediate the relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use. The dissertation includes an introduction reviewing literature on alcohol use, impulsivity, drinking motives, and their relationships. It then describes the study's method, results, and discussion sections. The dissertation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a psychology degree.
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior.
2. Auguste Comte developed the idea and coined the term "sociology".
3. Serafin M. Macaraig was the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate in Sociology.
4. He published a book titled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938.
5. Father Valentin Marin introduced sociology in the Philippines with the opening of a criminology program at the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in the 1950s.
This document provides an introduction to youth violence in nightlife settings and its links to alcohol use. It discusses the extent of the problem internationally, with research showing high rates of alcohol-related assaults in bars and clubs. Individual and environmental risk factors are described, such as being male, low education, and poorly managed venues. The consequences of youth violence include physical and psychological injuries as well as economic costs. A public health approach is recommended to address risk factors through multi-component prevention programs targeting individuals, communities, and nightlife environments.
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1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 4 Issue 2 ǁ February. 2015 ǁ PP.14-21
www.ijhssi.org 14 | Page
Socio-Psychological View of Alcoholism
Jana Tvarožková
Faculty of healthcare and social work
Trnava University in Trnava
ABSTRACT : Opinions on alcohol consumption, alcoholism, date back to the ancient history of mankind.
Even mythologies of various nations argue that alcohol, especially wine, was donated to individual nations by
deities. We have also learned, that their excessive enjoyment was punishable by law to death in ancient China,
drinking was categorically forbidden by Confucius and Buddha in 5th
, respectively 6th
century BC. Social
background of alcoholism was not always given the same attention. An interesting overview of views on
alcoholism in Germany is given by Laquer at work Krankheit und soziale Lage (1913), which illuminates the
particular sociological causes of alcoholism poverty.Classic writers in this field are also Grotjahn (1898) and
Baer (1875).
KEYWORDS : Alcoholism, consumption, consumer, drinking, group pathology
I. INTRODUCTION
The fortieth years of 19th
century, are period of first flowering of reticence (temperance) associations in
Slovakia.According to foreign models (especially the Irish movement led by T. Mathew) Abstinence
Movement, began to organize with help of Czech-Slav Society led by Štúr, emerging societies were integrated
into overall program of national revival.In 1850 was published a book written by A. Šoltés, in which author
promotes association of members of these associations regardless of confession, nationality, gender, and even
mentions also some alcoholism treatment options (Bagin, 1972, Encyklopédia Slovenska 1977, Duka Zólyomi,
1962).Temperance societies in Slovakia were created mainly on the initiative of teachers and clergy. Through
contributions in magazines, theater plays and specific publications were to this educational work involved
writers and national revivalists (S. Chalúpka, Ľ. Štúr, J. M. Hurban, M. M. Hodža, K. Kuzmány, J. Záborský
etc...). For important milestones in the fight against alcoholism among us can be considered anti-alcohol laws
from 1922 and 1948, assignation of anti-alcohol forces in 1956 and Act Nr. 120 dated from 1962.
II. SOCIALDIMENSION OF ALCOHOLISM
Social aspects of alcoholism are not denied.In Slovakia, unlike some other countries, we do not have a
single system of statistical indicators of alcoholism, which would periodically capture development of
individual indicators and allow time and international comparisons and also ongoing confrontation of socio-
diagnostic findings with level of socio-technical precautions. Other uncharted territory isepidemiologyof
alcoholism. So far did the basic national representative socio-epidemiological research to further illumination of
the social and regional distribution of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, degree of alcoholization and
like was not made. Solms (1979) notes in this context that there are collective defense mechanisms that cause
listlessness, trivializing and camouflage of alcohol problems: acting of resistance (defense mechanisms), which
make possibility that alcohol consumption and its consequences,will get to social consciousness as a problem
impossible.These resistances are also deeply rooted 'drinking habits as a result of faulty communication between
"nonalcoholics" and "alcoholics" as a violation of the standards, which is usually the cause of disqualification
and depreciation of alcoholics and particularly discharging "ordinary consumers" from liability for them.
Even in our society applies that there exist material and also immaterial conditions for maintenance and
development of drunkenness and alcoholism. It is not just about "relics of the past" because social reality of
alcoholism and drunkenness is much more complex.
III. SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATORY SCHEMES AND MODELS OF ALCOHOLISM
Development of social views on alcoholism
In development of societal views on alcohol and its role in individual and group pathology, several
authors surveyed three phases:
• Moral phase (moralistic)
• Phase of alcoholism as a disease,
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• Phase of multifactorial understanding of alcohol consumption consequences (concept of "alcohol related
problems", emphasis on public health).
The moral aspect. In moral phase is alcoholism considered for social evil and alcoholics for
demoralized, depressed people that need to be punished, and so bring to proper life.Negative social assessment
formed alcoholic stereotype as "Drinker", in which medical criteria were neglected and attention was focused on
irrelevant characteristics. Moral evaluation of alcoholic and alcoholism were closely associated with the period
extension of alcoholism.
Alcoholism as a disease. Alcoholism beginning to be understood as a disease in 18th
century.Currently, there is
a broad spectrum of health care worldwide such as counseling, social, religious and other services to help
alcoholics and their families (psychiatric or anti-alcoholics ambulatory and in-patient facilities, counseling,
specialized institutes, detoxification, or sobering-up stations, day and night care centers, rehabilitation homes,
shelters, social and therapeutic clubs, self-help groups, voluntary organizations and others). However, concept
of alcoholism as a disease, is vulnerable.Its sensitive issue is not only diagnostic confusion, but also not always
successful treatment outcomes, further biologisation of excessive drunkenness and disproportionate
medicination of alcoholism.Other negative effects of alcoholism medicination sees Chromý (1984) in
"deactivation of non-health institution" - if the event declared to be disease, other disciplines (eg. pedagogy
ethics) are not motivated to examine the issue from their perspective and inadvertently shed responsibility for its
development.
Multifactorial approach to problems associated with alcohol consumption.In relation to limitation of
alcoholism as a disease concept, in the 70's broader understood approach to problem of alcoholism, which is
based on numerous forms of alcohol consumption effects, began to form (Tongue, 1972).This approach
corresponds to the term „alcohol – related problems“ encompassing the whole range of negative consequences
of alcohol consumption at individual, small group and whole society level. Comprehensive understanding of the
problems of alcoholism is a good basis for cooperation between different specializations for statistical
monitoring and research. Alcoholism extends beyond the health and alcohol-related problems in this
understanding affect whole society, not just people with alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.Social control of
availability of alcohol, early intervention and widely based prevention and education in terms of social
responsibility for alcoholism and the health of population are emphasized.
IV. BROAD LINES OF SOCIOLOGICALCONSIDERATION
First sociologically oriented work about alcoholism dates back to 19th
century and arose on the field of
social medicine. Since that time, the alcoholism exists mainly as "alcoholism of poverty", research efforts were
focused on detecting links between alcoholism and social status of alcoholics.Since alcohol is historically one of
the oldest drugs, its consumption has become interest of cultural anthropology. Even in primitive societies,
alcohol consumption had special role - for example, it allows release of tension on various occasions (successful
harvest etc.).Drinking alcoholic beverages have been part of many religious and other ceremonies, festivals,
rituals, this symbolic mission have alcohol preserved to this day (Tongue, 1972).Upon the occurrence and
persistence of alcoholism, attitudes of the culture or population groups to alcohol and its consumption are
considered for important socio-psychological factors. Among the strongest predictors of problem drinking are:
very favorable attitudes toward drinking which increase problem drinking in population, while attitudes
rigorously refusing excessive use, intoxication and consumption exceeding standards at all generally reduce
problem drinking.Antons a Schulz (1976) recall that sociological theory does not define a clear line between
consumerist behavior and pathological consumption,which develops on the basis of attitudes to
drinking.Sociologists have does not question, unlike psychologists why a person becomes an alcoholic, but
rather why and how given society produces a number of alcoholics. From sociological point of view are also
examined treatment and follow-up treatment of alcoholics, while socio-psychological determinants of
relationship therapist - patient, the patient's adaptation to the role of abstaining alcoholic socio-therapeutic
activity clubs for follow-up treatment of alcoholismetc. come to forefront(Bútora, 1979 – 1980). Sociology of
alcoholism in these cases partly overlaps with sociology of mental disorders, which examines processes, by
which, one ranks among psychiatric patients and consequences of this inclusion on his social relations, status in
family and society (Chromý, 1984).
