Aapka Consultant provides various consultancy services at one click by following a single window system to Individuals, Firms, Entrepreneurs, Companies, Businesses and Start ups by simplifying time-consuming and cumbersome paperwork with utmost professionalism in speedy manner. Using our extensive market knowledge and expertise, we get your work done at a reasonable cost within the time limit. We had started from Jodhpur and now we have reached in New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Raipur and Jaipur. We are on the way to reach across country in next few years. As our tagline suggests, we will be ‘Humesha Aapke Saath’ for the services which we provide on our user friendly web portal mentioned below:-
BUSINESS CONSULTANT
Here we provide single window consultancy for your business through our network of experienced Chartered Accountants, Company Secretaries, Lawyers, Cost Accountants, Chartered Engineers, Insurance agents, Ex-Bankers and Financial Experts across the globe by providing a comprehensive range of services in order to save your valuable time and money which you can invest in growing your business.
CONNECT CONSULTANT
It is designed to make legal consultation simpler by arranging authentic, direct legal opinion of Hon’ble Retired Judges through a medium of mutual convenience through our online user friendly web portal. In this concept, we are striving to connect the unconnected quarters of the legal world. Our model is to connect clients to Hon’ble Retired Judges of various courts i.e. Supreme Court, High Court, Session/ District Court & Magistrate Court, as per suitability, for legal opinion.
LEGAL RECRUITMENT CONSULTANT
Here we are striving to connect the cherished minds of the legal world with various Law Firms, Multi-national Companies, Non-governmental Organizations, Advocates, Universities etc. across the globe. Our focus is on providing permanent, contract and temporary recruitment services to our candidates within the legal world.
in this presentation , explained about one person company.
it's a new concept which includes some feature of sole trading concern and some features of a company.
Forms of doing business in India – An Opportunity to achieve DreamsComplianceShip
This Power point Presentation contains the complete information regarding Form of Business available in India. it provide the details of more than 5 form of doing business in india i.e. Proprietorship, Partnership, LLP (Limited Liability Partnership), Societies, Company i.e. One Person Company, Private Limited Company, Public Limited Company
Aapka Consultant provides various consultancy services at one click by following a single window system to Individuals, Firms, Entrepreneurs, Companies, Businesses and Start ups by simplifying time-consuming and cumbersome paperwork with utmost professionalism in speedy manner. Using our extensive market knowledge and expertise, we get your work done at a reasonable cost within the time limit. We had started from Jodhpur and now we have reached in New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Raipur and Jaipur. We are on the way to reach across country in next few years. As our tagline suggests, we will be ‘Humesha Aapke Saath’ for the services which we provide on our user friendly web portal mentioned below:-
BUSINESS CONSULTANT
Here we provide single window consultancy for your business through our network of experienced Chartered Accountants, Company Secretaries, Lawyers, Cost Accountants, Chartered Engineers, Insurance agents, Ex-Bankers and Financial Experts across the globe by providing a comprehensive range of services in order to save your valuable time and money which you can invest in growing your business.
CONNECT CONSULTANT
It is designed to make legal consultation simpler by arranging authentic, direct legal opinion of Hon’ble Retired Judges through a medium of mutual convenience through our online user friendly web portal. In this concept, we are striving to connect the unconnected quarters of the legal world. Our model is to connect clients to Hon’ble Retired Judges of various courts i.e. Supreme Court, High Court, Session/ District Court & Magistrate Court, as per suitability, for legal opinion.
LEGAL RECRUITMENT CONSULTANT
Here we are striving to connect the cherished minds of the legal world with various Law Firms, Multi-national Companies, Non-governmental Organizations, Advocates, Universities etc. across the globe. Our focus is on providing permanent, contract and temporary recruitment services to our candidates within the legal world.
in this presentation , explained about one person company.
it's a new concept which includes some feature of sole trading concern and some features of a company.
Forms of doing business in India – An Opportunity to achieve DreamsComplianceShip
This Power point Presentation contains the complete information regarding Form of Business available in India. it provide the details of more than 5 form of doing business in india i.e. Proprietorship, Partnership, LLP (Limited Liability Partnership), Societies, Company i.e. One Person Company, Private Limited Company, Public Limited Company
7 Reasons to Register One Person Company in IndiaStartupwala
Complete Guide on One Person Company Registration in India, How to Register OPC helping the Starting One Man Company, Benefits of OPC Incorporation in Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai & all over India.
Taxmann's Indian Competition Law is a section-wise commentary on Competition Law. What sets this book apart is the unique combination of the study of both substantive and procedural elements of Competition Law in India.
The objective of this book is three-fold:
• Focusing on Indian Competition Law, elucidating the Indian jurisprudence and then comparing it with positions taken by European Union (EU) and the United States
• This book does not get restricted to the major provisions/broader issues of competition law but also highlights economic, technical and administrative concepts/issues that are relevant in the practical application and interpretation of competition law
• This book does not become a technical treatise but a document that a wider audience can read and understand, including lawyers, judges, academicians, lawmakers, market regulators, & entrepreneurs.
The Present Publication is the Latest Edition, authored by Adv. Gautam Shahi & Dr. Sudhanshu Kumar, amended up to 30th May 2021, with the following noteworthy features:
• [Detailed Study on Fundamental Issues] including:
o Anti-Competitive Agreements
o Abuse of Dominant Position
o Combinations (Acquisitions and Mergers)
• [Evolution of Competition Jurisprudence] in India
• [Comparitive Assessment] of major issues in Indian competition law with vis-à-vis EU, UK, and the USA
• [Exhaustive Analysis] on Rules, Regulations, Guidance issued by CCI & Case Laws decided by the CCI, COMPAT (now NCLAT), High Courts, and the Supreme Court
• [Interaction of Competition Act with other Laws] such as:
o Administrative Law
o Intellectual Property Laws
o Telecom Laws
Dr. Job Thomas
Reader in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Cochin -22, email: job_thomas@cusat.ac.in
Taxmann's MCQs and Integrated Case Studies on Corporate & Economic LawsTaxmann
MCQs & Integrated Case Studies on Corporate & Economic Laws are prepared exclusively for the Final Level of Chartered Accountancy Examination requirement. It covers the entire revised, new syllabus as per ICAI.
