By Jill Lepore
Ms. Lepore is a historian at Harvard and a staff writer at The New Yorker.
• Sept. 14, 2018
Every government is a machine, and every machine has its tinkerers — and its jams.
From the start, machines have driven American democracy and, just as often, crippled
it. The printing press, the telegraph, the radio, the television, the mainframe, cable TV,
the internet: Each had wild-eyed boosters who promised that a machine could hold the
republic together, or make it more efficient, or repair the damage caused by the last
machine. Each time, this assertion would be both right and terribly wrong. But lately,
it’s mainly wrong, chiefly because the rules that prevail on the internet were devised by
people who fundamentally don’t believe in government.
The Constitution itself was understood by its framers as a machine, a precisely
constructed instrument whose measures — its separation of powers, its checks and
balances — were mechanical devices, as intricate as the gears of a clock, designed to
thwart tyrants, mobs and demagogues, and to prevent the forming of factions. Once
those factions began to appear, it became clear that other machines would be needed to
establish stable parties. “The engine is the press,” Thomas Jefferson, an inveterate
inventor, wrote in 1799.
The United States was founded as a political experiment; it seemed natural that it
should advance and grow through technological experiment. Different technologies have
offered different fixes. Equality was the promise of the penny press, newspapers so
cheap that anyone could afford them. The New York Sun was first published in 1833. “It
shines for all” was its common-man motto. Union was the promise of the telegraph.
“The greatest revolution of modern times, and indeed of all time, for the amelioration of
society, has been effected by the magnetic telegraph,” The Sun announced, proclaiming
“the annihilation of space.”
The New York Sun Building.Credit...Bettmann Archive, via Getty Images
Image
A 19th-century single-needle magnetic telegraph device.Credit...Sspl/Getty Images
Time was being annihilated too. As The New York Herald pointed out, the telegraph
appeared to make it possible for “the whole nation” to have “the same idea at the same
moment.” Frederick Douglass was convinced that the great machines of the age were
ushering in an era of worldwide political revolution. “Thanks to steam navigation and
electric wires,” he wrote, “a revolution cannot be confined to the place or the people
where it may commence but flashes with lightning speed from heart to heart.” Henry
David Thoreau raised an eyebrow: “We are in great haste to construct a magnetic
telegraph from Maine to Texas; but Maine and Texas, it may be, have nothing important
to communicate.”
ADVERTISEMENT
Continue reading the main story
Thoreau was as alone in his skepticism as he was in his cabin. “Doubt has been
entertained by many patriotic minds ...
Chapter 9 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
the internet from military technology to networked utopia .docxarnoldmeredith47041
the internet: from military
technology to networked utopia
Sutter’s Mill
-Coloma, California.
-site where gold was initially discovered, which
subsequently set off the California Gold Rush in 1848.
Sutter’s Mill
-Coloma, California.
-site where gold was initially discovered, which
subsequently set off the California Gold Rush in 1848.
-estimated population of San Francisco in 1848: 800
-estimated population of San Francisco in 1850: 21,000
-during James K. Polk’s presidency, the concept
of Manifest Destiny became popular. in 1845,
the New York Democratic Review wrote:
“our manifest destiny to overspread the
continent allotted by Providence for the free
development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
-during James K. Polk’s presidency, the concept
of Manifest Destiny became popular. in 1845,
the New York Democratic Review wrote:
“our manifest destiny to overspread the
continent allotted by Providence for the free
development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
-in 1846, Senator Thomas Hart Benton said:
“it would seem that the White race alone received the
divine command, to subdue and replenish the earth, for
it is the only race that has obeyed it—the only race that
hunts out new and distant lands, and even a New
World, to subdue and replenish.”
-the concept of California
itself is still centered on
the ideas of those original
“49ers”: new wealth,
western expansion, and
unlimited potentiality—a
type of utopia.
Mark Cuban: early investor in broadcast.com, which
broadcast the first livestream of the Victoria’s Secret
fashion show in 1999. the company was sold to Yahoo!
later that year for $5.7 billion in stock.
-the people who made the most money during the
California Gold Rush weren’t the prospectors, but instead
where the people providing the supplies, housing, and food
to the prospectors.
-the migration out to the Gold Rush provoked deadly
confrontations with Native Americans that led to the
Apache Wars, which lasted from 1849 to 1886. these
conflicts led to thousands of deaths.
-in 1850 California passed the Foreign Miners’ Tax, which
burdened all non-native born Americans (mostly Chinese
and Japanese) with a $20 ($600 in 2019) monthly tax for
each foreigner engaged in mining.
ARPANET technology (1970)
Apollo 11, America’s (and the world’s)
first moon landing (1969).
Apollo 11, America’s (and the world’s)
first moon landing (1969).
Apollo 11, America’s (and the world’s)
first moon landing (1969).
the “Space Race” between the communist USSR and
the capitalist United States was set off by the USSR’s
success in launching Sputnik, the first artificial Earth
Satellite in 1957.
IBM 360 mainframe computer, 1964
mainframe computers
work to transfer desired
data in real time.
-mainframes don’t render
or originate new data like
a supercomputer does.
U.S. Department of Defense’s,
Advanced Research Projects Agency,
1.
Chapter 9 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
the internet from military technology to networked utopia .docxarnoldmeredith47041
the internet: from military
technology to networked utopia
Sutter’s Mill
-Coloma, California.
-site where gold was initially discovered, which
subsequently set off the California Gold Rush in 1848.
Sutter’s Mill
-Coloma, California.
-site where gold was initially discovered, which
subsequently set off the California Gold Rush in 1848.
-estimated population of San Francisco in 1848: 800
-estimated population of San Francisco in 1850: 21,000
-during James K. Polk’s presidency, the concept
of Manifest Destiny became popular. in 1845,
the New York Democratic Review wrote:
“our manifest destiny to overspread the
continent allotted by Providence for the free
development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
-during James K. Polk’s presidency, the concept
of Manifest Destiny became popular. in 1845,
the New York Democratic Review wrote:
“our manifest destiny to overspread the
continent allotted by Providence for the free
development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
-in 1846, Senator Thomas Hart Benton said:
“it would seem that the White race alone received the
divine command, to subdue and replenish the earth, for
it is the only race that has obeyed it—the only race that
hunts out new and distant lands, and even a New
World, to subdue and replenish.”
-the concept of California
itself is still centered on
the ideas of those original
“49ers”: new wealth,
western expansion, and
unlimited potentiality—a
type of utopia.
Mark Cuban: early investor in broadcast.com, which
broadcast the first livestream of the Victoria’s Secret
fashion show in 1999. the company was sold to Yahoo!
later that year for $5.7 billion in stock.
-the people who made the most money during the
California Gold Rush weren’t the prospectors, but instead
where the people providing the supplies, housing, and food
to the prospectors.
-the migration out to the Gold Rush provoked deadly
confrontations with Native Americans that led to the
Apache Wars, which lasted from 1849 to 1886. these
conflicts led to thousands of deaths.
-in 1850 California passed the Foreign Miners’ Tax, which
burdened all non-native born Americans (mostly Chinese
and Japanese) with a $20 ($600 in 2019) monthly tax for
each foreigner engaged in mining.
ARPANET technology (1970)
Apollo 11, America’s (and the world’s)
first moon landing (1969).