PRIORITY SOCIOLOGICALEXPLANATORY SCHEMES AND MODELS OF ALCOHOLISM
There are several dozens of alcoholism definitions as a disease; sociologically oriented interpretive
schemes and models of alcoholism are, however, only a few (Robinson, 1976), the most important by White and
Warburg are:
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Socio-cultural model,
Alcohol distribution model,
System dynamics model.
Socio-cultural model. From a sociological point of view it is part of the structural-functional approach to the
problem of alcoholism, examines the extent and type of drinking in given society determined by structure of
social standards and "social definition" of alcohol. Socio-cultural model highlights the different cultural
background that determines the nature of consumption in the population.It stresses the need to examine the
patterns of drinking and drinking habits in different populations or population groups.Central paradigm
(sociological model) of socio-cultural model is therefore normative and cultural conditioning the extent of
drinking and drinking problems in population.
Alcohol distribution model.This interpretative model has muddle through in 70s and also seeks to examine
different alcohol consumption and different degree of problems that are connected with it, according to the
various population groups.The starting point isnot social standards, but the volume of alcohol consumption in
population. The central idea of model is that with increase of alcohol consumption in population also drinking
problems are increasing. By repeated observations can be concluded that:
countries with a high consumption of alcohol have most likelihood of morbidity related to alcohol (alcohol
abuse and somatic damage, especially liver cirrhosis, Bruun, et al., 1975),
The bigger the number of drinkers, the more will be alcoholics and the greater the incidence of economic
and other damage caused by alcohol,
presence and distribution of alcohol are determined by the overall level of consumption in given population
(Schmidt et al., 1971, de Lint et al., 1971),
alcohol consumption per capita per year provides reliable estimated number of alcoholics,
there is close correlation between mortality from liver cirrhosis and overall level of alcohol consumption
(with increased consumption, mortality from cirrhosis increases, albeit with delay).
Central paradigm (sociological model) of this model is that the extent of problems associated with
alcohol consumption in population determines level of alcohol consumption.
System dynamics model of alcoholismaccording to White and Wartburg. This model was also
considered during description of alcoholic subculture in Slovakia.Under alcoholic subculture is understood
strongly rooted positive place of drinking in society, while under the influence of positive evaluation
macrostructure changes microstructure by coercion.Thus generated environment changes behavior and attitude
of individual, which in turn affects surroundings again, creating a cyclical dynamism (White et al., 1972,
Miššík, 1985).
V. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM
For alcoholism, unlike many other diseases, there is still no reliable and globally accepted methodology
allowing to develop descriptive type epidemiological studies.
Reports about drinking in population (surveys).For most important factors of consumer behavior are
considered the amount of alcohol consumed on one occasion (Q – Quantity) and frequency of opportunities to
drink (F – Frequency). These data are obtained from respondents and therefore subjective.Several verification
tests confirm their reliability.Summary index calculated from amount of consumed alcohol and frequency of
drinking for some time (Quantity – Frequency Index) ignores the individual alcoholic beverages (beer, wine,
spirits etc.) and generally classifies consumers as strong, medium and light (Straus et al., 1953).
Screening techniques for detection of problem drinking.While reports about drinking in population check
total prevalence and distribution of alcohol, screening methods focus on prevalence of problem drinking in
population.They are used as a guide for individual diagnosis, especially in epidemiological investigations in the
wider population in certain areas or population groups.World's increased attention to screening in recent decades
is linked to growth of alcohol consumption and endangered population growth.Protection of public health
naturally requires searching for simple and effective method for early detection of alcoholism or its abuse
(Armyr et al., 1984, WHO, 1983).
Note: From socio-psychological perspective is interesting construction industry, because there's share of social
factors on major problems with drinking evident: work in isolated groups, possibility of changing the pace of
work, spatial remoteness of work, drinking habits, stereotypes and drinking rituals tied to the profession,
availability of alcohol, many opportunities, cracks in organization of work due to unresolved supplier-customer
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relationships, tolerance of alcohol consumption given the willingness of drinkers to replace backlogs in
necessary overtime shifts, poor control at work, commuting to work outside of home, weakened social
relationships with primary social groups, reduced social control outside workplace, atmosphere of hotels and
hostels for workers, common stereotypes of leisure etc.We have indicated the usefulness of sociological lens by
analysis of sociological explanatory schemes of alcohol consumption and alcoholism epidemiology. Since we
decided to use primary macro sociological approach, we circumvent other important areas, including in
particular alcohol at work and company, alcoholism and profession, economic damage from alcoholism, youth
alcoholism, alcohol and transport, alcohol and crime.The picture would be more complete if other important
topics such as position of alcohol in culture, literature and art, examination of various temperance
measures effectiveness (legislative, educational, health education), tracking historical transformations of alcohol
consumption etc. were processed.