The Present Publication is the 6th Edition & Updated till 30th April 2021 for CA-Final | New Syllabus, with the following noteworthy features:
• Strictly as per the New Syllabus of ICAI
• [Knowledge Based & Application Based MCQs] as per the pattern applicable for the exams
• Includes the following types of MCQs in a Separate Section in Each Chapter:
◦ RTPs & MTPs
◦ Past Exam Questions
• [Most Updated & Amended] This book is updated & amended as per the following:
◦ Companies (Amendment) Act, 2020
◦ Companies (Appointment and Qualifications of Directors) 5th Amendment Rules, 2020
◦ Schedule V of the Companies Act, 2013
◦ Master Directions – External Commercial Borrowings (Updated as of 12th April 2021)
◦ Foreign Exchange Management (Export of Goods and Services) (Amendment) Regulations, 2021
◦ Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020
◦ Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2021
◦ Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Amendment) Ordinance, 2021
Also Available:
• [7th Edition] of Taxmann’s Corporate & Economic Laws (New Syllabus)
• [7th Edition] of Taxmann’s CRACKER cum Exam Guide on Corporate & Economic Laws (New Syllabus)
• Taxmann’s Combo for Textbook + Cracker + MCQs & Integrated Case Studies + Class Notes
Contents of this book are as follows:
• Appointment and Qualifications of Directors
• Meeting of the Board and its Powers
• Appointment and Remuneration of Managerial Personnel
• Inspection, Inquiry and Investigation
• Compromises, Arrangements and Amalgamations
• Prevention of Oppression & Mismanagement
• Winding Up
• Companies Incorporated Outside India
• Miscellaneous Provisions
• Adjudication and Special Courts
• NCLT and NLCAT
• Corporate Secretarial Practice
• Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 and SCR Rules, 1957 | Deleted from Syllabus
• Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 & SEBI (LODR) Regulations, 2015
• Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
• Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 (SARFESI Act, 2002) | Deleted from Syllabus
• Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
• Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010
• Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
• Integrated Case Studies
Content of the PPT:
Introduction to Joint Stock Company, it's characteristics, types of Joint Stock Company(Chartered Company, Statutory Company, Registered Company), Difference between Private Limited and Public Limited, Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Stock, Suitability of Joint Stock Company.
The word ‘Business’ means participating in activities which shall give them freedom in the way they go about doing things in an innovative manner.
Ideas may be sprouting in your mind to start with various ideas but before starting a business, you have to register your business as a separate legal entity.
Check out the different types of Business registration In India.
Does Corporate Governance really stays the same in the reality as it's been explained to students...?
Such cases really raise many questions on that note.
A Guide to Start a Private Limited Company.pdfChoksitax
Since the PVT LTD Company registration is a complex process in Ahmedabad, that’s why Choksitax is Here our team can help you in checking and ensure whether all the documents are in place or not.Our experts can help you by explaining the step-wise registration process, and guiding you in registering your Private Limited Company.Contact us for a hassle-free and smooth registration of your private limited company.
7 Reasons to Register One Person Company in IndiaStartupwala
Complete Guide on One Person Company Registration in India, How to Register OPC helping the Starting One Man Company, Benefits of OPC Incorporation in Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai & all over India.
Taxmann's Indian Competition Law is a section-wise commentary on Competition Law. What sets this book apart is the unique combination of the study of both substantive and procedural elements of Competition Law in India.
The objective of this book is three-fold:
• Focusing on Indian Competition Law, elucidating the Indian jurisprudence and then comparing it with positions taken by European Union (EU) and the United States
• This book does not get restricted to the major provisions/broader issues of competition law but also highlights economic, technical and administrative concepts/issues that are relevant in the practical application and interpretation of competition law
• This book does not become a technical treatise but a document that a wider audience can read and understand, including lawyers, judges, academicians, lawmakers, market regulators, & entrepreneurs.
The Present Publication is the Latest Edition, authored by Adv. Gautam Shahi & Dr. Sudhanshu Kumar, amended up to 30th May 2021, with the following noteworthy features:
• [Detailed Study on Fundamental Issues] including:
o Anti-Competitive Agreements
o Abuse of Dominant Position
o Combinations (Acquisitions and Mergers)
• [Evolution of Competition Jurisprudence] in India
• [Comparitive Assessment] of major issues in Indian competition law with vis-à-vis EU, UK, and the USA
• [Exhaustive Analysis] on Rules, Regulations, Guidance issued by CCI & Case Laws decided by the CCI, COMPAT (now NCLAT), High Courts, and the Supreme Court
• [Interaction of Competition Act with other Laws] such as:
o Administrative Law
o Intellectual Property Laws
o Telecom Laws
Dr. Job Thomas
Reader in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Cochin -22, email: job_thomas@cusat.ac.in
Taxmann's MCQs and Integrated Case Studies on Corporate & Economic LawsTaxmann
MCQs & Integrated Case Studies on Corporate & Economic Laws are prepared exclusively for the Final Level of Chartered Accountancy Examination requirement. It covers the entire revised, new syllabus as per ICAI.
