This document provides guidance on best available techniques (BAT) for energy efficiency in industrial installations covered by the IPPC Directive. It discusses energy efficiency issues, management systems, and techniques that can be applied at both the installation and process levels. The key techniques considered BAT include developing an energy management system, designing for energy efficiency, increasing process integration, maintenance and monitoring, and benchmarking energy usage. The document provides a horizontal assessment of energy efficiency techniques, while sector-specific BAT conclusions are described in relevant individual industry BREF documents.
Relation between Energy Saving and Economic Indices of CompanyIJRES Journal
Owing to the application of energy, tangible products made of raw materials take on those properties that determine their market demand. Raw materials acquire these properties and qualities during a process that is referred to as the energotechnological process. In general there are two definitions of a technological process. According to the first definition, the technological process is a sequence and combination of operations, and according to the second definition, which is more concise and derived from the content of the term itself, technology is a science about material treatment methods that allow this effect to be optimised. The first definition relates mainly to the organisation and structure of production. The priority of the second definition is obvious when creating new production, making advanced improvements to the existing production and ensuring the pre-eminence of the products in market competition. Obviously the second definition is more universal and preferable, and it is clear that practical utility of this definition is based on science about the energy impact on various material media. Thus energy shall be considered as one of two major factors of production efficiency (along with the material component). The considered methods of calculation of separate aspects of the problem of energy saving represent a complete logically bracketed approach and allow for proceeding to form a common methodology of energy saving in the company as well as in territorial and production groups.
Webinar - Primary energy factors for electricity in buildingsLeonardo ENERGY
There is no unified approach in European regulation of how to calculate primary energy when assessing energy performance of buildings. Instead, member states can decide on their own method of calculation of primary energy. As the share of renewables will progress towards 2050, the primary energy factors for electricity in Europe will also be subject to changes over time.
Related to the energy performance of buildings, the question is in what way different (due to national electricity mix or methodology) and changing (due to increased share of renewable electricity) primary energy factors for electricity influence decisions on a political level and on a level of individual building designs, especially with regard to space heating options (gas vs. electricity). From a point of view of making the electricity supply more flexible, it could be desirable to increase the share of electricity for heating. The objective of this work was to assess to what extent this is stimulated (or hampered) by changing primary energy factors in building regulation of a number of countries.
Introductory comments on primary energy factors and the EPBD
Primary energy factors of seven countries in the EU: • France • Germany • The Netherlands • Poland • Spain • Sweden • UK
Primary energy factors estimated evolution at 2020 and 2050 horizons, using the same calculation methods for all countries, based on the energy sources that can be expected to be in the national mix of these countries in 2020 and 2050, according to different scenario’s.
Implications of changing primary energy factors for technologies used in the building sector and recommendations on how to deal with primary energy factors in the EPBD in the short term and the longer term.
Primary Energy Demand of Renewable Energy Carriers - Part 1Leonardo ENERGY
Primary energy factors (PEF), often referred to as conversion factors, are required to calculate the total energy consumption including the total chain of energy generation based on the final energy consumption data.
In this webinar, different primary energy definitions, accounting methods, and their applications with a focus on electricity and heat generation from renewable energy will be presented. In addition to renewable energy sources, primary energy factors for electricity from waste, nuclear, and imported electricity are also discussed as these can be calculated in different ways. Depending on the methodology used, it will be shown that the resulting PEFs for different energy sources vary significantly.
This document provides an overview and instructions for using the Energy Saving Scheme - Energy Management and Benchmark Tool (ESS-EMBT). The ESS-EMBT is an Excel-based tool that allows companies to track energy consumption, calculate energy indicators, analyze consumption trends, and benchmark performance. The summary includes:
1) The ESS-EMBT collects production and energy consumption data from companies. It then calculates indicators like specific energy consumption and compares performance to benchmarks.
2) Setup requires enabling macros and inputting company/segment data, energy invoices, and production figures. Results include consumption graphs, regression analysis, and benchmarking.
3) Benchmarking compares company indicators to averages from 27 EU companies in 42
This document provides an overview and instructions for using the Energy Distribution Support Tool (EDST) to analyze and distribute a company's energy consumption data. The EDST is an Excel-based tool that allows users to input technical data on machinery, lighting, compressed air and other energy consuming systems. It then calculates and distributes the electrical and thermal energy consumption across different production processes, segments and time periods. The document outlines the key steps to setup and use the EDST, including inputting company and production data, technical specifications for energy systems, and hours of operation. It provides examples of how to analyze the energy use for different segments. The goal of the tool is to help companies understand where and how energy is being consumed to identify
SESEC Training Module 14: Self-Assessment Tool (SAT)DITF Denkendorf
This is a training module developed in the European project SESEC. More information and the full training can be found here: www.sesec-training.eu
The SESEC project is designed to address the energy efficiency needs of the EU clothing industry. The Consortium relies on outstanding competences of the partners, spread over 6 countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium) to provide the missing energy efficiency benchmarks and ready-to-use solutions for the large number of SMEs as well as larger companies. The SESEC project has 4 major objectives:
• To develop, test and offer an Energy Efficiency tool for clothing production, made up of guidelines and web-based applications, suitable for SMEs and large companies
• To transfer the project results to the sector, EURATEX members and interested companies
• To offer training and support to companies to implement energy-saving measures considering cost-effectiveness
• To improve opportunities for energy-efficiency for the whole European clothing industry
Financing the energy renovation of buildings in EUCristóbal TeBe
This document provides a final report on financing the energy renovation of buildings with Cohesion Policy funding. It was prepared for the European Commission by consultants. Key points covered include:
- An analysis of available Cohesion Policy funding opportunities for energy efficiency and renewable energy investments in buildings.
- Case studies of financial instruments supporting such investments in several EU member states.
- Recommendations to member states and managing authorities on how to design and implement effective support programs using Cohesion Policy funds.
Anil Palamwar discusses the need for energy audits at both the macro and micro levels. He outlines some of the key reasons for conserving energy, including limited resources, cost reduction, and environmental impacts. Palamwar also discusses the importance of efficiency, providing examples of system losses throughout generation, transmission, and distribution. He emphasizes the importance of identifying and reducing losses to improve efficiency.
Relation between Energy Saving and Economic Indices of CompanyIJRES Journal
Owing to the application of energy, tangible products made of raw materials take on those properties that determine their market demand. Raw materials acquire these properties and qualities during a process that is referred to as the energotechnological process. In general there are two definitions of a technological process. According to the first definition, the technological process is a sequence and combination of operations, and according to the second definition, which is more concise and derived from the content of the term itself, technology is a science about material treatment methods that allow this effect to be optimised. The first definition relates mainly to the organisation and structure of production. The priority of the second definition is obvious when creating new production, making advanced improvements to the existing production and ensuring the pre-eminence of the products in market competition. Obviously the second definition is more universal and preferable, and it is clear that practical utility of this definition is based on science about the energy impact on various material media. Thus energy shall be considered as one of two major factors of production efficiency (along with the material component). The considered methods of calculation of separate aspects of the problem of energy saving represent a complete logically bracketed approach and allow for proceeding to form a common methodology of energy saving in the company as well as in territorial and production groups.
Webinar - Primary energy factors for electricity in buildingsLeonardo ENERGY
There is no unified approach in European regulation of how to calculate primary energy when assessing energy performance of buildings. Instead, member states can decide on their own method of calculation of primary energy. As the share of renewables will progress towards 2050, the primary energy factors for electricity in Europe will also be subject to changes over time.
Related to the energy performance of buildings, the question is in what way different (due to national electricity mix or methodology) and changing (due to increased share of renewable electricity) primary energy factors for electricity influence decisions on a political level and on a level of individual building designs, especially with regard to space heating options (gas vs. electricity). From a point of view of making the electricity supply more flexible, it could be desirable to increase the share of electricity for heating. The objective of this work was to assess to what extent this is stimulated (or hampered) by changing primary energy factors in building regulation of a number of countries.
Introductory comments on primary energy factors and the EPBD
Primary energy factors of seven countries in the EU: • France • Germany • The Netherlands • Poland • Spain • Sweden • UK
Primary energy factors estimated evolution at 2020 and 2050 horizons, using the same calculation methods for all countries, based on the energy sources that can be expected to be in the national mix of these countries in 2020 and 2050, according to different scenario’s.
Implications of changing primary energy factors for technologies used in the building sector and recommendations on how to deal with primary energy factors in the EPBD in the short term and the longer term.
Primary Energy Demand of Renewable Energy Carriers - Part 1Leonardo ENERGY
Primary energy factors (PEF), often referred to as conversion factors, are required to calculate the total energy consumption including the total chain of energy generation based on the final energy consumption data.
In this webinar, different primary energy definitions, accounting methods, and their applications with a focus on electricity and heat generation from renewable energy will be presented. In addition to renewable energy sources, primary energy factors for electricity from waste, nuclear, and imported electricity are also discussed as these can be calculated in different ways. Depending on the methodology used, it will be shown that the resulting PEFs for different energy sources vary significantly.
This document provides an overview and instructions for using the Energy Saving Scheme - Energy Management and Benchmark Tool (ESS-EMBT). The ESS-EMBT is an Excel-based tool that allows companies to track energy consumption, calculate energy indicators, analyze consumption trends, and benchmark performance. The summary includes:
1) The ESS-EMBT collects production and energy consumption data from companies. It then calculates indicators like specific energy consumption and compares performance to benchmarks.