The problem of alcohol in our society is still not understand nor as disease, nor certain addiction.This
problem, problem of alcoholism, can not only be considered as medical problem, but as we indicated also
sociological, socio-psychological and finally, clinical psychology problem. This is cross-disciplinary approach
to problem of alcoholism. On this basis, is also based prevention.
The Government of Slovak Republic by its resolution no. 583 from 8 August 1995 and resolution no. 298 from
21 April 1999 acceptedNational Programme for the Fight Against Drugs.Its essence lies in the prevention of
spread and creation of drug addiction in Slovak republic. The aim is to prevent human and economic losses
caused by drug addiction and achieve positive change in drug addiction and alcohol is the cheapest and most
accessible drug, which can be accessed anywhere.Its expansion did not avoid the Slovak Army. It is possible to
find parallels with paragraph about construction industry which we have listed.
VI. ALCOHOLISM FROM THE VIEW OF MEDICINE
Although references to the harmful effects of drunkenness can already be found in the works of
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen and Avicenna, a breakthrough in medical appreciation of alcoholism came to on
turn of 18th
and 19th
centuries.Initial formulation of alcoholism as a disease is attributed to founder of American
psychiatry Benjamin Rush (1784), who understood alcoholism as "demolition of will" which leads to poverty,
misery and crime.That meant some progress compared to the original view that alcoholism is a bad habit
(therapeutic methods in those days were alert and cold shower). In 1804 in England, Thomas Trotter defined
drunkenness as mental disorder, which treating consists of total abstinence.Swede Magnus Huss introduced the
term chronic alcoholism in 1849.At the beginning of 20th
century was already available extensive knowledge of
alcoholism, particularly in the US, and Russia, but paid them little attention was paid to it. E.M. Jelinek
decisively contributed to elaboration of classification of alcoholism and problems related to it on the World
Health Organization forum in mid-40.In addition, he has earmarked four stages, respectively phases of
alcoholism development, yet also distinguished five types of alcoholism.
1. Type alpha –exclusively psychological dependence on alcohol. Drinking is not in accordance with social
habits, the effect of alcohol is used to "mitigate" physical or mental difficulties, it is missing progression,
loss of control, or the inability to abstain.
2. Type beta –due to socially conditioned drinking and disorders of nutrition,physical complications such as
polyneuropathy, gastritis (inflammation of stomach lining), liver cirrhosis are developing. This type lacks
any psychic and physical addiction.
3. Type gamma –as a result of alcohol abuse, so called tissue tolerance to alcohol occurs, cellular metabolism
adapts to alcohol, and withdrawal symptoms gradually appear craving for alcohol (physical addiction) and
loss of controlled drinking. Clear development from psychological to physical addiction.
4. Type delta – except for loss of control have all symptoms of previous type, failure to abstain is not
obvious. There is no severe drunkenness, but rather maintained "certain" level of alcohol.
5. Type epsilon – periodic alcoholism, in Europe and Latin America, known as dipsomania.
Jelinek refers to alcoholism in terms of disease only to gamma and delta types (gamma is typical in US,
Canada, Anglo-Saxon countries in central and EasternEurope; delta is typical for Romanic wine countries).He
draws attention to possibility of migrating from alpha and beta types to gamma type. Jelinek in his work defined
alcoholism as "any use of alcohol, causing some damage to an individual or society."From this determination
comes definition of an alcoholic as a person to whom alcohol consumption causes persistent problem in any area
of his life.Individual is addicted on alcohol if excessive alcohol consumption, usually of compulsive character,
causes him clear fading of mental and physical health, social relationships, social activity or function.Excessive
drinking, episodic drinking with no signs of loss of control, without psychological and physical dependence,
without withdrawal symptoms, cannot be medically considered as alcoholism in terms of disease, but
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drunkenness (which may be just as socially dangerous). Difference between drinkers and alcoholics is caught in
French proverb:"Drinker is one who could stop drinking, but
does not want to, alcoholic is one who would also like to stop, but cannot."