The Present Publication is the 6th Edition & Updated till 30th April 2021 for CA-Final | New Syllabus, with the following noteworthy features:
• Strictly as per the New Syllabus of ICAI
• [Knowledge Based & Application Based MCQs] as per the pattern applicable for the exams
• Includes the following types of MCQs in a Separate Section in Each Chapter:
◦ RTPs & MTPs
◦ Past Exam Questions
• [Most Updated & Amended] This book is updated & amended as per the following:
◦ Companies (Amendment) Act, 2020
◦ Companies (Appointment and Qualifications of Directors) 5th Amendment Rules, 2020
◦ Schedule V of the Companies Act, 2013
◦ Master Directions – External Commercial Borrowings (Updated as of 12th April 2021)
◦ Foreign Exchange Management (Export of Goods and Services) (Amendment) Regulations, 2021
◦ Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020
◦ Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2021
◦ Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Amendment) Ordinance, 2021
Also Available:
• [7th Edition] of Taxmann’s Corporate & Economic Laws (New Syllabus)
• [7th Edition] of Taxmann’s CRACKER cum Exam Guide on Corporate & Economic Laws (New Syllabus)
• Taxmann’s Combo for Textbook + Cracker + MCQs & Integrated Case Studies + Class Notes
Contents of this book are as follows:
• Appointment and Qualifications of Directors
• Meeting of the Board and its Powers
• Appointment and Remuneration of Managerial Personnel
• Inspection, Inquiry and Investigation
• Compromises, Arrangements and Amalgamations
• Prevention of Oppression & Mismanagement
• Winding Up
• Companies Incorporated Outside India
• Miscellaneous Provisions
• Adjudication and Special Courts
• NCLT and NLCAT
• Corporate Secretarial Practice
• Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 and SCR Rules, 1957 | Deleted from Syllabus
• Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 & SEBI (LODR) Regulations, 2015
• Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
• Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 (SARFESI Act, 2002) | Deleted from Syllabus
• Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
• Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010
• Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
• Integrated Case Studies
Content of the PPT:
Introduction to Joint Stock Company, it's characteristics, types of Joint Stock Company(Chartered Company, Statutory Company, Registered Company), Difference between Private Limited and Public Limited, Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Stock, Suitability of Joint Stock Company.
The word ‘Business’ means participating in activities which shall give them freedom in the way they go about doing things in an innovative manner.
Ideas may be sprouting in your mind to start with various ideas but before starting a business, you have to register your business as a separate legal entity.
Check out the different types of Business registration In India.
Does Corporate Governance really stays the same in the reality as it's been explained to students...?
Such cases really raise many questions on that note.
A Guide to Start a Private Limited Company.pdfChoksitax
Since the PVT LTD Company registration is a complex process in Ahmedabad, that’s why Choksitax is Here our team can help you in checking and ensure whether all the documents are in place or not.Our experts can help you by explaining the step-wise registration process, and guiding you in registering your Private Limited Company.Contact us for a hassle-free and smooth registration of your private limited company.
A Non-Governmental Organization, better known as an NGO is essentially a non-profit organisation, that might comprise of groups, individuals or volunteers who work for a charitable cause. In essence, an NGO works for the betterment of society in various ways.
The main types of NGOs you can register as in India are, Trusts, Societies and Section 8 Companies. NGOs are also known as Sangh or Sangam, and all NGOs enjoy several tax exemptions and benefits. Read on to know more about NGO registration in India.
The Slideshow discussed Indian Companies Act 2013. It talks about Meaning of a company, kinds of companies, formation of a company, memorandum and articles of association, prospectus - contents and types, company directors and their appointment, removal, powers and duties, meetings of the board, winding up of a company.
One person company is a concept introduced in India by the Companies Act, 2013. The concept opens up new vistas of business opportunities and particularly spectacular possibilities for sole proprietorship's and entrepreneurs who can enjoy the advantages of limited liability, and the benefit of separate legal entity as well.
This Presentation Is Prepared by Akhilesh Kumar Kanik for his Class related work the subject is Industrial Organisation Management which is taught in the 2nd semester of Master of Engineering in Industrial Engineering and Management at the Department of Mechanical Engineering Ujjain Engineering College Ujjain Madhya Pradesh.
keep enjoying the learning and following this and encourage me to make more effective content for learning and knowledge sharing..
This presentation covers the entrepreneurship opportunities in Solar Energy in India. It explains form of business registrations and government agencies promoting solar energy and entrepreneurship.
A Private Limited Company is quite a proven and effective business model. It involves private ownership, with a limited number of shareholders(a maximum of 200).
Company Law: Defination , Types , Incorporation, Chages from Pvt to Public.pptxDipankar Dutta
Subject Name: Company Law
BBA 4th Sem ( Sri Dev Summan Uiversity, Uttarakhand)
Unit 1: • Introduction : Evolution of India Companies Act, 1956, Meaning and Characteristics of Company, Definition of a Company Under the Company Act, 1956, Type of Company difference a Company and Other Associations of Person. Promotion of a Company : Availability of Names, Duties and Liabilities of Promoters.
COMPANY ORGANISATION: Meaning, definition under the Indian Company’s Act-2013, characteristics, formation procedure, merits and demerits, Types of company, Concept of One Person Company, difference between public Ltd. And private Ltd. Company, subscription and commencement, detailed study of Memorandum of Association, Articles of
Association, Prospectus, statement in lieu of prospectus, brief idea about winding-up.
CO-OPERATIVE ORGANISATION: Meaning, characteristics, formation, merits and demerits, Federal Co-operative Society
PUBLIC ENTERPRISE: Meaning, characteristics, formation, merits and demerits. Role of Public Enterprise in infrastructure and social development.
NON-PROFIT ORGANISATION: Meaning, characteristics, formation, merits and demerits. Role of Non-profit organization development of society.
Identify and assess different core business structure of an organization and explain how these structure help to achieve the aims of the business.