Apollo 11, America’s (and the world’s)
first moon landing (1969).
Apollo 11, America’s (and the world’s)
first moon landing (1969).
the “Space Race” between the communist USSR and
the capitalist United States was set off by the USSR’s
success in launching Sputnik, the first artificial Earth
Satellite in 1957.
IBM 360 mainframe computer, 1964
mainframe computers
work to transfer desired
data in real time.
-mainframes don’t render
or originate new data like
a supercomputer does.
U.S. Department of Defense’s,
Advanced Research Projects Agency,
1.
The information network created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 to connect people to knowledge has become an important place to navigate who and what we know, as well as who we think we are. But how much of a revolution is it? This lecture will trace some of the most important developments in social uses of information technologies in order to ultimately argue that the Web does offer unprecedented opportunities to access information and galvanise communities of practice, but that the impact of this new medium will reflect an evolution rather than a revolution of communication practices.
Arevalo 1
Arevalo 2
Kimberly Arevalo
Professor Stokes
English 1A
5 February 2020Civil Disobedience: The Misunderstanding of Patriotism
Human emotions are like fuel to a fire during a protest, it is unlikely that it will ever be completely “peaceful” and more likely lead to violence and chaos. Although freedom of debate and assembly are protected under our First Amendment rights as citizens of the United States. However, so is the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances, without the chance of death in the end. In the essay, “Civil Disobedience: Destroyer of Democracy” (1969) Lewis Van Dusen, Jr. urges that civil disobedience threatens democracy’s purpose of order. He emphasizes that reckless shortcut alternatives to the democratic way of petition, debate and assembly will destroy a society that is built on the rule of laws. He explains, “If citizens rely on antidemocratic means of protest, they will help bring about the undemocratic result of an authoritarian or anarchic state” (Van Dusen 3). Unlike Van Dusen, Henry David Thoreau’s essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849) urges citizens to disobey the laws when they do not agree. He asks, “Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, shall we endeavor to amend them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?” (Thoreau 311). Although Thoreau justifies acts of meaningful civil disobedience, Van Dusen has a stronger argument that civil disobedience can create violence, chaos and according to history can destroy a democracy.
Both authors wrote during controversial American wars. Thoreau’s essay was written at the end of the Mexican- American War in 1848. He believed the government pursued war without any moral sense, using men as “machines”. Thoreau explains, “The mass of men serve the state thus, not as men mainly, but as machines, with their bodies” (307). Unlike Van Dusen’s essay which was written during the Vietnam War in 1969, it had no “imperial” advantages or resources for America to obtain or protect. The United States did not seek this war, but had no other choice to join and prevent the spread of communism throughout the world (4).
Similarly, both authors agree that a government is a necessity. Thoreau does not deny the benefit of a government that enacts just laws. He admits that American government does provide avenues for change for dissenters but they are too slow and unreliable. However, he is willing to allow a government it’s imperfections, “All machines have their friction; and possibly this does enough good to counterbalance the evil. At any rate, it is a great evil to make a stir about it. But when the friction comes to have its machine, and oppression and robbery are organized, I say let us not have such a machine any longer” (Thoreau 308). Van Dusen emphasizes how crucial a government is to a democracy, how imperative it is to obey the laws and the court procedures to uphold every citizen’s rights. He firmly asserts that man is not ab ...
The Global Flow of Information and Propaganda. Terrorist Attacks on the USA, ...Agnieszka Stępińska
The present form of terrorism, which appeared in the late 60's, is called " mass media terrorism " . It seems to be a consequence of the mass media's need of " media events " which can be characterised as: " unusual, abnormal, dangerous, new, destructive? and violent " 1 . Nowadays, terrorist organisations not only actively seek mass media attention so as to use it to spread their message to public opinion, but they are also deeply aware of the mechanisms of mass media activity. Consequently, they try to use the mass media as a mouthpiece for their propaganda. As a result, terrorist organisations which try to achieve their political goals by acts of crime and violence, can be treated as the subject of a process of political communication and every act of terrorism can be regarded as an expression of that form of communication 2 . The aim of this paper is to analyse the terrorist attack on the USA on September 11, 2001 as a " media event " . What is crucial is the fact that this act of terrorism seems to fulfil all the conditions laid down by the mass media. Analysing this event is an opportunity to highlight the role of the mass media in modern internal and external political affairs. As we shall see later, in political communication the mass media can be treated not only as a subject (an independent element) but also as a channel or even an instrument for spreading messages held by other subjects. The terrorist attack on the USA immediately became breaking news almost all around the world and is now regarded as a turning point in mass media history, especially as far as American mass media are concerned. Previously there had been very few events that 1 A. Schmid, J. de Graaf, Violence as Communication, London 1982, s. 217. 2 B. Mc Nair, Wprowadzenie do komunikowania politycznego, Poznań 1998, p. 25 – 27. According to B. Mc Nair, the main characteristics of political communication is its intention. There are three main types of political communication: about politics, acts of communication created by subjects involved in politics and, last but not least, acts of communication created by non – politicians but addressed to them.
Chapter 7 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words Research regarding.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words
Research regarding spanking children has had mixed results, do you think spanking contributes to delinquency or helps to prevent it? Justify your response.
Please remember to use netiquette when responding to your classmates
.
Childrens StoryKnowing how to address a variety of situations in .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Children's Story
Knowing how to address a variety of situations in the early childhood setting and effectively partnering with parents to do so are important skills for all teachers and caregivers. For this assignment, you will choose one of the following scenarios:
Shane has a difficult time separating from his mother each morning. At drop off, he clings to her and screams uncontrollably. After she leaves, Shane continues to scream and cry until you are able to soothe him.
Lisa often gets frustrated when trying to play with other children. She takes toys from their hands and even hits children with the toys.
Next, address each of the following points according to the teaching approach/setting that best reflects your style in your desired classroom setting (e.g. Montessori, Reggio Emilia, Waldorf, traditional preschool, etc.):
Outline a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario.
Explain how your plan would support the teaching approach/setting.
Describe how you will create an effective partnership with parents to address the discipline or guidance scenario.
Describe one or two possible obstacles you might encounter when implementing your plan.
Discuss how you will address these obstacles.
The paper should be three to four pages in addition to the title page and the reference page. Use at least two scholarly sources in addition to your text. Your paper should also be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Description
:
Total Possible Score
: 6.00
Outlines a Specific Plan for Addressing the Discipline or Guidance Scenario
Total: 1.25
Distinguished - Outlines in detail a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Outlines a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is supported by scholarly sources but is missing minor details.
Basic - Vaguely outlines a plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario; however, the plan may not be sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing relevant details.
Below Expectations - Attempts to outline a plan for addressing the scenario; however, the plan is not sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing significant details.
Non-Performance - The outline of a specific plan is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.
Explains How the Plan Supports the Teaching Approach/Setting
Total: 0.50
Distinguished - Clearly and comprehensively explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is supported by scholarly sources but is slightly underdeveloped.
Basic - Briefly explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation may not be sufficiently supported by s.