Since 1979, in business terminology was term alcoholism replaced by term alcohol dependence
syndrome.It is defined as group of variations in behavior, cognition and physiological processes that result from
repeated use of alcohol, including:
strong craving for alcohol, compulsive urge to drink alcohol,
impaired control over alcohol use,
persistent use of alcohol despite evidence of harmful effects,
altered tolerance to alcohol,
physical withdrawal syndrome.
VII. CLINICAL COURSE OF ADDICTION
The first phenomena of clinical development include regular drinking.Regularity of contact with drug
is significant in view of exposure, and access to drug itself is essentially social or individual.In countries where
alcohol is easily available, sociogenic factors get into the front.
Psychogenic approach follows primarily from the psychotropic effects of alcohol that can act sedative-
hypnotic, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), abreactivly (on abreaction).Exposure to alcohol is primarily determined by
socionics, sometimes your mood (neurosis, reactive state), and compensatory mechanisms of abnormal
personality, causing repeated and regular returns to alcohol as a drug. Adequate exposure to drug determines
phenomenon of increasing tolerance to alcohol, which is formed in parallel or with only small delay from
regular consumption. Both are developing gradually, in interval of several years.In terms of so called
domestication (homing) of drug, we cannot, even when regularityof drinking is apparent, talk about
addiction.You cannot talk about it even after first „palimpsests“ (visions or bounded memory lapses,
respectively black outs), which are initially random, usually at considerable drunkenness.We can only assume
that where individual approach to alcohol expressed as "hidden" (solo) drinking begins to outweigh,reveals
more than normal relationship to alcohol, especially when neither negative circumstances, lead to regulation or
interruption of drinking.It gradually develops so called drinking stereotype, where contact with alcohol may be
continuous or episodic, formed by working rhythm and external factors.Speaking about drinking stereotype, we
cannot circumvent relationship of individual to alcoholic beverages in connection with procuring - alcocentric
behavior, because for addicted is alcohol primary value.Besides shopping and other stocks creating at home or
workplace, it partly includes activities concerning unimpeded consumption (hiding of drinking, escaping into
anonymity, changing work) or negation of activity (previous interests, aversion to work or postponing it,
absence), averting from family and legendary lying.Withdrawal syndrome is autonomous mechanism
determining relationship to drug addicted individual.This is failure of adjustment mechanisms, in conditions of
long-term interaction with alcohol, which occur not only by deprivation of drug but also by its overdose or due
to general weakening of body (fatigue, infection, injury, etc.). We traditionally distinguish physical and mental
component of withdrawal syndrome.
Physicalcomponenthas to be shown during "alcoholising" or soon after its discontinuation characterized by
need of "physical comfort" and compulsive need for alcohol.
Mental componentmanifests itself in abstinence period, up to 3-6 months after treatment. Its essential
expression is need for "psychological comfort", revealing mainly in stressful situations or in situations evoking
memories of drinking. Question is to what extent is important that the patient stood up to his problems, whether
he is rationalizing them, or drinks "still further".Rationalisationrelieves feelings of guilt, psychological stress
related to confronting social pressure (family, employer), with expression of superiority, selectively aggressive
behavior (to those who shame drinking), divergention from friends, from family, changes in employment and
environment, reinterpretation of human relations, relations with dominating bitterness, resignation, or vice versa
targeted aggression with jealous reactivity.In terminal (final) stage formation of psycho-alcoholic complex
disorders occur.Basic manifestations include thought disorder with impaired chronology and weakening
judgment, suggestibility, memory disorders, emotional lability, irritability, explosiveness, suspiciousness,
jealousy, volatility of attitudes, narrowing of interests, weakening of ethical qualities with indiscretions,
pretentiousness, indifference, and selfishness. In relation to alcohol, declining tolerance occurs, which means
that even drinking of small amount of alcohol usuallyleads to clear drunkenness.