2) Setup requires enabling macros and inputting company/segment data, energy invoices, and production figures. Results include consumption graphs, regression analysis, and benchmarking.
3) Benchmarking compares company indicators to averages from 27 EU companies in 42
This document provides an overview and instructions for using the Energy Distribution Support Tool (EDST) to analyze and distribute a company's energy consumption data. The EDST is an Excel-based tool that allows users to input technical data on machinery, lighting, compressed air and other energy consuming systems. It then calculates and distributes the electrical and thermal energy consumption across different production processes, segments and time periods. The document outlines the key steps to setup and use the EDST, including inputting company and production data, technical specifications for energy systems, and hours of operation. It provides examples of how to analyze the energy use for different segments. The goal of the tool is to help companies understand where and how energy is being consumed to identify
SESEC Training Module 14: Self-Assessment Tool (SAT)DITF Denkendorf
This is a training module developed in the European project SESEC. More information and the full training can be found here: www.sesec-training.eu
The SESEC project is designed to address the energy efficiency needs of the EU clothing industry. The Consortium relies on outstanding competences of the partners, spread over 6 countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium) to provide the missing energy efficiency benchmarks and ready-to-use solutions for the large number of SMEs as well as larger companies. The SESEC project has 4 major objectives:
• To develop, test and offer an Energy Efficiency tool for clothing production, made up of guidelines and web-based applications, suitable for SMEs and large companies
• To transfer the project results to the sector, EURATEX members and interested companies
• To offer training and support to companies to implement energy-saving measures considering cost-effectiveness
• To improve opportunities for energy-efficiency for the whole European clothing industry
Financing the energy renovation of buildings in EUCristóbal TeBe
This document provides a final report on financing the energy renovation of buildings with Cohesion Policy funding. It was prepared for the European Commission by consultants. Key points covered include:
- An analysis of available Cohesion Policy funding opportunities for energy efficiency and renewable energy investments in buildings.
- Case studies of financial instruments supporting such investments in several EU member states.
- Recommendations to member states and managing authorities on how to design and implement effective support programs using Cohesion Policy funds.
Anil Palamwar discusses the need for energy audits at both the macro and micro levels. He outlines some of the key reasons for conserving energy, including limited resources, cost reduction, and environmental impacts. Palamwar also discusses the importance of efficiency, providing examples of system losses throughout generation, transmission, and distribution. He emphasizes the importance of identifying and reducing losses to improve efficiency.
This is a training module developed in the European project SESEC. More information and the full training can be found here: www.sesec-training.eu
The SESEC project is designed to address the energy efficiency needs of the EU clothing industry. The Consortium relies on outstanding competences of the partners, spread over 6 countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium) to provide the missing energy efficiency benchmarks and ready-to-use solutions for the large number of SMEs as well as larger companies. The SESEC project has 4 major objectives:
• To develop, test and offer an Energy Efficiency tool for clothing production, made up of guidelines and web-based applications, suitable for SMEs and large companies
• To transfer the project results to the sector, EURATEX members and interested companies
• To offer training and support to companies to implement energy-saving measures considering cost-effectiveness
• To improve opportunities for energy-efficiency for the whole European clothing industry
Energy management involves monitoring and optimizing energy usage to reduce costs and environmental impacts. It begins with conducting an energy audit to understand current energy consumption. A preliminary audit provides an initial assessment while a detailed audit examines all energy systems through on-site data collection and analysis to identify savings opportunities. The audit process involves documenting energy usage, analyzing inefficiencies, and developing an implementation plan with cost-benefit calculations for proposed conservation measures. The goal is to minimize energy waste across production and facility operations.
Working Manual on Energy Auditing in industrieszubeditufail
The document provides information on energy auditing and management. It discusses various types of energy sources including primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable sources. It also discusses global energy reserves and consumption as well as environmental issues like ozone layer depletion. Ozone depletion is caused by man-made chlorine and bromine compounds which break down the ozone layer. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out ozone depleting substances.
Energy storage - the role of electricitySHARQproject
The Commission Staff Working Document on Energy Storage complements the "Clean Energy for All Europeans" Package issued in end-November 2016 and provides a valuable contribution to the policy debate.
Nepal relies heavily on traditional energy resources, as no significant deposits of fossil fuel are available. Nepalese use the lowest commercial energy of around 119 kWh per capita per year. The total energy consumption in Nepal for the year 2014/15 was 11,232 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent. Based on the fuel type, traditional fuel provide 80% of the total energy consumption, petroleum and coal 11% and 3% respectively, which is mainly consumed by urban areas, electricity only 3% and renewable 3% of the total energy consumption.
The document summarizes an Indian government website that promotes energy efficiency. The website provides information for various stakeholders on energy conservation laws, certification programs for energy managers and auditors, sector-specific best practices, case studies and reports. It aims to spread awareness on energy efficiency and conservation among industries, experts, students and the public.
Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) – An Innovative Programme to Promote Indust...Leonardo ENERGY
Enhanced energy efficiency in industrial sector is a challenge inasmuch as it competes for investment with new production capacity. However, it is also an opportunity since it enables higher productivity and greater competitiveness. The Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) programme in India focuses on monetary reductions in specific energy consumption (SEC) of production units in energy intensive industrial sectors. In order to address issues of equity and inclusiveness, the programmes included all energy intensive plants in selected sectors, even the most energy efficient ones. However, the SEC reduction target was less for plants that are already more efficient. Further, third-party verification and issuance of certification for excess savings (more than the target) help in achieving transparency and enabling greater effort. The target savings were over-achieved by about one-third in the first cycle, and subsequently second and third cycles have been launched.
The document provides an overview of energy management and energy audits. It defines energy and various types of energy like mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and electromagnetic. Energy management aims to optimize energy use and reduce costs. The objectives are to minimize energy procurement and utilization costs without affecting production. Energy audits identify ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of output. Preliminary audits establish baseline consumption while detailed audits evaluate all energy consuming systems and equipment to identify savings opportunities through a ten step process. The document outlines the various instruments used in energy audits to measure consumption.
For decades energy savings are estimated, while only the last decade harmonisation and (in-ternational) standardisation started. This webinar will provide an overview on the harmonisation of energy savings calculation in Europa (the top-down and bottom-up approach) and in the USA (Uniform Methods Project) and the standards developed by the European Standardisation Or-ganisation CEN and the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO).
The core of the webinar will be the experiences from work conducted by experts from the USA, France Spain, Norway, The Netherlands, South Korea and Switzerland. The experts agreed on key elements to document the formula and the input data for calculating annual energy savings and related greenhouse gas emissions. The experts applied these key elements to energy savings programmes in their country. A selection from these case applications will be presented.
The document outlines the process for conducting an energy audit. It discusses initiating an energy management program, analyzing energy bills, conducting an on-site audit by examining various systems and equipment, and developing an energy audit report that identifies energy management opportunities and recommends cost-effective solutions to reduce energy usage and costs. The goal of an energy audit is to understand current energy usage and identify ways to use energy more efficiently.
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the College of Engineering Perumon. It introduces that energy audits aim to minimize wastage and optimize efficiency. The objectives were to analyze energy consumption patterns, identify areas of wastage, and recommend cost-effective efficiency improvements. The methodology involved data collection, analysis, and recommending steps to reduce power consumption without affecting comfort. Various aspects of energy use were surveyed including utility consumption, lighting, inverters/batteries, substations, and thermal energy. The conclusion calls for innovative energy utilization schemes to avoid future energy calamities.
The presentations shows what is energy efficiency and how could we achieve it. It also presents the energy audit service and at what cost in Rupandehi, Nepal.
Presented by Marcella Pavan, head, Energy Efficiency Policy Division, Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas, Italy, at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Copenhagen, Denmark on 19 April 2006.
This presentation gives the basic definition of Energy Audit, the need for it, objectives of energy audit, stages of audit, types of audit, Three-Phases of conducting the energy audit, steps to be carried out in preliminary or walk-through or diagnostic audit, targeted audit, Ten Step Methodology for conducting detailed audit and the instruments used to conduct energy audit.
This document summarizes the findings of a European Power Quality Survey conducted between 2005-2006. It interviewed representatives from key industrial sectors across 8 European countries to understand the economic impacts of poor power quality.
The study found that poor power quality, such as voltage dips, interruptions and harmonics, results in annual losses estimated at over €150 billion for the sectors surveyed. Dips and interruptions accounted for around 60% of losses. Losses were higher in manufacturing industries compared to services sectors.
Regression analysis indicated power quality related wastage was approximately 4% of annual turnover for industry and 0.14% for services. The document provides detailed methodology used to calculate different types of power quality costs from direct financial losses
Optimising the energy use of technical building systems - unleashing the powe...Leonardo ENERGY
The main objective of the proposed revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) which the European Commission released on the 30th November 2016 “is to accelerate the cost effective renovation of existing buildings.” Acceleration is urgently needed. If rate and depth of energy efficiency improvements in existing building continue on a Business-As-Usual path a significant gap will remain both to the proposed binding 30% by 2030 energy efficiency target and to the massive reductions of greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 and 2050 as set out in the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050”.