More Related Content
Similar to By Jill Lepore Ms. Lepore is a historian at Harvard and a
The information network created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 to connect people to knowledge has become an important place to navigate who and what we know, as well as who we think we are. But how much of a revolution is it? This lecture will trace some of the most important developments in social uses of information technologies in order to ultimately argue that the Web does offer unprecedented opportunities to access information and galvanise communities of practice, but that the impact of this new medium will reflect an evolution rather than a revolution of communication practices.
Arevalo 1
Arevalo 2
Kimberly Arevalo
Professor Stokes
English 1A
5 February 2020Civil Disobedience: The Misunderstanding of Patriotism
Human emotions are like fuel to a fire during a protest, it is unlikely that it will ever be completely “peaceful” and more likely lead to violence and chaos. Although freedom of debate and assembly are protected under our First Amendment rights as citizens of the United States. However, so is the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances, without the chance of death in the end. In the essay, “Civil Disobedience: Destroyer of Democracy” (1969) Lewis Van Dusen, Jr. urges that civil disobedience threatens democracy’s purpose of order. He emphasizes that reckless shortcut alternatives to the democratic way of petition, debate and assembly will destroy a society that is built on the rule of laws. He explains, “If citizens rely on antidemocratic means of protest, they will help bring about the undemocratic result of an authoritarian or anarchic state” (Van Dusen 3). Unlike Van Dusen, Henry David Thoreau’s essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849) urges citizens to disobey the laws when they do not agree. He asks, “Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, shall we endeavor to amend them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?” (Thoreau 311). Although Thoreau justifies acts of meaningful civil disobedience, Van Dusen has a stronger argument that civil disobedience can create violence, chaos and according to history can destroy a democracy.
Both authors wrote during controversial American wars. Thoreau’s essay was written at the end of the Mexican- American War in 1848. He believed the government pursued war without any moral sense, using men as “machines”. Thoreau explains, “The mass of men serve the state thus, not as men mainly, but as machines, with their bodies” (307). Unlike Van Dusen’s essay which was written during the Vietnam War in 1969, it had no “imperial” advantages or resources for America to obtain or protect. The United States did not seek this war, but had no other choice to join and prevent the spread of communism throughout the world (4).
Similarly, both authors agree that a government is a necessity. Thoreau does not deny the benefit of a government that enacts just laws. He admits that American government does provide avenues for change for dissenters but they are too slow and unreliable. However, he is willing to allow a government it’s imperfections, “All machines have their friction; and possibly this does enough good to counterbalance the evil. At any rate, it is a great evil to make a stir about it. But when the friction comes to have its machine, and oppression and robbery are organized, I say let us not have such a machine any longer” (Thoreau 308). Van Dusen emphasizes how crucial a government is to a democracy, how imperative it is to obey the laws and the court procedures to uphold every citizen’s rights. He firmly asserts that man is not ab ...
The Global Flow of Information and Propaganda. Terrorist Attacks on the USA, ...Agnieszka Stępińska
The present form of terrorism, which appeared in the late 60's, is called " mass media terrorism " . It seems to be a consequence of the mass media's need of " media events " which can be characterised as: " unusual, abnormal, dangerous, new, destructive? and violent " 1 . Nowadays, terrorist organisations not only actively seek mass media attention so as to use it to spread their message to public opinion, but they are also deeply aware of the mechanisms of mass media activity. Consequently, they try to use the mass media as a mouthpiece for their propaganda. As a result, terrorist organisations which try to achieve their political goals by acts of crime and violence, can be treated as the subject of a process of political communication and every act of terrorism can be regarded as an expression of that form of communication 2 . The aim of this paper is to analyse the terrorist attack on the USA on September 11, 2001 as a " media event " . What is crucial is the fact that this act of terrorism seems to fulfil all the conditions laid down by the mass media. Analysing this event is an opportunity to highlight the role of the mass media in modern internal and external political affairs. As we shall see later, in political communication the mass media can be treated not only as a subject (an independent element) but also as a channel or even an instrument for spreading messages held by other subjects. The terrorist attack on the USA immediately became breaking news almost all around the world and is now regarded as a turning point in mass media history, especially as far as American mass media are concerned. Previously there had been very few events that 1 A. Schmid, J. de Graaf, Violence as Communication, London 1982, s. 217. 2 B. Mc Nair, Wprowadzenie do komunikowania politycznego, Poznań 1998, p. 25 – 27. According to B. Mc Nair, the main characteristics of political communication is its intention. There are three main types of political communication: about politics, acts of communication created by subjects involved in politics and, last but not least, acts of communication created by non – politicians but addressed to them.
Chapter 7 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words Research regarding.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Childhood Abuse and Delinquency 150 Words
Research regarding spanking children has had mixed results, do you think spanking contributes to delinquency or helps to prevent it? Justify your response.
Please remember to use netiquette when responding to your classmates
.
Childrens StoryKnowing how to address a variety of situations in .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Children's Story
Knowing how to address a variety of situations in the early childhood setting and effectively partnering with parents to do so are important skills for all teachers and caregivers. For this assignment, you will choose one of the following scenarios:
Shane has a difficult time separating from his mother each morning. At drop off, he clings to her and screams uncontrollably. After she leaves, Shane continues to scream and cry until you are able to soothe him.
Lisa often gets frustrated when trying to play with other children. She takes toys from their hands and even hits children with the toys.
Next, address each of the following points according to the teaching approach/setting that best reflects your style in your desired classroom setting (e.g. Montessori, Reggio Emilia, Waldorf, traditional preschool, etc.):
Outline a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario.
Explain how your plan would support the teaching approach/setting.
Describe how you will create an effective partnership with parents to address the discipline or guidance scenario.
Describe one or two possible obstacles you might encounter when implementing your plan.
Discuss how you will address these obstacles.
The paper should be three to four pages in addition to the title page and the reference page. Use at least two scholarly sources in addition to your text. Your paper should also be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Description
:
Total Possible Score
: 6.00
Outlines a Specific Plan for Addressing the Discipline or Guidance Scenario
Total: 1.25
Distinguished - Outlines in detail a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Outlines a specific plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario. The plan is supported by scholarly sources but is missing minor details.
Basic - Vaguely outlines a plan for addressing the discipline or guidance scenario; however, the plan may not be sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing relevant details.
Below Expectations - Attempts to outline a plan for addressing the scenario; however, the plan is not sufficiently supported by scholarly sources and is missing significant details.
Non-Performance - The outline of a specific plan is either nonexistent or lacks the components described in the assignment instructions.
Explains How the Plan Supports the Teaching Approach/Setting
Total: 0.50
Distinguished - Clearly and comprehensively explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is well supported by scholarly sources.
Proficient - Explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation is supported by scholarly sources but is slightly underdeveloped.
Basic - Briefly explains how the plan supports the chosen teaching approach/setting. The explanation may not be sufficiently supported by s.
Children build their identities based on what they are exposed to, a.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Children build their identities based on what they are exposed to, as well as how adults and peers interact with them. After having read this Module's materials, let's discuss this further.
What do you think are the most influential factors in the building of multicultural identities in children?
How do you raise children to be sensitive, multicultural adults
.