Identify and compare different types of businesses.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Content
Business
• Business Types
• Business Size
• Business Ownership
• Business Organization
Business Organizations
For Profit Organizations
• Individual Firms
• Private Companies
• Public Companies / Joint Stock Companies
Not for profit organizations
• Government Organizations (GOs)
• Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Dr Raju Indukoori 2
3. Business
• Commercial activity for excess of income over
expenses.
• Process of making profits.
• Set of commercial activities coordinated to make
profits over a period of time.
Dr Raju Indukoori 3
4. Direct Business
A. Primary Sector: Natural sources
1. Agriculture
2. Mining
3. Forestry
B. Secondary Sector: Manufacture
1. Finished goods
2. Semi finished goods
3. Assembly units
C. Tertiary Sector: Services
1. Direct Services
2. Intermediate Services
Indirect Business
A. Trading
1.Domestic : Buy–Sell
2.Foreign : Export–Import
B. E-Commerce
1.Aggregator: Demand-Supply
2.Business to Business(B to B)
3.Business to Customer(B to C)
C. Investments
1.Holding Companies
2.Venture Capital
3.Private Equity
Dr Raju Indukoori 4
Business Types
5. Business Size
1. Local : Business limited to a town or city.
2. Regional : Branded in a state/s or region or zone
3. National : Presence across the nation (PAN).
4. International : Exports/Imports, foreign sales.
5. Multinational : Presence in all potential countries.
6. Global : Presence across the continents.
Dr Raju Indukoori 5
6. Business Ownership
1. Public Sector : Owned and controlled by Government
2. Private Sector : Owned & controlled by private people
3. Joint Sector : Combination of Private & Public Sector
4. Societies : Owned by cooperative societies
Dr Raju Indukoori 6
7. Business Organization
• An organization which has commercial activities to
make profit are know as Business entities / companies /
corporations.
• Some organizations doesn’t have commercial motives
like Development banks, government owned telecom,
railway and defense services. But they are part of
commercial activities generating money leading to
profits or losses.
Dr Raju Indukoori 7
8. A. Individual Firm
1. Sole Proprietary (SP)
2. Private Partnership (PS)
B. Private Company
1. One Person Company (OPC)
2. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
3. Private Limited Company (Pvt Ltd)
C. Public Company/Joint Stock
Company
1. Public Limited (Pub Ltd) Company
2. Listed Company (LC)
Dr Raju Indukoori 8
Types of Business Organizations
A. Government organizations
1. Indian Government
2. State Government
3. Local Governments
B. Non Governmental
Organizations (NGOs)
1. Trusts
2. Societies
3. Cooperatives
For Profit Organizations Not for Profit Organizations
10. Dr Raju Indukoori
• These are the business firms owned by individuals.
• There is no difference between the owner of the firm and business.
• Tax is part of the individuals’ income attracting personal income tax
rates and slabs.
• Types of Individual Firms
1. Sole Proprietary (SP)
2. Partnership (PS)
10
A. Individual Firms
11. Dr Raju Indukoori
• It is the oldest form of doing business lead by an individual with sole
responsibility and Liability.
• Most business forms in the world are in Sole Proprietary form.
• Most of the popular global brands like Coca Cola started as Sole
Proprietary..
• A sole proprietary may have trade name or brand name.
• One person can be a proprietor for more than one firms.
• Though it is not required to register, sole proprietorship firm
registration with MSME.GOV.IN is required to do banking, online
transactions, funding, future growth.
11
1.SOLE PROPRIETARY
12. Dr Raju Indukoori
It is also known as
• Sole Trader
• Individual entrepreneurship
• Proprietorship
• Privately held
12
Sole Proprietary
13. Dr Raju Indukoori
Disadvantages
• Limited life
• Unlimited liability
• Difficult to raise capital to support growth
13
Advantages
• Ease of formation as it doesn’t require registration
• Subject to few regulations at the personal level.
• No corporate income taxes
• Simple to operate and maintain
Sole Proprietary
14. Dr Raju Indukoori
• It is an extension of Sole proprietary.
• Liabilities are on the name of more than one person.
• Taxes are applicable as per the personal income tax slabs and rates
of each partner.
• This is suitable for medium scale business.
• A partnership has almost the same advantages and disadvantages
as a sole proprietorship. The added advantages are that
1) Risk is distributed among more than one person.
2) Relatively more scope for new capital.
14
2.PARTNERSHIP
15. Dr Raju Indukoori
• Acts: Indian Partnership Act,1932, Companies Act 2013.
• Members: Minimum 2 members and maximum is 100.
• Conversion: into LLP, PLC and other company forms.
• Share transfer: Partners can transfer their share after the consent of
all the partners.
• Share Assign: Without consent of all the partners, one of the
partners can assign share to a person to receive all financial benefits.
• Closure: If the firm has only 2 partners, it comes to a closure if one of
them is deceased or retires or becomes insolvent.
15
Partnership Nature
16. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. Unregistered
2. Registered with Registrar of Firms (ROF)
16
Partnership Types
17. Dr Raju Indukoori
It contains minute details of the firm as follows
1.Firms details: Name, address, Contact number.
2.Partners: Name, address, Contact number.
3.Capital: Contribution or stake of each partner.
4.Profits: Distribution ratio to each partner.
5.Tenure: Duration to do business if applied.
17
Partnership Deed
18. Dr Raju Indukoori
• Create partnership instrument through partnership Deed or
agreement on a stamp paper of a value with signature of all
partners.
• Stamp duty has to be paid as per government norms.
• The value of the stamp paper and stamp duty which varies from
state to state.
• The agreement on the stamp paper has to be notarized.
• Though Indian Partnership Act, 1932 doesn’t mandate for
registration of the agreement, it suggested to be registered with
Registrar of Firms (ROF).