This report wants to contribute to close that gap. Two central questions were to be answered:
1. How much can optimisation of the energy use of technical building systems (TBS), i.e. “technical equipment for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, lighting or for a combination thereof, of a building or building unit” 1 , contribute to fill the gap until 2030?
2. What measures should be taken – with a focus on the ongoing revision of the EPBD - to let optimisation of TBS significantly help filling the gap till 2030?
This document discusses energy planning and auditing. It explains that energy planning protects from disruptions and ensures continuous emphasis on energy management through scheduled events. The document then describes the various steps in conducting an energy audit, including preliminary, targeted, and detailed audits. A detailed energy audit involves collecting information on energy sources, costs, distribution systems, process diagrams, and consumption data. It aims to establish a baseline and identify potential savings through fuel substitution, equipment efficiency improvements, and process modifications. The post-audit phase includes developing an action plan, implementation schedule, and ongoing monitoring.
Auctions for Renewable Energy – Model based AnalysisLeonardo ENERGY
Auctions are increasingly being applied as a mechanism to allocate support to renewable energy sources (RES). AURES (Auctions for Renewable Energy Support) is a H2020 European research project focused on auction designs for renewable energy support. The project addresses the important and urgent issue of improving current support policies for electricity from renewable energy sources through competitive market measures. The general objective of the project is to promote an effective use and efficient implementation of auctions for renewable energy support in the European Union Member States, especially regarding their cost-efficiency.
In this new webinar series, the AURES team will share research results and provide guidance to policy makers on the best options to organize renewables support under the new rules of the Clean Energy Package.
The document discusses how law enforcement agencies can use barcode technology and inventory management software to more efficiently track and manage their equipment, inventory, and assets. The software allows agencies to check equipment in and out, locate items, audit equipment maintenance and expiration dates, and integrate inventory tracking into a shared database for increased productivity, safety, and accountability.
This is a training module developed in the European project SESEC. More information and the full training can be found here: www.sesec-training.eu
The SESEC project is designed to address the energy efficiency needs of the EU clothing industry. The Consortium relies on outstanding competences of the partners, spread over 6 countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium) to provide the missing energy efficiency benchmarks and ready-to-use solutions for the large number of SMEs as well as larger companies. The SESEC project has 4 major objectives:
• To develop, test and offer an Energy Efficiency tool for clothing production, made up of guidelines and web-based applications, suitable for SMEs and large companies
• To transfer the project results to the sector, EURATEX members and interested companies
• To offer training and support to companies to implement energy-saving measures considering cost-effectiveness
• To improve opportunities for energy-efficiency for the whole European clothing industry
Energy management involves monitoring and optimizing energy usage to reduce costs and environmental impacts. It begins with conducting an energy audit to understand current energy consumption. A preliminary audit provides an initial assessment while a detailed audit examines all energy systems through on-site data collection and analysis to identify savings opportunities. The audit process involves documenting energy usage, analyzing inefficiencies, and developing an implementation plan with cost-benefit calculations for proposed conservation measures. The goal is to minimize energy waste across production and facility operations.
Working Manual on Energy Auditing in industrieszubeditufail
The document provides information on energy auditing and management. It discusses various types of energy sources including primary and secondary, commercial and non-commercial, and renewable and non-renewable sources. It also discusses global energy reserves and consumption as well as environmental issues like ozone layer depletion. Ozone depletion is caused by man-made chlorine and bromine compounds which break down the ozone layer. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out ozone depleting substances.
Energy storage - the role of electricitySHARQproject
The Commission Staff Working Document on Energy Storage complements the "Clean Energy for All Europeans" Package issued in end-November 2016 and provides a valuable contribution to the policy debate.
Nepal relies heavily on traditional energy resources, as no significant deposits of fossil fuel are available. Nepalese use the lowest commercial energy of around 119 kWh per capita per year. The total energy consumption in Nepal for the year 2014/15 was 11,232 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent. Based on the fuel type, traditional fuel provide 80% of the total energy consumption, petroleum and coal 11% and 3% respectively, which is mainly consumed by urban areas, electricity only 3% and renewable 3% of the total energy consumption.
The document summarizes an Indian government website that promotes energy efficiency. The website provides information for various stakeholders on energy conservation laws, certification programs for energy managers and auditors, sector-specific best practices, case studies and reports. It aims to spread awareness on energy efficiency and conservation among industries, experts, students and the public.
Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) – An Innovative Programme to Promote Indust...Leonardo ENERGY
Enhanced energy efficiency in industrial sector is a challenge inasmuch as it competes for investment with new production capacity. However, it is also an opportunity since it enables higher productivity and greater competitiveness. The Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) programme in India focuses on monetary reductions in specific energy consumption (SEC) of production units in energy intensive industrial sectors. In order to address issues of equity and inclusiveness, the programmes included all energy intensive plants in selected sectors, even the most energy efficient ones. However, the SEC reduction target was less for plants that are already more efficient. Further, third-party verification and issuance of certification for excess savings (more than the target) help in achieving transparency and enabling greater effort. The target savings were over-achieved by about one-third in the first cycle, and subsequently second and third cycles have been launched.
The document provides an overview of energy management and energy audits. It defines energy and various types of energy like mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and electromagnetic. Energy management aims to optimize energy use and reduce costs. The objectives are to minimize energy procurement and utilization costs without affecting production. Energy audits identify ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of output. Preliminary audits establish baseline consumption while detailed audits evaluate all energy consuming systems and equipment to identify savings opportunities through a ten step process. The document outlines the various instruments used in energy audits to measure consumption.
For decades energy savings are estimated, while only the last decade harmonisation and (in-ternational) standardisation started. This webinar will provide an overview on the harmonisation of energy savings calculation in Europa (the top-down and bottom-up approach) and in the USA (Uniform Methods Project) and the standards developed by the European Standardisation Or-ganisation CEN and the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO).
The core of the webinar will be the experiences from work conducted by experts from the USA, France Spain, Norway, The Netherlands, South Korea and Switzerland. The experts agreed on key elements to document the formula and the input data for calculating annual energy savings and related greenhouse gas emissions. The experts applied these key elements to energy savings programmes in their country. A selection from these case applications will be presented.
The document outlines the process for conducting an energy audit. It discusses initiating an energy management program, analyzing energy bills, conducting an on-site audit by examining various systems and equipment, and developing an energy audit report that identifies energy management opportunities and recommends cost-effective solutions to reduce energy usage and costs. The goal of an energy audit is to understand current energy usage and identify ways to use energy more efficiently.
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the College of Engineering Perumon. It introduces that energy audits aim to minimize wastage and optimize efficiency. The objectives were to analyze energy consumption patterns, identify areas of wastage, and recommend cost-effective efficiency improvements. The methodology involved data collection, analysis, and recommending steps to reduce power consumption without affecting comfort. Various aspects of energy use were surveyed including utility consumption, lighting, inverters/batteries, substations, and thermal energy. The conclusion calls for innovative energy utilization schemes to avoid future energy calamities.
The presentations shows what is energy efficiency and how could we achieve it. It also presents the energy audit service and at what cost in Rupandehi, Nepal.
Presented by Marcella Pavan, head, Energy Efficiency Policy Division, Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas, Italy, at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Copenhagen, Denmark on 19 April 2006.
This presentation gives the basic definition of Energy Audit, the need for it, objectives of energy audit, stages of audit, types of audit, Three-Phases of conducting the energy audit, steps to be carried out in preliminary or walk-through or diagnostic audit, targeted audit, Ten Step Methodology for conducting detailed audit and the instruments used to conduct energy audit.
This document summarizes the findings of a European Power Quality Survey conducted between 2005-2006. It interviewed representatives from key industrial sectors across 8 European countries to understand the economic impacts of poor power quality.
The study found that poor power quality, such as voltage dips, interruptions and harmonics, results in annual losses estimated at over €150 billion for the sectors surveyed. Dips and interruptions accounted for around 60% of losses. Losses were higher in manufacturing industries compared to services sectors.
Regression analysis indicated power quality related wastage was approximately 4% of annual turnover for industry and 0.14% for services. The document provides detailed methodology used to calculate different types of power quality costs from direct financial losses
Optimising the energy use of technical building systems - unleashing the powe...Leonardo ENERGY
The main objective of the proposed revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) which the European Commission released on the 30th November 2016 “is to accelerate the cost effective renovation of existing buildings.” Acceleration is urgently needed. If rate and depth of energy efficiency improvements in existing building continue on a Business-As-Usual path a significant gap will remain both to the proposed binding 30% by 2030 energy efficiency target and to the massive reductions of greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 and 2050 as set out in the “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050”.
This report wants to contribute to close that gap. Two central questions were to be answered:
1. How much can optimisation of the energy use of technical building systems (TBS), i.e. “technical equipment for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, lighting or for a combination thereof, of a building or building unit” 1 , contribute to fill the gap until 2030?
2. What measures should be taken – with a focus on the ongoing revision of the EPBD - to let optimisation of TBS significantly help filling the gap till 2030?
This document discusses energy planning and auditing. It explains that energy planning protects from disruptions and ensures continuous emphasis on energy management through scheduled events. The document then describes the various steps in conducting an energy audit, including preliminary, targeted, and detailed audits. A detailed energy audit involves collecting information on energy sources, costs, distribution systems, process diagrams, and consumption data. It aims to establish a baseline and identify potential savings through fuel substitution, equipment efficiency improvements, and process modifications. The post-audit phase includes developing an action plan, implementation schedule, and ongoing monitoring.