Child poverty and homelessness are two of the most complex problems .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Child poverty and homelessness are two of the most complex problems faced by society today. Since 2000, the number of children living in poverty has increased from 11.6 million to 15 million. Today, over 20% of all children live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level. In addition, it is estimated that 1% to 2% of children are homeless, a number that has surged as a result of the recent global recession and the ensuing financial strain it has placed on many families. Because growing up in poverty increases children’s risks of suffering physical, cognitive, emotional, and social problems, reducing rates of child poverty is a priority. However, politicians and policymakers often disagree on causes and solutions to child poverty, sparking vigorous debate. In this Discussion, you will consider your own thoughts on how child poverty might be addressed. Reflect on the following:
Based on what you have learned this week and your past experiences, what specific policies, initiatives, or programs do you think should be implemented to effectively reduce child poverty/homelessness and/or ameliorate its consequences? Consider at least three.
How and to what extent should technology/media be used for educational purposes? For example, should teachers integrate technology as much as possible in their lessons? Should parents encourage children to study using educational software and the Internet? Or are more traditional learning methods preferable?
Are there any policies, initiatives, or programs aimed at combating child poverty and/or homelessness with which you strongly disagree? Why?
Article:
Southwell, P. (2009). The measurement of child poverty in the United States.
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment
,
19
(4), 317
–
329.
Retrieved from the Academic Search Complete database.
Web Resource:
Moore, K. A., Redd, Z., Burkhauser, M., Mbwana, K., & Collins, A. (2009, April).
Children in poverty: Trends, consequences, and policy options
(Publication No. 2009-11). Retrieved from the Child Trends website:
http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/PovertyRB.pdf
Web Resource:
Valladares, S., & Moore, K. A. (2009, May).
The strengths of poor families
(Publication No. 2009-26). Retrieved from the Child Trends website:
http://childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Child_Trends-2009_5_14_RB_poorfamstrengths.pdf
.
Child abuse and neglect are critical issues inherent in the field of.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Child abuse and neglect are critical issues inherent in the field of human services. You will likely encounter clients who are abused and neglected. Review the characteristics of neglected children in Chapter 4, and answer the following questions:
How does the presence of child abuse or neglect affect a child’s normal development?
How might you respond to a child who indicates that he or she is being abused or neglected?
What agencies would you contact and why?
.
Check.DescriptionI need help with this one-page essay Please!Co.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Check.
Description:
I need help with this one-page essay Please!Compare and contrast the postcolonial elements that define the works of a range of world authors, including Derek Walcott, Chinua Achebe, Deepika Bahri, W.B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, E. M. Forster, Salman Rushdie, and Arundhati Roy.
.
Check the paper you write and add your perspective I forgot to say s.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Check the paper you write and add your perspective I forgot to say some instructions. put some opinion about torah
Write a 3 page paper on what you have learned about Judaism that new for you and which is somehow significant to your understanding about this religion and how it affected your thinking.
Could you add some perspectives to paper you wrote...
i dont want you write new paper just add some opinion to paper
.
Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Sh.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
"Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Shake. Otherwise, I can't sign the agreement"
The most
IMPORTANT
things for me:
1)
Use very simple language, I'm an international student
.
2) Follow ALL instructions carefully 100%.
3) Finish it
on time
.
4) Last but not least,
Originality
.
====
I will run the paper through Copyscape that homework market provides, and the result MUST be = ZERO.
Thanks in advance,
.
check out the attachment, it has prompt, use the 4 website to quote .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
check out the attachment, it has prompt, use the 4 website to quote AND paraphrase (both are required) that i pasted on there. 800 words. APA style
download the attachment and follow the requiremen
1. A Swiveling Proxy That Will Even Wear a Tutu
By ROBBIE BROWNJUNE 7, 2013
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/08/education/for-homebound-students-a-robot-proxy-in-the-classroom.html?_r=0
2. How One Boy With Autism Became BFF With Apple’s Siri
By JUDITH NEWMANOCT. 17, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/fashion/how-apples-siri-became-one-autistic-boys-bff.html
3. The Ethical Frontiers of Robotics
Noel Sharkey*
http://webpages.uncc.edu/~jmconrad/ECGR4161-2011-05/notes/Science_Article_Robotics_Ethics2.pdf
4. THE ROBOTIC MOMENT
sherry turkle
In late November 2005, I took my daughter Rebecca, then fourteen, to the Darwin exhibition
at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. From the moment you step into
the museum and come face-to-face with a full-size dinosaur, you become part of a celebration
of life on Earth, what Darwin called “endless forms most beautiful.” Millions upon millions of
now lifeless specimens represent nature’s invention in every corner of the globe. There could
be no better venue for documenting Darwin’s life and thought and his theory of evolution by
natural selection, the central truth that underpins contemporary biology. The exhibition aimed
to please and, a bit defensively in these days of attacks on the theory of evolution, wanted to
convince.
At the exhibit’s entrance were two giant tortoises from the Galápagos Islands, the bestknown
inhabitants of the archipelago where Darwin did his most famous investigations. The
museum had been advertising these tortoises as wonders, curiosities, and marvels. Here,
among the plastic models at the museum, was the life that Darwin saw more than a century
and a half ago. One tortoise was hidden from view; the other rested in its cage, utterly still.
Rebecca inspected the visible tortoise thoughtfully for a while and then said matter-of-factly,
“They could have used a robot.” I was taken aback and asked what she meant. She said she
thought it was a shame to bring the turtle all this way from its island home in the Pacific, when
it was just going to sit there in the museum, motionless, doing nothing. Rebecca was both
concerned for the imprisoned turtle and unmoved by its authenticity.
It was Thanksgiving weekend. The line was long, the crowd frozen in place. I began to talk
with some of the other parents and children. My question—“Do you care that the turtle is
alive?”—was a welcome diversion from the boredom of the wait. A ten-year-old girl told me
that she would prefer a robot turtle because aliveness comes with aesthetic inconvenience:
“Its water looks dirty. Gross.” More usually, votes for the robots echoed my daughter’s sentiment
that in this setting, aliveness didn’t seem worth the trouble. A twelve-year-old girl was
adam.
Charles Mann is not only interested in how American societies arrive.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Charles Mann is not only interested in how American societies arrived, developed, and
evolved, but also how they adapted to the multiple environments of the Americas. How
did indigenous Americans find ways to overcome environmental obstacles? What
techniques, attitudes, or actions did indigenous Americans share? What techniques were
unique to certain areas? Why did some communities and societies thrive in the years
before 1492 while others fell apart and disbanded into new groups or the landscape? How did scholars of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries differ on their ideas of American Indian development?
.
Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Sha.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Check out attachments and read instructions before you make Hand Shake.
Otherwise
, I can't sign the agreement"
The most
IMPORTANT
things for me:
1)
Use very simple language, I'm an international student
.
2) Follow ALL instructions carefully 100%.
3) Finish it
on time
.
4) Last but not least, Originality.
====
I will run the paper through Copyscape that homework market provides, and the result MUST be = ZERO.
.
Chapters 5-8. One very significant period in Graphic Design History .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapters 5-8. One very significant period in Graphic Design History was the Renaissance. Maybe a person or object of art made you start thinking about how it was done. here's the link for the chaper that u need to look at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vCNvvQwCos&list=PLxPtyllY6Cx_Xar71rcNFqX2bDB7Wzfll
.
childrens right in Pakistan.6 pagesat least 7 referencesAPA s.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
children's right in Pakistan.