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Regular and typical is multi-day drinking in "roundups" form, resulting in exhaustion, sometimes
deeper metabolic breakdown with frequently occurring prolonged (chronic, protracted) depression.Drunkenness
come into stereotyped course – dominated by moodiness and tendency to diffuse (overall) aggression. However,
aggressionis not considered for homogeneous phenomenon. In practice, it is appropriate to distinguish between
selective and diffuse aggression.Selectivity of aggressive manifestations indicates a certain "preservation" of
personality and is usually addressed to family or current conflicts.Diffusion of aggression, its constancy,
especially if previously lacked, is important sign of brain damage and altered personality.When monitoring
psychosexuality of alcoholics disorders with long-lasting decrease in potency or peculiar jealous tendencies are
frequent.Alcohol related physical disorders illustrate complex of psycho-organic disorders. Clinical course is
often speeded up on basis of liver disorders and chronic inflammation of liver and stomach.Accelerating effect
has especially head injuries and epileptic seizures.Overally it is invertible (non-returnable) character of health
complications, or by original nomenclature, chronic alcoholism.For a man with such people is typical hoarse
voice, diversified speech, striking restlessness in face, especially around mouth, with stereotyped licking or
munching, chewing, intensifying in heat of passion or at the mention of alcohol. Noticeable are also other
features such as strong tremors throughout the body, failure to maintain balance, conjunctives congestion, and
coarse permeated skin with typical "red" in the face.
VIII. CAUSES OF ADDICTION
They can be internal (psychogenic, biological) and external (social).
Biological causes(eg. genetic, metabolic, neurohumoral) are usually applied through psychological mechanisms
directing neuropsychotropic effects of alcohol to increase likelihood of recurrence drinking. About congenital
disposal (at least in part of alcoholics) testify results of genetic research.For monozygotic twins is incidence of
alcoholism almost 2 times higher than for dizygotic.For children of alcoholics is risk of alcohol addiction also
many times higher, even if they are raised by adoptive parents from childhood.Also racial factors are not
negligible, specifically metabolic variations in degradation of alcohol in Japanese, probably involved in less
common occurrence of alcoholism in Japan.
Psychogeniccauseslie in potential anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), antidepressant, euphorigenic and stimulatory effects
of alcohol and its effects increasing dominance and sociability.Some people (especially women, or emotionally
unstable personalities) begin to drink alcohol excessively, for example, to suppress anxiety, agitation, detuning,
lethargy, feelings of inferiority, as a mean of facilitating rapprochement with people (including sexual contacts
If these effects are sufficiently strong and reliable, they enhance susceptibility to recurrent drinking in
susceptible individuals.
Sociogenic causesapply in individuals living in environment where drinking alcohol is common, even glorified
and enforced.Individual drinks in order to not differentiate from others, or not to fail to isolation.This is
particularly true of young people dependent on group with drunken habits and prestigious drinking (who can
endure more and last longer). Inefficient positive educational impact, boredom, lack of internal or external
motivation and lack of opportunities to better use of time, reinforce dependence on such drinking group.
Another group of "vulnerable" form employees in jobs, who regularly come into contact with alcohol.
Alcohol, by dissolving fats, increases "fluidity" (throughput) of cell membranes lipid bilayer, thus changing
operating conditions of functional units of membrane proteins (receptors, ion channels, enzymes, etc.). Its action
is physical and it interacts with membranes of all cells in body, which is fundamentally different from
mechanism of action of most psychotropic substances which need a bond with specific receptors to their action.
Effect of alcohol is at first expressed in nervous system because its operation depends on optimal functioning of
membranes.Prolonged alcohol abuse causes atrophy (loss of brain cortex tissue) brain ventricles enlargement,
extension of space between "brain cells", which is probably implicated in development of memory
disorders.With age and duration of abuse atrophy emphasizes, the most affected areas of cerebral cortex are
front areas. Atrophy of brain may not always correlate with degree of intellect damage.Chronic excessive
drinking significantly reduces the number and shortens the length of dream phases of sleep, which are important
for physical regeneration.Sleep of alcoholics, as well as drinkers is usually fragmented, these people often suffer
from insomnia.In withdrawal syndrome, the number of dream phases, long suppressed by alcohol increases and
their occurrence is associated with nightmares.Manifestations of biochemical or morphological damage caused
by alcohol are individual, manifold.This variability can be explained perhaps just by different interdependencies
of various exogenous (external) and endogenous (internal) pathogenic factors.