Auctions for Renewable Energy – Model based AnalysisLeonardo ENERGY
Auctions are increasingly being applied as a mechanism to allocate support to renewable energy sources (RES). AURES (Auctions for Renewable Energy Support) is a H2020 European research project focused on auction designs for renewable energy support. The project addresses the important and urgent issue of improving current support policies for electricity from renewable energy sources through competitive market measures. The general objective of the project is to promote an effective use and efficient implementation of auctions for renewable energy support in the European Union Member States, especially regarding their cost-efficiency.
In this new webinar series, the AURES team will share research results and provide guidance to policy makers on the best options to organize renewables support under the new rules of the Clean Energy Package.
The document discusses how law enforcement agencies can use barcode technology and inventory management software to more efficiently track and manage their equipment, inventory, and assets. The software allows agencies to check equipment in and out, locate items, audit equipment maintenance and expiration dates, and integrate inventory tracking into a shared database for increased productivity, safety, and accountability.
Rational Team Concert 3.0 provides a single release that supports multiple platforms, includes the server license with each user license purchased, and offers simplified role-based user licensing. It features enhanced planning capabilities for both agile and formal processes, improved work item customization, and more flexible pricing models including on-demand and token-based options.
The role of electricity in heating and coolingLeonardo ENERGY
Following the European Commission’s Heating & Cooling Strategy Consultation Forum, held in Brussels on September 9th, very significant opportunities exist within the heating and cooling sector to better connect the EU’s electricity and thermal energy markets.
The use of electricity in heating and cooling helps to increase the penetration of renewables, improve efficiency, lower carbon emissions and save significant investment costs in renewables integration. However, crucial to these uses is the promotion of efficient electrothermal technologies.
Improving Technical Installations in BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides input from the European Copper Institute into the public consultation on the evaluation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). While the EPBD has helped improve energy efficiency in buildings, it has primarily focused on new builds and major renovations, failing to capture significant potential savings from improving existing building technical systems. Upgrading controls and equipment offers cost-effective savings across the entire building stock. The EPBD could be improved by better addressing operational energy use and ensuring cost-optimality assessments properly consider all options like building automation.
A policy perspective on Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS)Leonardo ENERGY
Improved management of technical building systems (TBS) can offer a cost-effective potential to reduce building energy consumption, improve the quality of life of occupants and facilitate the integration of renewable energy systems by providing flexibility to the connected energy grids.
Multiple policy initiatives related to BACS currently exist or are under development. This presentation will give an overview and some examples of European policy tools and/or local implementations. The most relevant policy tools that can help contribute accessing these savings potentials are the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD), the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), Ecodesign Directive (ED) and Energy Labelling Regulation (ELR).
Some examples of existing policy will be given and reference will be made to the recently completed Smart Readiness Indicator study and the ongoing Ecodesign BACS preparatory study.
The Scope for Energy Saving in the EU through the Use of Energy-Efficient Dis...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Distribution transformers represent an important focus for energy efficiency initiatives.
* They are a worthwhile area for R&D, demonstration and promotional effort.
* The potential for reducing losses from distribution transformers affects strategies on energy efficiency and global warming.
* An action plan should be developed to achieve these goals.
* The strategy should be carefully co-ordinated, technically sound, and involve partners from all the supply chain.
The document is COGEN Europe's response to the European Commission's Green Paper on energy policy. It supports the Green Paper's goal of establishing a sustainable and secure energy future for Europe. COGEN Europe argues that Europe should prioritize energy efficiency, cogeneration, and renewables. Specifically, it proposes that all new power investments be located on existing heat loads to facilitate cogeneration. COGEN Europe believes this integrated approach focusing on efficiency and decentralization will provide Europe with the cheapest and most sustainable energy system.
ECI position on the revision of the Energy Efficiency Directivefernando nuño
The European Copper Institute (ECI) supports the EU’s climate ambitions for 2030 and
2050 and welcomes the proposed recast of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). Copper is
a key material for energy efficiency in all sectors and contributes significantly to the clean energy
transition as a sustainable raw material that is essential to decarbonise the economy.
The EED recast proposal goes in the right direction in many areas. We welcome the
mainstreaming of the Energy Efficiency First principle and the strengthening of the
exemplary role of public buildings in driving renovation. The revised provisions on energy
audits and energy management systems are also useful to help small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) catch up on energy efficiency measures, although we believe that mandatory
certification can be a barrier to the adoption of energy management systems by SMEs.
However, more needs to be done to facilitate the exploitation of the significant potential for
utilising waste heat from industrial processes under the EED. It is welcome that under the
revised article 23, Member States are mandated to take measures for district heating and cooling
infrastructure to be developed where benefits exceed costs.
However, in many cases it will not be possible to direct industrial excess heat to district heating
networks, and in such cases, the conversion of waste heat into electricity for own
consumption should be explicitly included under EED Article 23 as an energy savings
measure to be considered by Member States in the cost-benefit analyses underlying their
comprehensive heating and cooling assessments, and under Article 24 when assessing the
utilisation of waste heat on-site and off-site when large industrial installations are newly planned
or refurbished.
Finally, it is important to acknowledge that increasing energy efficiency will sometimes have an
impact on the realisation of other environmental objectives, such as environmental protection,
resource efficiency or decarbonisation. In some cases, decarbonisation measures such as
switching to low carbon energy sources or increasing energy system flexibility may reduce energy
efficiency, while the implementation of higher environmental protection standards can increase
energy demand. Policymakers should be mindful of such trade-offs and take care to avoid setting
conflicting targets.
eni_Rossi Gianmarco - Energy Management System for the Optimization of the Up...Gianmarco Rossi
The document discusses developing an energy efficiency monitoring system for upstream oil and gas plants. It involves creating an energy system model using production data to estimate energy requirements and key performance indicators. Scenarios are developed like "business as usual" and "clean but not sparkling" to examine different strategies' impacts on energy intensity and emissions. The model shows potential savings from initiatives like compressor optimization, thermal energy recovery, and on-site electricity generation. Overall the analysis aims to finalize an innovative monitoring and optimization system to help achieve sustainability targets and reduce energy use.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Energy Conservation Act 2001 in India. It establishes the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to promote energy efficiency. The act focuses on reducing demand-supply gaps, emissions, and increasing energy savings through standards and labeling of appliances, energy audits of buildings and industries, and certification of energy managers. It aims to develop a professional workforce in the area of energy efficiency and conservation.
1) The document analyzes the Eco-Design Directive (EuP) from the European Union, which aims to reduce the environmental impact of energy-using products through requirements for increased energy efficiency and reduced negative environmental impacts.
2) It focuses on the first implementing measure for standby and off mode, which sets maximum power consumption limits for applicable products in standby and off modes to reduce unnecessary energy use.
3) It provides details on the products covered, compliance process, and services available from Intertek to help companies ensure their products meet the requirements and can be legally CE marked.
These are the supporting materials used by the different speakers of the H2020 WHY project opening session. This evento was held on September 10, 2020.
White certificates: the shift towards industry presented at ECEEE summer stud...Dario Di Santo
The Italian white certificates scheme (WhC) has been in place for nine years and a lot of experience has been gathered. More than this, it has become an effective mechanism, mostly based on measured energy savings, to promote and implement energy efficiency in industry.
The scheme is based on an energy efficiency obligation, imposed on electricity and gas distributors, and on a tradable market for certificates, thus acting as an incentive for medium and large end-users and energy service companies (the voluntary parties).
The WhC targets started from 0.2 Mtoe/year in 2005 and shall reach 7.6 Mtoe/year in 2016, covering more than 60% of the national target set by the 2006/32/EC directive. After the first phase dominated by deemed saving projects - in particular CFL lamps and other civil sector applications - "progetti a consuntivo" (a.k.a. monitoring plans) in the industrial sector have started to rise under the effect of the "tau" coefficient, the multiplier introduced in 2011 that adds to the yearly additional savings the discounted future savings for technologies with a lifespan of more than 5 years (WhCs are usually released for a lifetime of 5 years).
The result has been dramatic: in 2013 around 95% of the certificates due to new projects has been related to energy efficiency in the industrial sector. An interesting point is that all this projects are monitored and savings are effectively measured through on-site metering.
The proposed paper shows in detail this transformation and how a WhC scheme has been able to become effective for industrial energy efficiency projects. The paper is based on an extensive research carried on from FIRE on monitoring plans, showing what kind of interventions have been implemented, how they performed compared to the expected savings, and what kind of advice can be given to other countries that are considering the introduction of an energy efficiency obligation (EEO) scheme according to the 2012/27/EU directive.
The Smart Readiness Indicator: A potential, forward-looking EPC complement?Leonardo ENERGY
In buildings significant untapped cost-effective energy saving potentials remain. Therefore, the building sector is at the heart of many policies and strategies aiming to increase the efficient use of energy, to further promote renewable energy use. A major concern is, that strategies and resulting measures do not yield the expected savings. It is well-known that too often energy efficiency renovations fail to achieve predicted savings in practice and also very low energy buildings seem to be vulnerable to have higher real than calculated consumption. This gap becomes obvious in a world where both asset based (i.e. calculated) energy performance certificates (EPC) and consumption based EPC are allowed.