6 pages
at least 7 references
APA style
References, citation needed
outline:
1.
Country in context
2.
Demographics
3.
History
4.
Culture and socio-economic context: official language, religion,
5.
Legislation/policies addressing rights
6.
Health status of child
7.
Education
8.
Well-being and quality of life: human develop index
9.
Status of children with special needs
10.
summary
.
CHAPTER ONEIntroductionLearning Objectives• Be able to concept.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
CHAPTER ONEIntroduction
Learning Objectives
• Be able to conceptualize the “information explosion” and how it relates to the brain sciences.
• Be able to describe pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
• Be able to articulate the benefits of an integrative approach to psychopharmacology.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE READER
Some of you may begin this book with some anxiety because this is a new area for you. You may imagine that psychopharmacology is exclusively a “hard science,” and perhaps you don't think of yourself as a “hard science” kind of person. You may even feel uncertain about your ability to master basic psychopharmacological concepts. First, let us assure you one more time that our goal is to make this topic accessible to readers who are practicing as or studying to be mental health professionals, many of whom may not have a background in the physical or organic sciences. Second, we recommend to those teaching a course in psychopharmacology that, because of the rapid nature of change in the field, teaching styles that rely on memorization are of limited use in this area. We recommend helping students master basic concepts and then applying these concepts to cases. To facilitate that process, we supply cases and objectives/review questions for main sections of the book. Finally, we invite you students to join us in an incredible journey centering on the most complex organ known to humanity—the human mind and brain. We hope you can revel in the complexity of the brain and the sheer magnitude of its power. We hope you can resist the temptation to want simple and concrete answers to many of the questions this journey will raise. We also hope you learn to appreciate the ambiguous nature of “mind” and its relationship to the brain. As authors and researchers who have traveled this path before us will attest, there are no simple or even known answers to many of the questions that arise (Grilly & Salmone, 2011; Schatzberg & Nemeroff, 1998). We encourage a mixture of trying to comprehend the information while dwelling in the mystery that is the context for the information. Before moving on, we offer a mantra to help you implement this recommendation.
A MANTRA
Even though psychopharmacology is in its embryonic stage, it is a vast and complex topic. Several years ago I (Ingersoll) engaged in some multicultural counseling training with Paul Pederson. In that training, Dr. Pederson commented, “Culture is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We offer a paraphrase as a mantra for psychopharmacology students: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” We remind the reader of this mantra throughout the book. You might try saying it aloud right now: “Reality is complex, and complexity is our friend.” If you reach a passage in this book that is challenging for you or that arouses anxiety, stop, take a deep breath, and practice the mantra.
The primary audience for this book is mental health clinicians who may not have had much training in biology.
Chapter TenThe Federal JudiciaryBrian M. MurphyLearnin.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter Ten
The Federal Judiciary
Brian M. Murphy
Learning Objectives
After covering the topic of the federal judiciary, students should
understand:
1. The relationship of state courts to the federal judiciary.
2. The jurisdiction of federal courts.
3. The structure of the federal judicial system.
4. The procedures of the U.S. Supreme Court.
5. The powers of the federal judiciary.
Abstract
The udicial y e i he i ed a e i a ed he d c ri e
federalism. Two court systems exist side-by-side, national and state, and
each has a distinct set of powers. State courts, for the most part, are
responsible for handling the legal issues that arise under their own laws. It
is primarily when a federal uestion is presented that the federal udicial
system can become in ol ed in a state court. therwise, state udiciaries
are generally autonomous even from one another. The Constitution
precisely outlines the types of cases that can be heard by federal courts,
yet it is almost impossible to force a federal court to hear a case that falls
under its urisdiction if the udge s wants to avoid it. The authority of
the U.S. Supreme Court has slowly grown over time, largely through the
power of udicial review. onetheless, federalism has managed to remain
a signi cant barrier against federal courts becoming too powerful. The
udicial system designed by the framers continues to survive and function
after 200 years.
Introduction
The federal judicial system is the least commonly known and least
understood branch of American government. In 2007, 78% could not
name the current Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court but 66% were
able to identify at least one of the judges on the T show American
Idol (Jamieson, 2007). Much of judicial work is conducted out of the
limelight and courts are not considered an important in uence in the daily
lives of people. It is clear the framers believed that the federal judicial
system would be the weakest of the three branches because, as Alexander
amilton wrote, it has no in uence over either the sword or the purse
(Hamilton, 1961, 465). In other words, courts cannot command an army
(or even police) to ensure that decisions are enforced or allocate money to
implement one of their rulings. Judges must depend on the other branches
in order to get anything done. According to an oft-repeated story, President
Andrew Jackson supposedly mocked a decision by Chief Justice John
Marshall with the words, John Marshall has made his decision, now let
him enforce it’’ (Schwartz, 1993, 94).
But times and the role of the federal judiciary have changed. One
scholar even concluded that the United States is now operating under a
government by judiciary’’ because the U.S. Supreme Court can revise
the Constitution by how it interprets the wording (Berger, 1997). As Chief
Justice Charles vans Hughes once uipped, e are under a Constitution,
but the Constitution is what the judges say it is’’ (Hughes, 1916, 185). .
Chapter 9 provides a discussion of the challenges of identifying ELL.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter 9 provides a discussion of the challenges of identifying ELLs’ as having a learning disability or being gifted with their lower than grade-level proficiency in English. After reading Chapter 9, write a post that addresses the following questions:
What kinds of disabilities might an ELL have?
What are the challenges of determining whether an ELL has a learning ability or is gifted?
What kinds of interventions are used once an ELL has been identified as having a learning disability?
What kinds of interventions are used once an ELL is determined to be gifted?
If you were teaching a class with some ELLs in it, what signals would you look for in the behavior or they ELLs to determine whether they might need to be tested for learning disabilities or being gifted?
How might you adapt your curriculum for an ELL student with a learning disability or who is gifted?
.
Chapter 8 -- Crimes
1. Conduct that may be a misdemeanor in one state may be a felony in another state.
2. A required element for a crime is that the criminal party voluntarily commits the prohibited act (think “gun to head”).
3. A person cannot commit a crime if the person does not know that his or her conduct is criminal (think “Honduran bony fish or short lobster).
4. The Fourth Amendment prohibits ALL government searches of businesses.
5. Traditionally, extortion involves wrongful demands made by public officials.
6. A company cannot be found guilty of a crime that is committed by its agent.
7. If an employee wrongfully keeps money that was entrusted to the employee by his or employer, the employee has committed the crime of embezzlement.
8. Government officers do not need a search warrant in order to inspect property that is in "plain view".
9. The Constitution guarantees individuals the right to a speedy trial in criminal cases.
10. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act allows a person to thwart encryption devices that copy right holders place on copyrighted material if the person has purchased the copyrighted item in question.
Chapter 9 -- Torts
11. One wrongful act may be both a crime and a tort.
12. A person is not entitled to recover for EVERY injury or loss that is caused by another person.
13. In general, tort liability will not be imposed for an involuntary act even if the act harms another.
14. Under tort law, one owes a duty to society to conform his or her conduct to a required standard (think: does society sue the tortfeasor does the “somebody done me wrong” individual plaintiff sue the tortfeasor?).