• Take PAN for the firm.
18
Partnership Process
19. Dr Raju Indukoori
• ‘Cargill’ is a classic example of non limited company form of
business organizations.
• William W Cargill Owned ‘CARGILL’ as sole proprietary initially.
• It was transformed to a partnership business with his family
members as partners.
19
Partnership Example
21. Dr Raju Indukoori
• It is a company still owned and controlled by few private
individuals
• A private company is a separate from its owners
• Mostly owners acts as managers.
• It is a legal entity registered with Registrar of Companies
(ROC) bounded by Indian Companies Acts and Ministry
of Corporate Affairs (MCA).
21
Private Company
22. Dr Raju Indukoori
Private Company
22
Advantages
1. Unlimited life
2. Limited liability
3. Ease of raising capital
4. Attract big clients
5. Raise loans from corporate
banking
Disadvantages
1. Double taxation i.e corporate tax
and personal income tax.
2. Cost of set-up and report filing
3. Lack of professional management.
4. No separation of ownership and
management
Pros and Cons of Private Companies
23. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. One Person Company (OPC)
2. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
3. Private Limited (Pvt Ltd) Company
23
Types of private companies
24. Dr Raju Indukoori
• A new concept introduced in India through Companies Act 2013.
• Formed only by an Indian Resident and citizen.
• It is the form of business organization where a person is the only
member, director and shareholder with one share.
• One can form only one OPC.
• Nominee is mandatory.
• A member of an OPC can be nominee of another OPC.
• It has perpetual succession.
• OPC owns its assets, member doesn’t have insurable rights on
OPC’s assets.
• OPC is a great relief for many small Entrepreneurs.
24
1. ONE PERSON COMPANY (OPC)
25. 1. Paid up Capital: Minimum 1 Lakh and upto Rs 50 Lakh
2. RUN (Reserve Unique Name): on MCA portal. 2 names can be reserved
with one resubmission for approval. OPC should appear in brackets.
3. PAN (Permanent Account Number) : Permanent Account Number for the
person incorporating. Form 49A will be generated.
4. TAN: Tax deduction and collection Account Number for tax collection from
others. Form 49B will be generated.
5. DIN (Director Identification Number): for the Director.
6. DSC (Digital Signature Certificate): for the proposed director is produced
on submission of Address Proof, Aadhaar, PAN, Photo, Email and Phone
Number.
7. Mandatory Display of OPC in the name of the company in brackets:
Example : Indian Garments (OPC)
Dr Raju Indukoori 25
OPC Requirements
26. Dr Raju Indukoori
1.Form INC 32:: Submitted through Simplified process for Incorporating
Company Electronically (SPICe) with Run (Name can be reserved
through SPICe if RUN is not done), DIN, PAN and TAN
2.MOA (Memorandum of Association): Form INC 33 for eMoA with
nominee mentioned. Nominee can be changed with intimation to ROC.
3.AOA (Articles of Association) : Form INC 34 for eEAoA
4.MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs): Upload all the forms with DSC
on MCA portal.
5.ROC (Registrar of Companies): Issue Incorporation Certification
upon verification.
6.Start Business
26
OPC Incorporation Process
27. Dr Raju Indukoori
• Time Period: An OPC can convert into a private or public ltd
company only after two years from the date of incorporation.
• Regulation: The Conversion process should be done as per the
rules and regulations laid down by the Companies Act, 2013 under
Section 18, and Rule 7(4) of the Companies (Incorporation) Rules,
2014.
• Nominee Role in Conversion
– The company shall be having one member and shall appoint one nominee to act as
member in case of death or incapacity of the member at the time of conversion into
OPC.
– Where a natural person, being member in OPC becomes a member in another OPC
by virtue of his being a nominee in that OPC, then such person shall meet the
eligibility criteria of being a member in only one OPC within a period of one hundred
and eighty days, i.e., he/she shall withdraw his membership from either of the OPCs
within one hundred and eighty days.
27
OPC Conversion
28. Dr Raju Indukoori
1) Voluntary Conversion: Decision by the owner / member / director.
Form INC-6 shall be filed within 30 days
2) Mandatory Conversion: : Form INC-6 shall be filed within 30 days
– If the paid up capital is more than Rs 50 Lakhs. Form INC-6 shall
be filed within six months.
– Average annual turnover three consecutive years is more than
two Rs 2 cr.
28
OPC Conversion Types
29. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. Branded business: Company mentioned with name.
2. Complete Control : Easy to make decisions.
3. Disintegrated business property: Different from personal owners property
4. Enhanced efficiency : with personal interest.
5. Independent Existence : Person is his / her own boss.
6. Legal Status.
7. Limited Liability: unlike sole proprietary with unlimited liability.
8. Nominee: He / She is the successor.
9. Profits to one person.
10.Quick Decision Making
11.Tax Savings: Arise as person income and business income get separated.
Salary, lease or rentals paid, interest paid to the member can be shown as
expenses.
29
OPC Merits
30. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. Limited capital : for expansion purposes when compared to private or
public limited.
2. Share: Cannot be divided.
3. One man show: Becomes difficult at times to handle and make decisions.
4. Tax rate: High tax rate (30%) compared to sole proprietary (Personal
income tax rates and slabs).
5. ESOPs (Employee Stock Option): Cannot be issued
30
OPC Demerits
31. Sole Proprietary
1. One person starts.
2. Business and owner are single entity.
3. Unlimited Liability.
4. Personal Income Tax.
5. No successor.
6. Personal framework.
7. Zero cost to start.
8. No Dividend distribution tax (DDT).
9. No compliance.
10. No limit on paid up capital.
11. No limit on annual turnover.
OPC
1. One person starts.
2. Business and owners are separate entities.
3. Limited Liability.
4. Private companies tax.
5. Has a successor.
6. Corporate framework.
7. Rs 15,000 to start.
8. Dividend distribution tax (DDT).
9. Low compliance.
10.Convert to private ltd if paid up capital is
more than Rs 50L.