The major question that we want to address in this discussion paper is, to what extent the just updated energy performance of buildings legislation (EPBD) and specifically the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI), which is under development, may have on reducing that gap and what secondary benefits this may have. This comes with a closer look at the complementary function the SRI may have in relation to EPC.
The European Copper Institute supports the European Commission's Green Paper on sustainable energy. In a lengthy document, it provides feedback on key areas addressed in the Green Paper, including:
1) Ensuring competitiveness in the internal energy market through measures like accelerating infrastructure approval, unbundling producers from network operators, and establishing a European Energy Regulator.
2) Promoting diversification of energy supplies by prioritizing technologies based on economic and environmental factors.
3) Addressing climate change by using ambitious targets to lead change rather than enforce commitments, and promoting electric vehicles and smart grids.
4) Ensuring Europe remains a leader in energy technologies by deploying advanced existing technologies and creating prizes
The scope for energy savings from energy managementLeonardo ENERGY
Energy management is a structured process through which organisations seek to optimise their energy use and whose definition and practice is codified through standards such as EN ISO 50001. It is an essential tool to deliver systemic level savings in how energy using capital is chosen and deployed but also, and importantly, with respect to how that capital is actually operated and managed. Despite its importance to overcome some of the more intractable barriers to energy efficiency it has received relatively modest attention within EU policy portfolios.
The sEEnergies project aims to operationalize the energy efficiency first principle (EEFP) both qualitatively and quantitatively. It will develop a decision support tool combining sector-specific energy demand models to analyze EE potentials from an energy systems perspective. Bottom-up models of buildings, transport, industry and grids will provide cost curves and potentials for EE measures. Scenarios from the EU's "A Clean Planet for All" will be used as common references. Energy system modelling will assess EEFP impacts and enable scenarios assessing synergies. A spatial model will map supply and demand and efficiency potentials. Heat Roadmap Europe provides recommendations including prioritizing savings over supply, utilizing excess heat and renewable energy in district heating, and establishing
Wind Power Regulatory Framework Survey 2016Stavros Thomas
In the first semester of 2016 a survey was conducted to holistically evaluate the effectiveness of the existing wind power regulatory framework and the related supporting mechanisms performance. The investigation included respondents from around the world spanning a broad range of stakeholders, wind power professionals, insurance providers and policy makers.
The survey conducted to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the existing regulatory framework for the wind energy (particularly offshore) and provide an indicative picture of the pragmatic needs and improvements in the path to a more sustainable energy system and democratic control over renewable energy.
Cost effectiveness of cohesion policy investments in energy efficiencyMARIE Project
This document summarizes a report by the European Court of Auditors on the cost-effectiveness of Cohesion Policy investments in energy efficiency. The Court assessed whether such investments were cost-effective in three EU countries. It found that the programming and financing of the investments did not enable cost-effective projects because needs assessments were inadequate, cost-effectiveness was not a key factor, and monitoring indicators were inappropriate. It also found that energy efficiency projects in public buildings were not cost-effective, as their main objective was refurbishment rather than energy savings, energy audits were sometimes lacking, and the investments had an average payback period of around 50 years, which is too long.
In today’s commercial buildings, installing an effective
WAGES (water, air, gas, electricity, steam) metering
system can be a source of substantial energy and cost
savings. This white paper examines WAGES metering
as the essential first step toward a comprehensive
energy management strategy. Best practices for
selecting meters, and identifying metering points are
described. In addition, metrics for measuring gains in
energy efficiency are explained.
The document discusses the development of a career path framework for the foundry industry in South Africa. It provides background on the foundry industry and outlines current training concerns. It also discusses the effects of changes in government approaches to training and the role of Sector Education and Training Authorities. The document then describes the rapid appraisal of local innovation systems model that was used to develop a training initiative consisting of a career path framework. The framework involved redesigning qualifications and standards, developing occupational profiles, and creating curriculum.
The document discusses energy efficiency opportunities in foundries. It provides statistics on the number of foundries in South Africa and compares South Africa's per capita electricity consumption to other countries. Key areas to improve energy efficiency in foundry melting processes are identified, such as optimizing scrap selection and charging, utilizing batch melting, improving furnace covers, and reducing holding times. Specific opportunities like vibrating charging systems, continuous charging, and preheating scrap are outlined. The goal is to maximize melting efficiency while minimizing energy consumption.
The document discusses wear resistant cast materials for equipment used in mining operations. It describes the typical processes of mining which include drilling, blasting, and comminution. Comminution involves various types of grinding equipment such as crushers, SAG/AG mills, ball mills, and vertimills. Different materials are suited for withstanding the specific wear conditions in each type of equipment. Austenitic manganese steels are recommended for crushers due to their toughness, while chromium-molybdenum low alloy steels provide hardness and resistance to abrasion in SAG/AG mills. High chromium white iron is very wear resistant and suitable for ball mills and vertimills.
This document summarizes a presentation on improving energy efficiency in foundries. It discusses the South African foundry industry and provides definitions related to energy efficiency. It then analyzes where foundries use the most energy, such as in melting, and provides opportunities to improve efficiency in each stage, such as optimizing scrap selection and charging practices, improving furnace technology, and maintaining equipment. The conclusion emphasizes that continuous, small improvements can achieve energy savings rather than any single technological solution.
The document discusses DISA, a leading supplier of complete foundry solutions. It provides an overview of DISA and its parent company Norican Group, including their history, global presence, and product offerings. Specifically, it summarizes DISA's vertical moulding machine, the DISAMATIC 030, which is suited for casting weights up to 40kg and capacities up to 15,000 tons per year. Key features and specifications of the DISAMATIC 030 and its automation options are highlighted. The document also emphasizes DISA's global service network and their goal of maximizing customer uptime and quality.
The document outlines an agenda discussing energy balances for melting iron and induction melting systems. It includes:
1) Energy balances comparing the enthalpy required to melt 1 ton of iron at 1,500°C and the specific CO2 emissions for melting 1 ton of iron using different furnace types.
2) A comparison of the latest induction furnace (MF) and electric arc furnace (LF) technologies from ABP in terms of energy consumption, power density, melt rates, flexibility, and maintenance requirements.
3) An overview of the components that make up a modern medium frequency induction furnace system, including the furnace body, electrical systems, control systems, and auxiliary equipment.
The document summarizes 7 features of the changing manufacturing landscape:
1. Manufacturing will transition from a production focus to research, services, and management. Production will decrease while other functions increase.
2. Supply chains will become more integrated solutions. Companies will shift from selling products to selling programs, platforms, and services.
3. Digital and intelligent technologies will symbolize 21st century manufacturing.
4. Speed will determine competitiveness as sales and revenue growth doubles every 3-5 years.
5. Advanced green technologies and continuous innovation will drive manufacturing.
6. Products will focus more on high-end, unique brands to guide consumption.
7. Cooperation and sharing
The document provides an overview of the Indian foundry industry according to a report by the President of the Institute of Indian Foundrymen. It summarizes key statistics on the industry such as its size, major production clusters, growth rates, export trends, and consumption by major sectors. It also outlines the institute's vision for further growth of the industry through 2020 and initiatives being taken by the government and private sector to promote investment and address constraints faced by the foundry industry.
The document summarizes the South African foundry industry. It provides an overview of the industry structure in South Africa, noting that most foundries are located in Gauteng province and produce ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It also discusses the National Foundry Technology Network (NFTN), an industry association aimed at developing skills training, technology transfer, and innovation to improve the competitiveness of South African foundries. The NFTN focuses on both improving individual foundries and having an impact on the industry as a whole through activities in areas like human capital development, environmental management, and competitive benchmarking.
The document summarizes trends in the Brazilian foundry industry. It notes that Brazil has a large population and economy and is the 7th largest producer of cast metals worldwide. The foundry industry employs over 67,000 people and had exports of $13.3 billion in 2011, primarily to Argentina, the US, and China. However, the industry needs $3.75 billion in investments by 2016 to expand production capacity and meet growing domestic demand, especially from infrastructure projects and the automobile industry. The foundry industry remains an important part of Brazil's industrial base.
This document discusses moving towards more sustainable practices for foundry waste in South Africa. It notes that spent foundry sand is currently classified as hazardous waste, which creates high disposal costs for foundries. However, recent testing of spent sand from four foundries found it should be classified as inert waste instead. The document advocates influencing regulations, drawing on international examples of reusing spent sand in road construction and cement production, and developing alternative reuse options and a shared testing facility in South Africa. Progress has been made since 2009 but more work is needed across government, industry and research to address this issue.
- Edward G Acheson produced silicon carbide in 1891 while experimenting to create a hard material by passing an electric current through a mixture of clay and coke. He recognized its abrasive properties, patented it, and formed The Carborundum Company.
- Silicon carbide is produced in furnaces and has properties of hardness, heat resistance, electrical conductivity, and strength at high temperatures. It can be used to replace ferroalloys in iron and steel production.
- Using silicon carbide provides benefits over ferroalloys like more efficient graphite formation, lower impurities, and reduced production costs.
The document discusses various aspects of welding aluminium castings, including:
1) It describes different casting designations systems used internationally and identifies alloys that are typically weldable, such as EN 44100 and EN 42000 alloys.
2) Factors that influence weldability are discussed, including the effects of casting processes and alloying element concentrations such as copper and silicon.
3) Common alloys used in castings for South Africa are identified, and comparable designations between international standards are provided.