15. The U.S. government cannot be sued for harm caused by the negligence of federal employees.
16. In some states, a plaintiff may recover for emotional distress that is negligently caused by another.
17. Companies can now make commercial use of the name or likeness of celebrities without first obtaining the celebrities permission to do so because most states do not recognize the tort of invasion of the right to publicity.
Chapter 10
18.
Patents are granted by state governments, not by the federal government.
19.
Trademarks may be protected for up to three years prior to the time that they are actually used.
20. A “term” acquires a secondary meaning when, through prolonged use, the public has come to associate that term with a particular product.
21. In general, mere ideas and concepts cannot be copyrighted or patented.
22.
A trade secret may be disclosed without losing its legal .
chapter 5 Making recommendations for I studied up to this .docxTawnaDelatorrejs
chapter 5
Making recommendations for I studied up to this point, what should now be study after I have written about what I found. All chapter 5 about chapter 4 what all things I discovered, what senses do they make to you what would you have study more if you have more time, what I think about , what I found
.
Chapter 4. Terris, Daniel. (2005) Ethics at Work Creating Virtue at.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter 4. Terris, Daniel. (2005) Ethics at Work: Creating Virtue at an American Corporation. Brandeis University Press. Apply critical thinking skills
in evaluating Lockheed Martin's efforts.
1. What do you think about the notion presented by Terris that Lockheed's ethics program does little to prevent ethical breaches at the highest level of the organization?
2. Are the efforts put forth—such as making sure higher level executives participate in training—enough to help executives navigate what Terris calls the 'ethical minefield' faced by leadership in such an organization?
3. What are some things that could be done to address the issue related to ethics at higher executive levels of the organization?
4. Terris points out that the company's program is overly focused on individuals and that it doesn't really address group dynamics that can impact ethical situations. For instance, there can be a tendency for groups to ‘go with the flow’ of the group decision making process and overlook ethical issues in the process. What would you recommend that Lockheed Martin do to address this situation?
(Hint: reviewing p. 128 and the following pages – before section headed “Personal Responsibility, Collective Innocence” - of the text might be helpful).
Assignment Expectations: Write a 4- to 5-page paper, not including title page or references page addressing the issue.
Your paper should be double-spaced and in 12-point type size.
Your paper should have a separate cover page and a separate reference page. Make sure you cite your sources.
.
Chapter 41. Read in the text about Alexanders attempt to fuse Gre.docxTawnaDelatorrejs
Chapter 4
1. Read in the text about Alexander's attempt to fuse Greek and Eastern cultures (116-120 -see box Alexander meets an Indian King, 115). Then go to:
Alexander the Great
- a from a BBC documentary. The video will have to be opened in a new window.
Write a brief review after watching the documentary (You don't have to watch the entire hour). What does Wood have to say about the scope of Alexander the Great's accomplishments? Does watching a video set in the actual landscape of Macedonia and Turkey help understand the history of an ancient civilization? How?
2. Go to:
Building of the Parthenon
and
Optical 'tricks' at the Parthenon
to see the accomplishments of Greek architects and politicians. What is the connection between Athenian politics and the building of the Parthenon? What illusions were utlitzed by the architects and engineers to emphasize the grandeur of the Parthenon?
Chapter 5
Select TWO of the following questions and complete the links assignments: Remember to mention source material in your response.
(Select 3 for extra credit
1. Go to:
Roman Writers view their world
and choose 2 authors to write an essay on entertainments and past times of Roman citizens and how eyewitnesses wrote about their world. Who are they? What position did they hold in Roman society? Is this important to their view point?
2. Go to
Christian symbolism
and
Colors in religious art
and write about how a largely illiterate (slave and lower class Romans and client state residents) society could learn about this new "Christian" religion through art, symbolism and color. How would this help the conversion process?
3. Go to
Sights along the Silk Road
. Click on the interactive maps and visit several of the stops along the Silk Road. What did you find? Learn? Then go to :
Silk Road Project
. Click on "Music and Artists." Then "Listen to Music."
Click on a title for ex: "Arabian" to listen to sample of the music and instrument. Write on your findings.
You may have to update your "Flash" player to hear music
.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
By Jill Lepore Ms. Lepore is a historian at Harvard and a
1. By Jill Lepore
Ms. Lepore is a historian at Harvard and a staff writer at The
New Yorker.
• Sept. 14, 2018
Every government is a machine, and every machine has its
tinkerers — and its jams.
From the start, machines have driven American democracy and,
just as often, crippled
it. The printing press, the telegraph, the radio, the television,
the mainframe, cable TV,
the internet: Each had wild-eyed boosters who promised that a
machine could hold the
republic together, or make it more efficient, or repair the
damage caused by the last
machine. Each time, this assertion would be both right and
terribly wrong. But lately,
it’s mainly wrong, chiefly because the rules that prevail on the
internet were devised by
people who fundamentally don’t believe in government.
The Constitution itself was understood by its framers as a
machine, a precisely
constructed instrument whose measures — its separation of
powers, its checks and
balances — were mechanical devices, as intricate as the gears of
a clock, designed to
thwart tyrants, mobs and demagogues, and to prevent the
forming of factions. Once
those factions began to appear, it became clear that other
2. machines would be needed to
establish stable parties. “The engine is the press,” Thomas
Jefferson, an inveterate
inventor, wrote in 1799.
The United States was founded as a political experiment; it
seemed natural that it
should advance and grow through technological experiment.
Different technologies have
offered different fixes. Equality was the promise of the penny
press, newspapers so
cheap that anyone could afford them. The New York Sun was
first published in 1833. “It
shines for all” was its common-man motto. Union was the
promise of the telegraph.
“The greatest revolution of modern times, and indeed of all
time, for the amelioration of
society, has been effected by the magnetic telegraph,” The Sun
announced, proclaiming
“the annihilation of space.”
The New York Sun Building.Credit...Bettmann Archive, via
Getty Images
Image
A 19th-century single-needle magnetic telegraph
device.Credit...Sspl/Getty Images
3. Time was being annihilated too. As The New York Herald
pointed out, the telegraph
appeared to make it possible for “the whole nation” to have “the
same idea at the same
moment.” Frederick Douglass was convinced that the great
machines of the age were
ushering in an era of worldwide political revolution. “Thanks to
steam navigation and
electric wires,” he wrote, “a revolution cannot be confined to
the place or the people
where it may commence but flashes with lightning speed from
heart to heart.” Henry
David Thoreau raised an eyebrow: “We are in great haste to
construct a magnetic
telegraph from Maine to Texas; but Maine and Texas, it may be,
have nothing important
to communicate.”
ADVERTISEMENT
Continue reading the main story
Thoreau was as alone in his skepticism as he was in his cabin.
“Doubt has been
entertained by many patriotic minds how far the rapid, full and
thorough
intercommunication of thought and intelligence, so necessary to
the people living under
a common representative republic, could be expected to take
place throughout such
immense bounds,” a House member said in 1845, but “that
doubt can no longer exist.”
Less than 20 years later, a nation tied together by 50,000 miles
4. of wire, 1,400 stations
and 10,000 telegraph operators fell into civil war.