11.Convert to private ltd if average annual
turnover for 3 years is more than Rs Cr.
Dr Raju Indukoori 31
Sole Proprietary Vs OPC
32. Dr Raju Indukoori 32
Some of the successful OPCs
Name Place Business
Broom Bikes Jaipur Auto Parts Sales
Fashtoon Apparel Jaipur Apparel Manufacturing
Snehsanskriti New Delhi Textile Manufacturing
Wimoku Ernakulam Software
Wowwash Hyderabad Research
33. Dr Raju Indukoori
• It was introduced in 2008.
• it was the most preferred business organisation.
• It is similar to Limited Liability Corporations (LLC) across the world.
• It is a mix of limited liability firm and partnership firm.
• Similar to a limited liability firm, it provides the benefits of limited
liability of a company like low compliance cost.
– It is similar to a partnership firm as it allows its members the flexibility of
organising their internal management on the basis of a mutually arrived
agreement.
– It is an alternative owing to flexibility in its structure and operation, it would be
useful for small and medium enterprises, in general, and for the enterprises in
services sector, in particular.
33
2.Limited Liability Partnership(LLP)
34. Dr Raju Indukoori
• The LLP is a body corporate and a legal entity separate from its partners.
• Governed by the provisions of the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2008
• It should have at least two partners and two individuals as designated
partners, of whom at least one shall be resident in India.
• Any two or more persons, associated for carrying on a lawful business with
a view to profit, may by subscribing their names to an incorporation
document and filing the same with the Registrar, form a Limited Liability
Partnership.
• There are no shares and directors in LLP.
• The duties and obligations of Designated Partners shall be as provided in
the law.
• The LLP will have perpetual succession.
34
Nature of LLP
35. Dr Raju Indukoori
• The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 shall not be applicable to Limited Liability
Partnerships.
• The mutual rights and duties of partners of an LLP shall be governed by an
agreement between partners or between the LLP and the partners subject
to the Act.
• The act provides flexibility to devise the agreement as per their choice.
• The LLP will be liable to the full extent of its assets, with the liability of the
partners being limited to their agreed contribution in the LLP which may be
of tangible or intangible nature or both.
• No partner would be liable on account of the independent or un-authorized
actions of other partners or their misconduct.
• The liabilities of the LLP and partners who are found to have acted with
intent to defraud creditors or for any fraudulent purpose shall be unlimited
for all or any of the debts or other liabilities of the LLP.
35
Limited Liability Partnership Act2008
36. Dr Raju Indukoori
• The LLP shall be under an obligation to maintain annual accounts reflecting
true and fair view of its state of affairs.
• A statement of accounts and solvency shall be filed by every LLP with the
Registrar every year.
• The accounts of LLPs shall also be audited, subject to any class of LLPs
being exempted from this requirement by the Central Government.
• The Central Government has powers to investigate the affairs of an LLP, if
required, by appointment of competent Inspector for the purpose.
• The compromise or arrangement including merger and amalgamation of
LLPs shall be in accordance with the provisions of the LLP Act 2008.
36
Contd..
37. Dr Raju Indukoori
Conversion:
• A company (Private Ltd or Public Ltd) is allowed to be converted into LLP.
• An LLP cannot be converted into a company.
Winding Up:
• It may be either voluntary or by the Tribunal to be established under the Companies
Act, 1956.
• Till the Tribunal is established, the power in this regard has been given to the High
Court.
Government Influence
• The LLP Act 2008 confers powers on the Central Government to apply provisions of
the Companies Act, 1956 as appropriate, by notification with such changes or
modifications as deemed necessary.
• However, such notifications shall be laid in draft before each House of Parliament for a
total period of 30 days and shall be subject to any modification as may be approved by
both Houses.
37
Organizational Changes
38. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. More suitable for Startups
2. Low compliance compared to private ltd and public ltd firms.
3. It is easy raise capital compared to sole proprietary and
partnership.
4. DDT is not applicable.
38
LLP Benefits
39. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. ESOPs cannot be offered.
2. Higher tax rates (30%) compared to Public ltd (22%) and Sole Proprietary
(Tax slabs).
3. High cost of late filing of documents is very high. As a fine of INR 100 per
day till the time the offence of late filing continues.
4. Director designation cannot be used. Partner or Managing Partner should
be used.
5. No shares and no shares transferability. Even the share is transferred, the
ownership and nature of LLP doesn’t change.
39
LLP Demerits
40. Partnership
1. Business and owners are integrated
2. Unlimited Liability
3. Personal Income Tax
4. Personal framework
5. Zero cost to start
6. No DDT
7. No compliance
LLP
1. Business and owners are separate
2. Limited Liability
3. Private companies tax
4. Corporate framework
5. Rs 10,000 to start
6. No DDT
7. Low compliance
Dr Raju Indukoori 40
Partnership Vs LLP
41. Dr Raju Indukoori
• It is a form of company with limited liability and multiple owners
suitable for services and growth industry.
• It stands between individual owned and public limited companies.
• Minimum capital required is Rs 1 Lakh.
• It has perpetual life.
• FDI is the added advantage in PLC.
• It can be converted into public limited company.
• Share of the owners can be transferred.
• Private company’s tax rate is applicable (different from corporate
tax).
41
3.Private Limited Company (PLC)
42. Dr Raju Indukoori
• Periodic compliance through books and accounts is
mandatory.
• It is mandatory to do audit if the annual turnover crosses
Rs 1 Cr.
• Annual General Meeting (AGM).