The document summarizes energy usage data collected from 38 permanent mould foundries in South Africa. Key findings include:
- Total energy usage of 447,453 GJ at a cost of R51.7 million
- Average energy costs account for 5.46% of foundry sales
- Reject rates vary significantly by casting process, with gravity casting having the lowest median reject rate of 8%
- Significant opportunities exist to reduce energy usage and costs through improved insulation, reducing rejects, capturing waste heat, and minimizing metal and dross losses.
The document provides an impact report for the National Foundry Technology Network (NFTN) for the 2010/11 period. It summarizes the NFTN's achievements and future plans across five result areas:
1) Training - Developing foundry qualifications and training 106 foundry workers. Future plans include expanding training centers.
2) Competitiveness Improvements - Benchmarking 113 foundries and providing technical support to 27 foundries. Future plans include continued benchmarking and support.
3) SME Development - Mentoring 6 emerging foundries, increasing productivity by 40% and creating 10 jobs. Future plans include mentoring 3 more foundries.
4) Innovation & Technology Transfer
The document summarizes South Africa's Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity 2010, which provides a plan to address the country's electricity supply shortage through both increasing supply and reducing demand. The plan includes continuing Eskom's power station construction, implementing renewable energy programs, and emphasizing demand side management and energy efficiency to reduce electricity usage.
This document provides an overview of proposed new electricity tariffs for July 2011. It notes that the tariff format was recently changed following discussions with the energy regulator and the tariffs have not yet been approved by Council. It then provides background on meter reading paths and revenue segments. Graphs show purchasing trends for electricity from 2007-2010 and percentage increases in costs. Further graphs and tables compare the proposed 2011/12 tariffs to previous rates and analyze impacts on customers based on load factors. The presentation emphasizes that demand will no longer be measured in off-peak periods and cautions against overstating capacity on certain tariffs. It also notes the unsustainability of continued very high annual increases in sales and purchases.
The document discusses improving energy efficiency and recycling in foundries through an SA-German project called EffSAFound. It describes the project partners, objectives to reduce energy consumption and increase recycling in South African foundries. Specific techniques discussed include optimizing casting design to reduce metal usage, improving furnace efficiency, capturing waste heat, and minimizing air pollution.
More from National Foundry Technology Network (NFTN) (20)
1. EUROPEAN COMMISSION
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JRC
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
Competitiveness and Sustainability Unit
European IPPC Bureau
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for
Energy Efficiency
June 2008
Edificio EXPO, c/ Inca Garcilaso s/n, E-41092 Sevilla – Spain
Telephone: direct line (+34-95) 4488-284, switchboard 4488-318. Fax: 4488-426.
Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.es; Email: jrc-ipts-eippcb@ec.europa.eu
2.
3. Chapter 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This BAT (Best Available Techniques) Reference Document (BREF) reflects an information
exchange on best available techniques, associated monitoring and developments in them, carried
out under Article 17(2) of Directive 2008/1/EC (IPPC Directive). This executive summary
describes the main findings, and provides a summary of the principal BAT conclusions. It
should be read in conjunction with the preface, which explains this document’s objectives; how
it is intended to be used and legal terms. It can be read and understood as a standalone document
but, as a summary, it does not present all the complexities of this full document. It is therefore
not intended as a substitute for this full document as a tool in BAT decision making.
Energy efficiency (ENE)
Energy is a priority issue within the European Union (EU), for three related reasons:
• climate change: the burning of fossil fuels to release energy is the major anthropogenic
source of greenhouse gases
• the continuing large scale use of irreplaceable fossil fuels, and the need to achieve
sustainability
• security of supply: the EU imports over 50 % of its energy fuel supplies, and this is
expected to rise to more than 70 % in the next 20 to 30 years.
There are therefore many important high level policy statements addressing these issues, such
as:
'We intend jointly to lead the way in energy policy and climate protection and make our
contribution to averting the global threat of climate change.' Berlin Declaration (Council of
Ministers, 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, Berlin, 25 March 2007).
Increased efficiency in the use of energy is the quickest, most effective and most cost-effective
way to tackle these issues. There are legal instruments and other tools for implementing energy
efficiency and this document has been prepared taking account of these other initiatives.
Mandate of the work
This document was specifically mandated by a special request from the Commission
Communication on the implementation of the European Climate Change Programme (COM
(2001)580 final) ECCP concerning energy efficiency in industrial installations. The ECCP
asked that effective implementation of the energy efficiency provisions of the IPPC Directive
are promoted and that a special horizontal BREF (BAT reference document) addressing generic
energy efficiency techniques should be prepared.
Scope of this document
The IPPC Directive requires that all installations are operated in such a way that energy is used
efficiently, and one of the issues to be taken into account in determining BAT for a process is its
energy efficiency. For activities prescribed in the Emissions Trading Scheme Directive (Council
Directive 2003/87/EC), Member States may choose not to impose requirements relating to
energy efficiency in respect of combustion units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the
site. However, in such cases, energy efficiency requirements still apply to all other associated
activities on the site.
PT/EIPPCB/ENE_BREF_FINAL June 2008 i
4. This document therefore contains guidance and conclusions on techniques for energy efficiency
that are considered to be compatible with BAT in a generic sense for all installations covered by
the IPPC Directive. This document also gives references to BREFs where particular techniques
for energy efficiency have already been discussed in detail, and can be applied to other sectors.
In particular:
• the LCP BREF discusses energy efficiency relating to combustion and points out that
these techniques may be applied to combustion plants with a capacity below 50 MW
• the ICS BREF discusses industrial cooling systems.
This document does not:
• include information specific to processes and activities in sectors covered by other
BREFs
• derive sector-specific BAT.
However, a summary of sector-specific BAT for energy efficiency from other BREFs can be
found for information in the EIPPCB workspace [283, EIPPCB].
This document was prepared in response to the request to promote the energy efficiency
provisions of the IPPC Directive. It takes the efficient use of energy as the first priority, and
therefore does not discuss renewable or sustainable energy resources, which are addressed
elsewhere. However, it is important to note that the use of sustainable energy sources and/or
'wasted' or surplus heat may be more sustainable than using primary fuels, even if the energy
efficiency in use is lower.
Structure and contents of this document
Energy efficiency is a horizontal issue in IPPC permitting, and as noted in the BREF outline and
guide, this document does not completely follow the normal structure. In particular, because of
the wide diversity of industries and activities addressed, there is no section dealing with
consumptions and emissions. There are some guideline values for potential energy savings
given for some techniques to consider for BAT, and a large number of examples are included in
the annexes, to help users identify the most effective techniques to achieve energy efficiency in
a specific situation.
Chapter 1 gives some background information on industrial energy consumption and energy
efficiency issues in IPPC. It then gives a non-expert introduction to key issues such as:
economics and cross-media issues, terms used in energy efficiency (such as energy, heat, work,
power) and the important laws of thermodynamics: in particular, the first law states that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed (it is transformed from one form to another): this means
that energy can be accounted for in a process or installation, enabling efficiencies to be
calculated. The second law shows that no energy transformation can result in 100 % useful
work, and there are always some losses as low grade heat or energy; therefore, no process or
machine can be 100 % efficient. The chapter then discusses energy efficiency indicators, the
importance and problems of defining the energy efficiency and the boundaries of the systems
and units they relate to. The chapter also demonstrates the need to optimise energy efficiency
for systems and installations, and not at a component level.
Chapter 2 considers techniques to achieve ENE that can be applied at an installation level. It
starts with discussing energy efficiency management systems (ENEMS), then discusses
techniques which support the implementation of an ENEMS. These include: the importance of
planning actions and investments in an integrated way to continuously minimise the
environmental impact of an installation, the consideration of the installation and its systems as a
whole, using energy efficiency design and selecting energy efficient process technologies for
new and upgraded installations, increasing ENE by increasing process integration, and
refreshing the ENEMS periodically. Other techniques supporting the ENEMS are maintaining
sufficient staff expertise, communication of ENE issues, effective process control and
ii June 2008 PT/EIPPCB/ENE_BREF_FINAL
5. Chapter 1
maintenance, monitoring and measuring energy usage, energy auditing, analytical tools such as
pinch, exergy and enthalpy analyses and thermoeconomics, and monitoring and benchmarking
ENE levels for installations and processes.
Chapter 3 considers techniques for energy efficiency in systems, processes and equipment using
energy such as: combustion, steam, heat recovery, cogeneration, electrical power supplies,
electric motor-driven subsystems, pumping systems, heating, air conditioning and ventilation,
lighting, and drying and separation. When combustion is an important part of an IPPC process
(such as melting furnaces), the techniques used are discussed in the appropriate vertical BREFs.
Best available techniques
The BAT chapter (Chapter 4) identifies those techniques considered to be BAT at a European
level, based on the information in Chapters 2 and 3. The following text is a summary of this
BAT chapter, and the full chapter remains the definitive text for BAT conclusions.
No associated energy savings or efficiency values could be derived and/or agreed for this
horizontal document. Process-specific BAT for energy efficiency and associated energy
consumption levels are given in the appropriate sector-specific (vertical) BREFs. BAT for a
specific installation is therefore a combination of the specific BAT in the relevant sector
BREFs, specific BAT for associated activities that may be found in other vertical BREFs (such
as the LCP BREF for combustion and steam), and the generic BAT presented in this document.