Image
Herbert Hoover, as secretary of commerce in the 1920s,
anticipated that radio would
radically transform the nature of political
communication.Credit...Topical Press
Agency/Getty Images
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/sunday-review/politics-
disruption-media-
technology.html?action=click&contentCollection=opinion&cont
entPlacement=1&module=package&pgtype=sectionfront®ion
=rank&rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fopinion&versio
n=highlights#after-story-ad-1
Even that savage war didn’t diminish Americans’ faith that
technology could solve the
problem of political division. In the 1920s, Herbert Hoover, as
secretary of commerce,
rightly anticipated that radio, the nation’s next great mechanical
experiment, would
make it possible for political candidates and officeholders to
speak to voters without the
bother and expense of traveling to meet them. NBC began radio
broadcasting in 1926,
CBS in 1928. By the end of the decade, nearly every household
would have a wireless.
Hoover promised that radio would make Americans “literally
one people.”
5. That radio fulfilled this promise for as long as it did is the
result of decisions made by
Mr. Hoover, a Republican who believed that the government
had a role to play in
overseeing the airwaves by issuing licenses for frequencies to
broadcasting companies
and regulating their use. “The ether is a public medium,” he
insisted, “and its use must
be for the public benefit.” He pressed for passage of the Radio
Act of 1927, one of the
most consequential and underappreciated acts of Progressive
reform — insisting that
programmers had to answer to the public interest. That
commitment was extended to
television in 1949 when the Federal Communications
Commission, the successor to the
Federal Radio Commission, established the Fairness Doctrine, a
standard for television
news that required a “reasonably balanced presentation” of
different political views.
Radio, though, was also a tool of tyrants. Joseph Goebbels,
Hitler’s minister of
propaganda, had a device installed in his office that allowed
him to pre-empt national
programming. He also hoped to sow division in the United
States, partly through a
shortwave radio system, the ministry’s “long-range propaganda
artillery.” It spread lies
about a “Communist Jewish conspiracy” that sounded like news
reports, which
the newspapers at the time referred to as “fake news.”
6. Joseph Goebbels, the minister of propaganda in Nazi Germany,
depicted silencing a
singer during a radio broadcast, circa 1936-
1940.Credit...Universal History
Archive/Getty Images
In 1938, Orson Welles tried to raise the alarm about fake news
with his notorious radio
broadcast of “War of the Worlds.” Fifteen minutes into the
program, listeners began to
call the station in terror, believing that the earth was really
being invaded by Martians. A
station supervisor asked Welles to halt the broadcast; Welles
refused. Dorothy
Thompson was grateful to him, writing in her column in The
New York Herald-Tribune
that Welles had “made a greater contribution to an
understanding of Hitlerism,
Mussolinism, Stalinism, anti-Semitism, and all the other
terrorism of our times, more
than will all the words about them that have been written.”
In 1938, Orson Welles broke into a radio broadcast to deliver a
fake news report based
on the science-fiction novel "The War of the Worlds."
Credit...Associated Press
After the war, computers that had been built by the military
split the electorate into so
many atoms. Univac, one of the first commercial computers,
was completed in 1951 for
the Census Bureau, to count and sort its data. The next year,
7. CBS used the Univac on
election night. “A Univac is a fabulous electronic machine,
which we have borrowed to
help us predict this election from the basis of early returns as
they come in,” Charles
Collingwood told his audience as the evening’s coverage began.
Walter Cronkite read the
early, East Coast returns; Edward R. Murrow provided the
commentary. Around 9:30
p.m., when the Republican, Dwight Eisenhower, was ahead in
the popular vote and the
Democrat, Adlai E. Stevenson, was winning the electoral vote,
Cronkite said, “And now
to find out perhaps what this all means, at least in the electronic
age, let’s turn to that
electronic miracle, the electronic brain, Univac.”
Sign up for the Kara Swisher newsletter, for Times subscriber s
only. The host of
the "Sway" podcast shares her insights on the changing power
dynamics in tech and
media. Get it in your inbox.
But when the camera turned to Collingwood, he could get no
answer from Univac.
Murrow ventured that perhaps the computer was cautious. At
10:30 p.m., Cronkite
turned again to Collingwood. Univac was having “a little bit of
trouble,” Collingwood
said. Murrow called the election for Eisenhower. Fifteen
minutes later, Univac made the
same call. Cronkite smiled and said, “I might note that Univac
is running a few moments
8. behind Ed Murrow.” The next day, Murrow, speaking on CBS
Radio, celebrated the
triumph of man over machine: “We are in a measure released
from the petty tyranny of
those who assert that they can tell us what we think, what we
believe, what we will do,
what we hope and what we fear, without consulting us — all of
us.”
In 1952, CBS News announced that along with Walter Cronkite,
at right, a “giant brain”
Univac computer would be used to report on the presidential
election.Credit...Keystone-
France/Gamma-Keystone, via Getty Images
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Continue reading the main story
That release proved short-lived. By 1959, a team of Democratic
strategists was
developing a secret plan known as Project Macroscope. They
wanted to build a machine
that could predict voter responses to any conceivable issue or
candidate, a Univac for
politics. Newton Minow, an Adlai Stevenson campaign adviser
who would soon become
chairman of the F.C.C., wrote to the historian Arthur
Schlesinger Jr., “My own opinion
is that such a thing (a) cannot work, (b) is immoral, (c) should
be declared illegal.”
Project Macroscope went ahead anyway. We live, each minute
9. of every day, within its
clockwork, and under its giant, all-seeing eye.
All of this history was forgotten or ignored by the people who
wrote the rules of the
internet and who peer out upon the world from their offices in
Silicon Valley and boast
of their disdain for the past. But the building of a new
machinery of communications
began even before the opening of the internet. In the 1980s,
conservatives campaigned
to end the Fairness Doctrine in favor of a public-interest-based
rule for broadcasters, a
market-based rule: If people liked it, broadcasters could
broadcast it.
In 1987, President Ronald Reagan finally succeeded in
repealing the Fairness Doctrine
— and he also vetoed a congressional effort to block the repeal.
The repeal, which
relieved licensed broadcasters of a public-interest obligation to
represent opposing
points of view, made possible a new kind of partisan talk radio.
In 1987, there were some
240 talk radio stations in the country; by 1992, there were 900.
Partisan cable television
followed, as the repeal led also to the rise of MSNBC and Fox
News in 1996.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/sunday-review/politics-
disruption-media-
technology.html?action=click&contentCollection=opinion&cont
entPlacement=1&module=package&pgtype=sectionfront®ion
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10. The Reagan administration in 1987 repealed the Fairness
Doctrine, which had required
radio and TV broadcasters to present differing points of
view.Credit...Scott
Applewhite/Associated Press
The repeal of the Fairness Doctrine gave rise to the likes of
Rush Limbaugh, shown here
with a marionette of President Bill Clinton in
1993.Credit...Kimberly Butler/The LIFE
Images Collection, via Getty Images
Meanwhile, a new generation of knowledge-worker-not-auto-
worker Democrats
abandoned the working class for the microchip. Known in the
1980s as Atari Democrats,
they were soon reinvented as the New Democrats. “Thanks to
the near-miraculous
capabilities of microelectronics, we are vanquishing scarcity,” a
New Democrat
manifesto announced in 1995, damning “those who cannot and
will not participate in
the knowledge economy” as “losers.” The New Democrats’
technological utopianism
blinded them to the consequences of abandoning public-interest-
minded Progressive-
era regulation, at a time when a co-founder of Wired, Louis
Rossetto, a libertarian and
former anarchist, was celebrating the arrival of a freewheeling
New Media. In the
magazine’s inaugural issue in 1993, Mr. Rossetto predicted that
11. the internet would bring
about “social changes so profound their only parallel is
probably the discovery of fire.”