42
Mandatory Provisions
43. Parameter Partnership Firm Company
Life Limited Unlimited
Liability Unlimited Limited
Profit flow To the pockets To the pockets / Reinvested
Taxation Taxation on individual profit. Double taxation
Equity liquidity Low High
Funding Low High
Governance Low High
Dr Raju Indukoori 43
Partnership Firm Vs Company
45. Dr Raju Indukoori
• It is the form of company where the shares of the company are
owned by the public jointly in proportion.
• It is also known as joint stock company
• Share holders are the owners of these companies.
• Like private companies, these are also independent entities different
from owners.
• Unlike a private company, public limited company has clear
separation of ownership and management.
45
C. Public Limited Company
46. Dr Raju Indukoori
Company/ Corporation
• It is a legal entity registered with Registrar of Companies
(ROC) bounded by Indian Companies Act 1956
• It is separate from its owners and managers
46
Advantages
1. Unlimited life
2. Easy transfer of ownership
3. Limited liability
4. Ease of raising capital
Disadvantages
1. Double taxation
2. Cost of set-up and report filing
3. Agency problem
47. Dr Raju Indukoori
1) Unlisted Company
2) Listed Company
3) Multi National Company (MNC)
47
Types of Public Limited Companies
48. Dr Raju Indukoori
• It is a voluntary association of members which is incorporated and,
therefore has a separate legal existence and the liability of whose
members is limited.
• Separate legal existence apart from its members who compose it.
As a company is an independent legal person, its existence is not
affected by the death, retirement or insolvency of any of its
shareholders.
• It has Minimum of seven and upper limit.
48
1. Unlisted Company
49. Dr Raju Indukoori
• The company collects its capital by the sale of its shares and those
who buy the shares are called the members. The amount so
collected is called the share capital.
• The shares of a company are freely transferable and that too without
the prior consent of other shareholders or without subsequent notice
to the company.
• The liability of a member of a company is limited to the face value of
the shares he owns. Once he has paid the whole of the face value,
he has no obligation to contribute anything to pay off the creditors of
the company.
• The shareholders of a company do not have the right to participate
in the day-to-day management of the business of a company. This
ensures separation of ownership from management.
49
Share Holders
50. Dr Raju Indukoori
• Forming a public limited company: Its formation, working and its winding
up, in fact, all its activities are strictly governed by laws, rules and
regulations.
• The Indian Companies Act, 1956 : Contains the provisions regarding the
legal formalities for setting up of a public limited company.
• Registrars of Companies (ROC) : Appointed under the Companies Act
covering the various States and Union Territories are vested with the
primary duty of registering companies floated in the respective states and
the Union Territories.
• BOD: The power of decision making in a company is vested in the Board of
Directors (BOD), and all policy decisions are taken at the Board level by the
majority rule. This ensures a unity of direction in management.
50
Regulation and Governance
51. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. Continuity of existence.
2. Efficient management: Professional and qualified
persons.
3. Raise more capital.
4. Limited liability.
5. Unity of direction.
6. Able to attract big clients.
51
Advantages
52. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. Scope for directors for personal profit.
2. Scope for promotional frauds.
3. Subjected to strict regulations.
4. Undemocratic control.
5. Agency problem.
52
Disadvantages
53. Dr Raju Indukoori
• Listed in stock exchanges which give trading facilities
for the companies shares. They included
1. National Exchanges : NSE and BSE
2. Regional Exchanges : HSE, NDSE, BgSE, CSE
• Listing gives
• better brand value
• Attracting more customers
• Takes the attention of big nvestors
53
Listed Companies
54. Dr Raju Indukoori
• The company has business spread in foreign countries
with customised focus
• The company shares are listed in Indian stock
exchanges as well as Foreign stock exchanges where
the company is operating.
• Multinational business was started by Europeans with
Dutch East India and British India followed by French,
Portuguese with their Asian invasion including India.
54
Multi National Company (MNC)
55. Dr Raju Indukoori
Indian MNCs
• Software : Infosys, TCS, Wipro, HCL
• Automobile : Tata motors, M&M, Hero
• Pharma : Dr Reddy’s
• Banking : ICICI, HDFC
• Telecom : Airtel
• Steel : Tata Steel, Mittal Steel,
Foreign MNCs
• American : Apple, Microsoft, Google, Face Book, Ford
• European : Volvo, Bata, Lafarge, Legrand, Volkswagen
• Asian : Honda, Sony, Samsung
55
Types of MNCs
56. Types of Business Firms
Dr Raju Indukoori 56
Description
Individual
1. SP
Individual
2. PS
Private
3.OPC
Private
4.LLP
Private
5. PLC
Joint Stock
6.Pub ltd
Joint Stock
7. Listed
Members (Min–Max) 1 - 1 2 - 100 1 – 1 2 2 – 200 7 - Unlimited 7 - Unlimited
Directors NA No director 1 - 15 No director 2 - 15 3 3
Liability Unlimited Unlimited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited
Management Owner Partners Owner Partners BOD BOD BOD
Tax
Personal
Income Tax
Personal
Income Tax
Private Companies
Tax (30%)
Private Companies
Tax (30%)
Private Companies
Tax (30%)
Corporate Tax (22%) Corporate Tax (22%)
Registrar NA / MSME ROF ROC ROF ROC ROC ROC
Transferability NA Anyone Nominee Anyone Anyone Anyone
Share transfer
Permission
NA Partners NA
LLP
Agreement
BOD NA NA
Registration Optional Optional ROC Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
Capital in Rs Lakh NA NA
1 (Min)-
50(Max)
NA Minimum 1 Minimum 5 Minimum 5
Conversion Optional Can’t
Mandatory if >
Rs 50 Lakh
Can Can Can Can
Firm’s Life Owner’s Life Owners’ Life Owner’s Life Perpetual Perpetual Perpetual
Suitability
Micro and
Small
Startup /
Medium/
Services
Micro and
Small
Startup/
Medium/
Services
Services /
Growth /
Manufacturing /
Capital Intensive/
Offshore business
Manufacturing /
Capital Intensive/
Offshore business
Board Meetings in a
calendar year
NA NA
0. (2meetings
if directors >1)
NA 4 4 4
Law/Authority NA
Indian Partnership
Act 1932
The Companies Act
2013, MCA
LLPAct2008, MCA
The Companies Act
2013, MCA
The Companies Act
2013,
The Companies Act 2013,
SEBI
FDI Allowed Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Books & Accounts NA NA Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
Audit NA NA Turnover > Rs1Cr Turnover >Rs1Cr Turnover > Rs1Cr Mandatory Mandatory
AGM NA NA NA NA Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
57. Dr Raju Indukoori
A. Government organizations (Gos)
1. Government of India
2. State Governments
3. Local Governments
B. Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
1. Trusts
2. Societies
3. Cooperatives
57
Not for Profit Organizations
58. Dr Raju Indukoori
• Owned Governments.