The purpose of the IPPC Directive is to achieve integrated prevention and control of pollution,
leading to a high level of protection of the environment as a whole, including the energy
efficiency and the prudent use of natural resources. The IPPC Directive provides for a
permitting system for specified industrial installations, requiring both operators and regulators
to take an integrated, overall view of the potential of an installation to consume and pollute. The
overall aim of such an integrated approach must be to improve the design and construction,
management and control of industrial processes so as to ensure a high level of protection for the
environment as a whole. Central to this approach is the general principle given in Article 3 that
operators should take all appropriate preventative measures against pollution, in particular
through the application of 'best available techniques', enabling them to improve their
environmental performance including energy efficiency.
Annex IV of the IPPC Directive contains a list of 'considerations to be taken into account
generally or in specific cases when determining best available techniques bearing in mind the
likely costs and benefits of a measure and the principles of precaution and prevention'. These
considerations include the information published by the Commission to comply with Article
17(2) (BAT reference documents, or BREFs).
Competent authorities responsible for issuing permits are required to take account of the general
principles set out in Article 3 when determining the conditions of the permit. These conditions
must include emission limit values, supplemented or replaced, where appropriate, by equivalent
parameters or technical measures. According to Article 9(4) of the Directive:
(without prejudice to Article 10 on best available techniques and environmental quality
standards, compliance with environmental quality standards), the emission limit values,
equivalent parameters and technical measures shall be based on the best available techniques,
without prescribing the use of any technique or specific technology, but taking into account the
technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographical location and the local
environmental conditions. In all circumstances, the conditions of the permit shall include
provisions on the minimisation of long-distance or transboundary pollution and must ensure a
high level of protection for the environment as a whole.
Member States have the obligation, according to Article 11 of the Directive, to ensure that
competent authorities follow or are informed of developments in best available techniques.
PT/EIPPCB/ENE_BREF_FINAL June 2008 iii
6. The information provided in this document is intended to be used as an input to the
determination of BAT for energy efficiency in specific cases. When determining BAT and
setting BAT-based permit conditions, account should always be taken of the overall goal to
achieve a high level of protection for the environment as a whole including energy efficiency.
The BAT chapter (Chapter 4) presents the techniques that are considered to be compatible with
BAT in a general sense. The purpose is to provide general indications about energy efficiency
techniques that can be considered as an appropriate reference point to assist in the determination
of BAT-based permit conditions or for the establishment of general binding rules under Article
9(8). It should be stressed, however, that this document does not propose energy efficiency
values for permits. It is foreseen that new installations can be designed to perform at or even
better than the general BAT levels presented here. It is also considered that existing installations
could move towards the general BAT levels or do better, subject to the technical and economic
applicability of the techniques in each case. In the case of existing installations, the economic
and technical viability of upgrading them also needs to be taken into account.
The techniques presented in this BAT chapter will not necessarily be appropriate for all
installations. On the other hand, the obligation to ensure a high level of environmental
protection including the minimisation of long-distance or transboundary pollution implies that
permit conditions cannot be set on the basis of purely local considerations. It is therefore of the
utmost importance that the information contained in this document is fully taken into account by
permitting authorities.
It is important to bear in mind the importance of energy efficiency. However, 'even the single
objective of ensuring a high level of protection for the environment as a whole will often involve
making trade-off judgements between different types of environmental impact, and these
judgements will often be influenced by local considerations'. As a consequence:
• it may not be possible to maximise the energy efficiencies of all activities and/or systems
in the installation at the same time
• it may not be possible to both maximise the total energy efficiency and minimise other
consumptions and emissions (e.g. it may not be possible to reduce emissions such as
those to air without using energy)
• the energy efficiency of one or more systems may be de-optimised to achieve the overall
maximum efficiency for an installation
• it is necessary to keep the balance between maximising energy efficiency and other
factors, such as product quality, the stability of the process, etc.
• the use of sustainable energy sources and/or 'wasted' or surplus heat may be more
sustainable than using primary fuels, even if the energy efficiency in use is lower.
Energy efficiency techniques are therefore proposed as 'optimising energy efficiency'
The horizontal approach to energy efficiency in all IPPC sectors is based on the premise that
energy is used in all installations, and that common systems and equipment occur in many IPPC
sectors. Generic options for energy efficiency can therefore be identified independently of a
specific activity. On this basis, BAT can be derived that embrace the most effective measures to
achieve a high level of energy efficiency as a whole. Because this is a horizontal BREF, BAT
need to be determined more broadly than for a vertical BREF, such as considering the
interaction of processes, units and systems within a site.
Process-specific BAT for energy efficiency and associated energy consumption levels are given
in the appropriate ‘vertical’ sector BREFs. As the first series of the BREFs has been completed,
these have been broadly summarised in [283, EIPPCB].
Neither the BAT Chapter (Chapter Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.),
nor Chapters 2 and 3 give exhaustive lists of techniques which may be considered, and therefore
other techniques may exist or may be developed which may be equally valid within the
framework of IPPC and BAT.
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7. Chapter 1
The implementation of BAT in new or significantly upgraded plants or processes is not usually
a problem. In most cases, it makes economic sense to optimise energy efficiency. Within an
existing installation, the implementation of BAT is not generally so easy, because of the
existing infrastructure and local circumstances: the economic and technical viability of
upgrading these installations needs to be taken into account. In Chapters 2 and 3, the
applicability of the techniques is considered, and this is summarised for each BAT in Chapter 4.
Nevertheless, this document does not generally distinguish between new and existing
installations. Such a distinction would not encourage the operators of industrial sites to move
towards adopting BAT. There is generally a payback associated with energy efficiency
measures and due to the high importance attached to energy efficiency, many policy
implementation measures, including financial incentives, are available. Some of these are
referred to in the annexes.
Some techniques are very desirable, and often implemented, but may require the availability and
cooperation of a third party (e.g. cogeneration), which is not considered in the IPPC Directive. It
should be noted that the cooperation and agreement of third parties may not be within the
control of an operator, and therefore may not be within the scope of an IPPC permit.
General BAT for achieving energy efficiency at an installation level
A key element to deliver energy efficiency at an installation level is a formal management
approach. The other BAT applied at a site level support the management of energy efficiency,
and give more detail of techniques needed to achieve this. These techniques are applicable to all
installations. The scope (e.g. level of detail, frequency of optimisation, systems to be considered
at any one time) and techniques used depend on the scale and complexity of the installation, and
the energy requirements of the component systems.
Energy efficiency management
• BAT is to implement and adhere to an energy efficiency management system (ENEMS)
that incorporates, as appropriate to the local circumstances, the following features:
◦ commitment of top management
◦ definition of an energy efficiency policy for the installation by top management
◦ planning and establishing objectives and targets
◦ implementation and operation of procedures paying particular attention to:
▪ staff structure and responsibilities; training, awareness and competence;
communication; employee involvement; documentation; efficient control of
processes; maintenance programmes; emergency preparedness and response;
safeguarding compliance with energy efficiency related legislation and
agreements (where such agreements exist)
◦ benchmarking
◦ checking performance and taking corrective action paying particular attention to:
▪ monitoring and measurement; corrective and preventive action; maintenance
of records; independent (where practicable) internal auditing to determine
whether or not the ENEMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been
properly implemented and maintained
◦ review of the ENEMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by
top management
◦ when designing a new unit, taking into account the environmental impact from the
eventual decommissioning
◦ development of energy efficient technologies and to follow developments in energy
efficiency techniques.
PT/EIPPCB/ENE_BREF_FINAL June 2008 v
8. An ENEMS may optionally include the following steps:
• preparation and publication (with or without external validation) of a regular energy
efficiency statement, allowing for year-by-year comparison against objectives and targets
• having the management system and audit procedure examined and validated externally
• implementation and adherence to a nationally or internationally accepted voluntary
management system for energy efficiency.
Continuous environmental improvement
• BAT is to continuously minimise the environmental impact of an installation by planning
actions and investments on an integrated basis and for the short, medium and long term,
considering the cost benefits and cross-media effects.
This is applicable to all installations. 'Continuously' means the actions are repeated over time,
i.e. all planning and investment decisions should consider the overall long term aim to reduce
the environmental impacts of the operation. Improvement may be step-wise, and not linear, and
needs to take account of the cross-media effects, such as increased energy usage to reduce air
pollutants. Environmental impacts can never be reduced to zero, and there will be times when
there is little or no cost-benefit to further actions. However, over time, the viability may also
change.
Identification of energy efficiency aspects of an installation and opportunities for energy
saving
• BAT is to identify the aspects of an installation that influence energy efficiency by
carrying out an audit. It is important that an audit is coherent with a systems approach.
This is applicable to all existing installations and prior to planning upgrades or rebuilds. An
audit may be external or internal.
• When carrying out an audit, BAT is to ensure that an audit identifies the following
aspects:
◦ energy use and type in the installation and its component systems and processes
◦ energy-using equipment, and the type and quantity of energy used in the
installation
◦ possibilities to minimise energy use, such as:
▪ controlling/reducing operating times, e.g. switching off when not in use
▪ ensuring insulation is optimised
▪ optimising utilities, associated systems and processes (see BAT for energy-
using systems)
◦ possibilities to use alternative sources or use of energy that is more efficient, in
particular energy surplus from other processes and/or systems
◦ possibilities to apply energy surplus to other processes and/or systems
◦ possibilities to upgrade heat quality.