The internet would create a new world order, except it wouldn’t
be an order; it would be
an open market, free of all government interference, a frontier ,
a Wild West — lawless
and unaccountable.
Wired began publishing the same year that the Newt Gingrich-
affiliated Progress and
Freedom Foundation was founded. Its key thinker was the
irrepressible George Gilder,
who in the 1970s had achieved celebrity as an anti-feminist and
in the 1980s as a
supply-sider. At a 1994 Progress and Freedom Foundation
meeting in Aspen, Colo., Mr.
Gilder, along with the futurists Alvin Toffler, Esther Dyson and
George Keyworth, wrote
a “Magna Carta for the Knowledge Age,” which called for
“removing barriers to
competition and massively deregulating the fast-growing
telecommunications and
computing industries.”
President Bill Clinton with a V-chip on the day he signed the
Telecommunications
Reform Act in 1996.Credit...Paul J. Richards/Agence France-
Presse — Getty Images
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12. Continue reading the main story
The cyber Magna Carta served as the blueprint for the
Telecommunications Act. The
libertarians’ objective, which went much further than the repeal
of the Fairness
Doctrine, was to ensure that the internet would lie beyond the
realm of government
control. On Feb. 8, 1996, President Bill Clinton, New Democrat,
signed the bill in the
reading room of the Library of Congress, on paper, and then,
electronically, with a
digital pen, the first piece of legislation signed in cyberspace.
The act deregulated the
communications industry, lifting virtually all of its New Deal
antimonopoly provisions,
allowing for the subsequent consolidation of media companies
and largely prohibiting
regulation of the internet. Still, that the United States
government would even presume
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/sunday-review/politics-
disruption-media-
technology.html?action=click&contentCollection=opinion&cont
entPlacement=1&module=package&pgtype=sectionfront®ion
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n=highlights#after-story-ad-4
to legislate the internet — even if only to promise not to
regulate it — alarmed the
libertarians.
On the day Mr. Clinton signed the bill, John Perry Barlow, a
bearded mystic who had
written lyrics for the Grateful Dead and had helped found the
13. Electronic Frontier
Foundation, an ex-hippie who had become the darling of the
Davos set, wrote a
Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. “Governments
of the industrial world,
you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from cyberspace, the
new home of mind,” Mr.
Barlow wrote, in a statement that he posted on the web, where it
became one of the very
first posts to spread, as was said, like a virus. “On behalf of the
future, I ask you of the
past to leave us alone,” he said. “Governments derive their just
powers from the consent
of the governed. You have neither solicited nor received ours.
We did not invite you. You
do not know us, nor do you know our world. Cyberspace does
not lie within your
borders.”
John Perry Barlow, the Electronic Freedom Foundation co-
founder, issued a
“Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” in response to
the
Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996.Credit...Lindsay
Brice/Getty Images
In the spring of 2000, an article in Wired announced that the
internet had already
healed a divided America: “We are, as a nation, better educated,
more tolerant, and
14. more connected because of — not in spite of — the convergence
of the internet and
public life. Partisanship, religion, geography, race, gender, and
other traditional political
divisions are giving way to a new standard — wiredness — as
an organizing principle for
political and social attitudes.” Of all the dizzying technological
boosterism in American
history, from the penny press to the telegraph to the radio, no
pronouncement was
battier. In the years since, partisan divisions have become fully
automated functions,
those wires so many fetters.
The machine is no longer precisely constructed, its every action
no longer measured.
The machine is fix upon fix, hack after hack, its safety
mechanisms sawed off. It has no
brake, no fail-safe, no checks, no balances. It clatters. It
thunders. It crushes the
Constitution in its gears. The smell of smoke wafts out of the
engine room. The machine
is on fire.
Meta-ethics and Relativism
We'll follow our usual pattern for 10 point board here. Offer a
substantive initial post by the end of Wednesday and two replies
by the end of the day Friday for full credit. Of course more
engagement in discussion is welcome, and watch for my
occasional contributions aimed at clarifying the material in the
chapter. Again, 200-300 words is a good length for a post, but
I'm more interested in informed engagement with the material.
15. Here are a few review questions from the reading to get us
started.
1. Explain the difference between meta-ethics, normative ethics,
and applied ethics. Try to identify some issues and questions
belonging to each.
2. What does it mean to say that ethics is normative?
3. What could it mean to say that there are ethical truths?
4. Explain the difference between ethical realism, relativism,
and subjectivism.
5. Explain DCT and the problem arbitrariness presents for it.
What better alternative meta-ethical view is open to religious
believers?
6. Explain what Moral Relativism says.
7. How does arbitrariness present a problem for Moral
Relativism?
8. Why does Moral Relativism fail to support the idea of
tolerance and respect for diverse people and opinions?
9. Explain the problem of moral change or progress for Moral
Relativism.
10. Explain the moral reformers’ dilemma as an argument
against Moral Relativism.
11. What difficulty does subjectivism face in explaining
apparent moral reasoning?
12. Explain the argument for ethical realism offered by this
chapter as a whole.
For further thought:
Lots of people think that morality is subjective, a mere matter
of opinion or relative to your own point of view or that of your
culture. People often seem to take views like these simply on
the grounds that some of our moral opinions differ. But people's
opinions also differ about whether dinosaurs existed, whether
humans are causing climate change and whether the earth is flat.
Certainly there are facts of the matter about these things. Even
if we aren't quite sure what the facts are or just how to justify
our own opinion, nobody would say that whether or not the
earth is flat is merely a matter of opinion or relative to your
16. belief. So why the special carve out for moral opinions? Why
are so many so reluctant to allow for the possibility that some
moral opinions might be more reasonable than others and that
some of us hold opinions that aren't very reasonable? Well,
that's a question to ponder. The substance of our chapter this
week focuses on a few meta-ethical opinions, that morality is
somehow relative features centrally among them. Philosophers
since Socrates have been practically unanimous in arguing that
moral relativism is a pretty awful view about the nature of
morality.
The central concern about moral relativism is that it allows for
anything at all to be morally right. According to moral
relativism, if Nazi Germany deems it right to commit genocide
against Jewish people, then that is what is right relative to Nazi
Germany and there is nothing more to say about the morality of
genocide that what is right relative to various groups. Once this
consequence is pointed out it looks to be a pretty clear reductio
ad adsurdum of moral relativism. My suspicion is that most fans
of moral relativism simply haven't carefully considered the
logical consequences of this view.
During the first few weeks of this course we will be working on
philosophical methods and some basic ethical theory. However,
I do want to get us thinking about some IT issues as well. So, I
will be assigning a few IT related pieces for discussion during
these opening weeks. We will start with Jill Lepore's article
The Hacking of America
You may or may not like what Lepore has to say. But before
offering your opinions on her article, be sure you have a clear
understanding of her thesis, the conclusion she is arguing for,
and how she argues for it. Again, our evaluation of the
argument should be based on whether the premises are true and
whether they support the conclusion.