• They are managed and controlled by respective
ministries or departments.
• They are more of public services.
• They are initially public needs and later become value
added services.
58
A. Government Organizations
59. Dr Raju Indukoori
1. Government of India
• Indian Railways
• Sea Ports: Major Ports and Minor Ports
• Airports
• Space: ISRO
2. State Governments
• State road transport services
• Power generation and distributions services
3. Local Governments
• Public Utility services
• Amusement and entertainment services
59
Government Business
60. • Non Government Organization (NGO).
• Primary objective is social service.
• Can operate businesses initially.
• Some profit is acceptable even legally.
• If the NGOs start making excessive profits out of their
services, it is only then that other people may start
questioning. They can be classified as
1. Trusts
2. Societies
3. Cooperatives
Dr Raju Indukoori 60
C. NGOs
61. • Akshaya Patra
• HelpAge India
• CRY
• E Vidyaloka, Bangalore
• Give India
• Pathway India
• Sapne NGO
• Tulir
Dr Raju Indukoori 61
Popular NGOs
62. Trust is transfer of property by one person (settlor) to another (trustee)
who manages that property for the benefit of someone else
(beneficiary). The settlor must legally transfer ownership of the assets
to the trustee of the trust -
Settlor: The individual / entity who creates a trust. Also known as
Trust or or Grantor.
Trustee: The owner who is under an obligation to use his ownership
for the benefit of another
Beneficiary: The owner who enjoys the benefit of the Trust property.
Dr Raju Indukoori 62
1. Trusts
63. • Private Trust : Indian Trusts Act,1882 . Settlor creates a Trust
primarily for benefit of one or more particular individuals as its
Beneficiary.
• Public Trust: Beneficiaries are the general public or a class as a
whole. It has some charitable end as its Beneficiary. -
– Religious Endowment Act, 1863
– Charitable and Religious Trust Act, 1920
– Charitable Endowments Act, 1890
• Business Trust: Finance Act 2014.
– Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
– Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs)
Dr Raju Indukoori 63
Types of Trust
64. • Simple Trust – Trustee is just a passive depository of the Trust
property. There are no active duties expected from Trustee and no
directions are given to him.
• Special Trust – Trustee is active and acts as an agent to execute
the Grantor’s wishes. This Trust is operative.
• Express Trust – Here, the Settlor creates a Trust over his assets
either in present or upon his death. It can be either by way of a will
or Trust deed.
• Implied Trust – It is created where some legal requirements for an
Express Trust are not met, but intention on behalf of the parties is to
create a Trust that is presumed to exist.
• Others: Depending on the type of object(s).
Dr Raju Indukoori 64
Types of Trust
65. • Trust gained more importance in India as they participate
in investments.
• The are regulated be SEBI
• Some of them are
– Mutual Fund Trusts
– Venture Capital Trusts
– Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI)
Dr Raju Indukoori 65
Business Trusts
66. • The Societies Registration Act, 1860 is a legislation in India which
allows the registration of entities.
• Society is formed by Memorandum of Association
• It is formed by 7 persons or more
• Society should have
– Name
– Governng body
– Addresses and Occupation of the membersa
• Societies are more involved in t
– Education
– Health
– Employment.
Dr Raju Indukoori 66
2. Society
67. • Societies are more involved in the following
– Education
– Health
– Employment
• Approved Educational institutions are tax free and
without approval are taxed @ 30%.
• Other business under societies attract different tax slabs
and rates or GST as and when prescribed by the
government.
Dr Raju Indukoori 67
Society Business
68. • Formed by people of common interest for a
common purpose usually in a village or tribe.
• The purpose include agriculture, diary, trade,
food processing, grocery, funding, banking, etc.
• It has joint ownership with the society members.
• Democratic leadership.
• It is perpetual like a company
Dr Raju Indukoori 68
3. Cooperative Society
69. 1. Voluntary and open membership
2. Democratic member control, with each member
having one vote.
3. Economic participation by members
4. Autonomy and independence
5. Education, training and information
6. Cooperation among cooperatives
7. Concern for community
Dr Raju Indukoori 69
Principles
70. Dr Raju Indukoori 70
Popular Cooperatives
Name Place Product
Indian Farmers Fertilisers Cooperative
(IFFCO)
New Delhi Fertilizers
Amul Anand Milk Producers
Adarsh Co-Operative Bank Sirohi Banking
Indian Coffee House Jabalpur Restaurant Chain
Horticultural Producers’ Cooperative
Marketing and Processing Society
Bengaluru Farm Produces
KRIBHCO NOIDA Fertilizers