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Exogenous factors are: daily doses of alcohol, period of alcohol abuse and its continuity (for illustration - for
men,daily consumption of 132 grams of alcohol within 10 to 20 years leads toliver cirrhosis, while for women
daily consumption of 52 grams of alcohol within 5 years leads to liver cirrhosis), nutrition factors, lack of
protein, minerals, chemical impurities in alcoholic beverages (methanol, aromatics, oils, formaldehyde,
histamine, phenols and other hepatotoxins).Also endogenous factors act individually, differently.These include:
previous liver disease (e.g. infectious hepatitis), body weight, co-existing disease (diabetes, renal insufficiency,
hormonal disorders etc.), and immunological and genetic defects.Individual is also the time in which excessive
drinker "reshape" to addiction.In general, if he begins to drink as 25-year-old he will become alcoholic in about
10 years, when he starts at 20 in about five years, when he starts at 15, even after about five months! Additional
numbers are certainly striking and warning. Slovakia, in recent years with average consumption of about 10
liters of "pure" alcohol per capita per one year (including children, women, elderly people), ranks among
countries with highest alcohol consumption in the world. It is estimated that about 30% of drinkers have obvious
problems with alcohol (at least in one area of life); about 10% is addicted to alcohol."Dangerous" rise of
alcoholism was recorded amongst women While 10 years ago, the ratio of women to men alcoholism was
1:10,and statistics from almost three years ago show, the ratios of 1:4 - 1:3.It is estimated that about 1/3 of
completed suicides in Slovakia is related to alcoholism, 25% of all patients admitted to hospitals are being
treated due to complications incurred as a result of excessive drinking. Every third to fourth judgment of
imprisonment, one of three fatal car accident, every six divorce is related to alcohol.Every fourth child from
"alcoholic" family requires psychiatric care, or finds self in educational home.
Individual abusing alcohol was in the past, within the legislative systems evaluated as morally corrupted, so as
individual arbitrarily and from understandable motivation (hedonism) violating moral rules.He was always
considered to be responsible for his drinking that appeared to be reprehensible, but understandable to
surrounding.Alcoholism is from moral point of view immoral, it is result of tolerant attitude of society to
consumption of substance causing evil; it is also result of weak will of individuals, unable to resist its charms.
The criticism against the moralistic perspective not implies that the alcoholic should be "removed" from moral
criteria.Understanding alcoholism as a disease is attempt to throw off burden, which makes the path to recovery
difficult for patient, from him.
From moral weakness thus became illness requiring medical treatment, care and support of surroundings.
Adoption of concept of alcoholism as a disease aimed to legitimate social support of treatment and rehabilitation
of alcoholics, replacing punitive attitude of society by constructive one.Concept of alcoholism as a disease
facilitates often intolerable situation for those who decide to take role of patient, and this does not absolve them
from responsibility, but binds to necessary cooperation. General acceptance of disease was also necessary to put
an end to very misleading myth, that alcoholics are degraded individuals from "beer tent" who interfere public
order and are frequent customers of detention stations, misdemeanor commissions and court hearings.Medical
reformulation of alcohol abuse is seeking characteristics and limits of the loss of control reduced will decision-
making and non-motivation, instead of unbridled hedonism. Level of medical diagnosis is complicated matter
because it is a dynamic diagnosis, having its development, which may not be linear and only progressing.
We can determine addiction on basis of one examination very rarely.It always depends on
established trust, therefore, whether patient will want to speak openly about his problems with drinking, if he is
aware of altered drinking control or will admit withdrawal symptoms (their origin), which are often awkward
and embarrassing.This is failing especially if patient expects that doctor's "finding" could be crucial for
assessment of his working competence.Understandably he tries to deny what would he could "harm" him and
boycotts advisory examinations.In addition, many clients not consider their drinking problem for most negative
aspect, but rather fact that it must be treated. Quality of therapeutic relationship is thus crucial to establish
correct diagnosis, which is always ultimately comprehension of biological, psychological and social knowledge.
Medicinisation of alcoholism and other drug addictions, however means, exclusion of this problem from needed
comprehensive understanding. Serious consequence of "medicinisation"is deactivation of non-health
institutions,
which in many cases means that the physician is often, when assessing working competence,
manipulated into sanctioning decisions, thereby takes responsibility attached to others.Also, too much reliance
on model of a disease has negative impact on less effective prevention policies.Focus is on the most affected,
while early stages escapes. Some experts in alcohology believe that medical concept of alcoholism is
"unfortunate",because it makes all distance themselves from alcoholism.Like old moralistic thinking on the
problem only change its form for "more scientific".