• BAT is to use appropriate tools or methodologies to assist with identifying and
quantifying energy optimisation, such as:
◦ energy models, databases and balances
◦ a technique such as pinch methodology, exergy or enthalpy analysis or
thermoeconomics
◦ estimates and calculations.
The choice of the appropriate tools depends on the sector and complexity of the site, and is
discussed in the relevant sections.
• BAT is to identify opportunities to optimise energy recovery within the installation,
between systems within the installation and/or with a third party (or parties).
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9. Chapter 1
This BAT depends on the existence of a suitable use for the surplus heat of the type and
quantity that may be recovered.
A systems approach to energy management
• BAT is to optimise energy efficiency by taking a systems approach to energy
management in the installation. Systems to be considered for optimising as a whole are,
for example:
◦ process units (see sector BREFs)
◦ heating systems such as:
▪ steam
▪ hot water
◦ cooling and vacuum (see the ICS BREF)
◦ motor driven systems such as:
▪ compressed air
▪ pumping
◦ lighting
◦ drying, separation and concentration.
Establishing and reviewing energy efficiency objectives and indicators
• BAT is to establish energy efficiency indicators by carrying out all of the following:
◦ identifying suitable energy efficiency indicators for the installation, and where
necessary, individual processes, systems and/or units, and measure their change
over time or after the implementation of energy efficiency measures
◦ identifying and recording appropriate boundaries associated with the indicators
◦ identifying and recording factors that can cause variation in the energy efficiency
of the relevant processes, systems and/or units.
Secondary or final energies are usually used for monitoring ongoing situations. In some cases,
more than one secondary or final energy indicator may be used for each process (e.g. both steam
and electricity). When deciding on the use (or change) in energy vectors and utilities, the
indicator may also be the secondary or final energy. However, other indicators such as primary
energy or carbon balance may be used to take account of the efficiency of production of any
secondary energy vector and its cross-media effects, depending on local circumstances.
Benchmarking
• BAT is to carry out systematic and regular comparisons with sector, national or regional
benchmarks, where validated data are available.
The period between benchmarking is sector-specific and is usually several years, as benchmark
data rarely change rapidly or significantly in a short time period.
Energy efficient design (EED)
• BAT is to optimise energy efficiency when planning a new installation, unit or system or
a significant upgrade by considering all of the following:
◦ energy efficient design (EED) should be initiated at the early stages of the
conceptual design/basic design phase, even though the planned investments may
not be well-defined, and should be taken into account in the tendering process
◦ the development and/or selection of energy efficient technologies
◦ additional data collection may need to be carried out as part of the design project or
separately to supplement the existing data or fill gaps in knowledge
◦ the EED work should be carried out by an energy expert
◦ the initial mapping of energy consumption should also address which parties in the
project organisations influence the future energy consumption and optimise the
EED of the future plant with them. For example, the staff in the existing
installation who may be responsible for specifying operational parameters.
PT/EIPPCB/ENE_BREF_FINAL June 2008 vii
10. Where relevant in-house expertise on energy efficiency is not available (e.g. non-energy
intensive industries), external ENE expertise should be sought.
Increased process integration
• BAT is to seek to optimise the use of energy between more than one process or system
within the installation or with a third party.
Maintaining the impetus of energy efficiency initiatives
• BAT is to maintain the impetus of the energy efficiency programme by using a variety of
techniques, such as:
◦ implementing a specific energy management system
◦ accounting for energy based on real (metered) values, which places the obligation
and credit for energy efficiency on the user/bill payer
◦ the creation of financial profit centres for energy efficiency
◦ benchmarking
◦ a fresh look at existing management systems
◦ using techniques to manage organisational change.
Techniques such as the first three are applied according to the data in the relevant sections.
Techniques such as the last three should be applied far enough apart for the progress of the ENE
programme to be assessed, i.e. several years.
Maintaining expertise
• BAT is to maintain expertise in energy efficiency and energy-using systems by using
techniques such as:
◦ recruitment of skilled staff and/or training of staff. Training can be delivered by in-
house staff, by external experts, by formal courses or by self-study/development
◦ taking staff off-line periodically to perform fixed term/specific investigations (in
their original installation or in others)
◦ sharing in-house resources between sites
◦ use of appropriately skilled consultants for fixed term investigations
◦ outsourcing specialist systems and/or functions.
Effective control of processes
• BAT is to ensure that the effective control of processes is implemented by techniques
such as:
◦ having systems in place to ensure that procedures are known, understood and
complied with
◦ ensuring that the key performance parameters are identified, optimised for energy
efficiency and monitored
◦ documenting or recording these parameters.
Maintenance
• BAT is to carry out maintenance at installations to optimise energy efficiency by applying
all of the following:
◦ clearly allocating responsibility for the planning and execution of maintenance
◦ establishing a structured programme for maintenance based on technical
descriptions of the equipment, norms, etc. as well as any equipment failures and
consequences. Some maintenance activities may be best scheduled for plant
shutdown periods
◦ supporting the maintenance programme by appropriate record keeping systems and
diagnostic testing
◦ identifying from routine maintenance, breakdowns and/or abnormalities, possible
losses in energy efficiency, or where energy efficiency could be improved
◦ identifying leaks, broken equipment, worn bearings, etc. that affect or control
energy usage, and rectifying them at the earliest opportunity.
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11. Chapter 1
Carrying out repairs promptly has to be balanced with maintaining the product quality and
process stability, as well as with health and safety issues.
Monitoring and measurement
• BAT is to establish and maintain documented procedures to monitor and measure, on a
regular basis, the key characteristics of operations and activities that can have a
significant impact on energy efficiency. Some suitable techniques are given in this
document.
Best available techniques for achieving energy efficiency in energy-using systems,
processes, activities or equipment
The general BAT, above, identify the importance of seeing the installation as a whole, and
assessing the needs and purposes of the various systems, their associated energies and their
interactions. They also include:
• analysing and benchmarking the system and its performance
• planning actions and investments to optimise energy efficiency considering the cost-
benefits and cross-media effects
• for new systems, optimising energy efficiency in the design of the installation, unit or
system and in the selection of processes
• for existing systems, optimising the energy efficiency of the system through its operation
and management, including regular monitoring and maintenance.
The following BAT therefore assume that these general BAT are also applied to the systems
listed below, as part of their optimisation. BAT for ENE for the commonly found associated
activities, systems and processes in IPPC installations can be summarised as:
• BAT is to optimise:
◦ combustion
◦ steam systems
by using relevant techniques such as:
▪ those specific to sectors given in vertical BREFs
▪ those given in the LCP BREF and this (ENE) document.
• BAT is to optimise the following, using techniques such as those described in this
document:
◦ compressed air systems
◦ pumping systems
◦ heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems
◦ lighting
◦ drying, concentration and separation processes. For these processes, it is also BAT
to seek opportunities to use mechanical separation in conjunction with thermal
processes.
Other BAT for systems, processes or activities are:
Heat recovery
• BAT is to maintain the efficiency of heat exchangers by both:
◦ monitoring the efficiency periodically
◦ preventing or removing fouling.
Techniques for cooling and associated BAT can be found in the ICS BREF, where the primary
BAT is to seek to use surplus heat, rather than dissipate it through cooling. Where cooling is
required, the advantages of free cooling (using ambient air) should be considered.
PT/EIPPCB/ENE_BREF_FINAL June 2008 ix
12. Cogeneration
• BAT is to seek possibilities for cogeneration, inside and/or outside the installation (with a
third party).
In many cases, public authorities (at local, regional or national level) have facilitated such
arrangements or are the third party.
Electrical power supply
• BAT is to increase the power factor according to the requirements of the local electricity
distributor by using techniques such as those described in this document, according to
applicability
• BAT is to check the power supply for harmonics and apply filters if required
• BAT is to optimise the power supply efficiency by using techniques described in this
document, according to applicability.
Electric motor driven sub-systems
Replacement by electrically efficient motors (EEMs) and variable speed drives (VSDs) is one of
the easiest measures when considering energy efficiency. However, this should be done in the
context of considering the whole system the motor sits in, otherwise there are risks of:
• losing the potential benefits of optimising the use and size of the systems, and
subsequently optimising the motor drive requirements
• losing energy if a VSD is applied in the wrong context.
• BAT is to optimise electric motors in the following order:
◦ optimise the entire system the motor(s) is part of (e.g. cooling system)
◦ then optimise the motor(s) in the system according to the newly-determined load
requirements, by applying one or more of the techniques described, according to
applicability
◦ when the energy-using systems have been optimised, then optimise the remaining
(non-optimised) motors according the techniques described and criteria such as:
i) prioritising the remaining motors running more than 2000 hrs per year for
replacement with EEMs
ii) electric motors driving a variable load operating at less than 50 % of
capacity more than 20 % of their operating time and operating for more than
2000 hours a year should be considered for equipping with variable speed
drives.
Degree of consensus
A high degree of consensus was achieved. No split view was recorded.
Research and technical development
The EC is launching and supporting, through its RTD programmes, a series of projects dealing
with clean technologies, emerging effluent treatment and recycling technologies and
management strategies. Potentially these projects could provide a useful contribution to future
BREF reviews. Readers are therefore invited to inform the EIPPCB of any research results
which are relevant to the scope of this document (see also the preface of this document).
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