Introduction to Law, History Of Law, Legal Environment Of Business, Nature Of Law, Meaning And Definition Of Business laws,
Source Of Business Law, Scope Of Business Law
Commercial Laws, Labour laws, Corporate Laws, Taxation Laws, Financial Laws
This Presentation is all about business law, it's characteristics, types and so on. The difference between law and ethics are also given. Significance and Principles of business law is also described in brief.
The creation of tribunals was prompted by the need to resolve the situation brought on by the backlog of cases in various Courts, as well as by the necessity to lessen the workload of courts and speed up judgements.
Legislative process and procedures in nigeria - Advocacy Opportunity for CSOsJohn Onyeukwu
A summary of presentation on Legislative Advocacy for Civil Society Organizations - incorporating advocacy opportunities in the various Stages of Law Making in Nigeria's Presidential System
Ehsan Kabir Solicitor is explaining the Common Law vs. Positive Law. Ehsan Kabir understands that clients may be limited in their financial means. In order to ensure they too benefit from his knowledge and experience, Ehsan Kabir works alongside his clients to find and deliver a cost-effective solutions to their problems. By working together with clients Mr. Kabir provides clients with opportunities to keep control of their finances.
Microstructure Analysis of Inlet and Exhaust Valves used in LPG fueled Retrof...IJMER
Mechanically operated poppet valves are used, both as inlet and exhaust, for most conventional
automotive engines in passenger cars. These valves are subjected to high temperatures throughout their operating
cycle. A valve originally designed for a gasoline engine, when used for an LPG fueled retrofitted engine, goes
through considerable mechanical damage, corrosion, erosion, wear and tear. It also demonstrates significant
changes in its microstructure. This investigation focused on microstructure analysis and quantitative metallography
of such inlet and exhaust valves using Atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. The surface morphology of the
valve material was studied and AFM measurements were used for quantitative characterization of the structure as
also to gain useful information about crystallographic orientation of individual grains, the formation of cracks,
identification of potential crack initiation and fracture sites, etc. A comparative evaluation of microstructure of worn
- out valves with new valves was also carried out.
Promotion-Meaning and Significance and types, Advertising, personal selling, Public Relations & sales promotion, Factors affecting promotion mix decisions. Channels of Distribution –Definition and importance, Factors affecting channels, Types of marketing channels Factors affecting choice of distribution channel, Wholesaling and retailing; Types of Retailers
This Presentation is all about business law, it's characteristics, types and so on. The difference between law and ethics are also given. Significance and Principles of business law is also described in brief.
The creation of tribunals was prompted by the need to resolve the situation brought on by the backlog of cases in various Courts, as well as by the necessity to lessen the workload of courts and speed up judgements.
Legislative process and procedures in nigeria - Advocacy Opportunity for CSOsJohn Onyeukwu
A summary of presentation on Legislative Advocacy for Civil Society Organizations - incorporating advocacy opportunities in the various Stages of Law Making in Nigeria's Presidential System
Ehsan Kabir Solicitor is explaining the Common Law vs. Positive Law. Ehsan Kabir understands that clients may be limited in their financial means. In order to ensure they too benefit from his knowledge and experience, Ehsan Kabir works alongside his clients to find and deliver a cost-effective solutions to their problems. By working together with clients Mr. Kabir provides clients with opportunities to keep control of their finances.
Microstructure Analysis of Inlet and Exhaust Valves used in LPG fueled Retrof...IJMER
Mechanically operated poppet valves are used, both as inlet and exhaust, for most conventional
automotive engines in passenger cars. These valves are subjected to high temperatures throughout their operating
cycle. A valve originally designed for a gasoline engine, when used for an LPG fueled retrofitted engine, goes
through considerable mechanical damage, corrosion, erosion, wear and tear. It also demonstrates significant
changes in its microstructure. This investigation focused on microstructure analysis and quantitative metallography
of such inlet and exhaust valves using Atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. The surface morphology of the
valve material was studied and AFM measurements were used for quantitative characterization of the structure as
also to gain useful information about crystallographic orientation of individual grains, the formation of cracks,
identification of potential crack initiation and fracture sites, etc. A comparative evaluation of microstructure of worn
- out valves with new valves was also carried out.
Promotion-Meaning and Significance and types, Advertising, personal selling, Public Relations & sales promotion, Factors affecting promotion mix decisions. Channels of Distribution –Definition and importance, Factors affecting channels, Types of marketing channels Factors affecting choice of distribution channel, Wholesaling and retailing; Types of Retailers
Consumer Behavior- meaning, nature and importance, Factors influencing consumer behavior, Buying Behavior process. Market Segmentation- meaning and need Bases for market segmentation, Requisites for effective segmentation, Steps in segmentation process, Targeting- meaning, strategies, Positioning- meaning and types
Definition, Nature, Scope & Goals of marketing, Difference between marketing and selling. Marketing process; Approaches to Marketing Functions and Significance of marketing Need- Want- Demand, Marketing Plan Meaning and features of marketing environment Steps in environmental scanning Components of marketing environment.
Audit of Limited Companies and Audit Report
Company Auditors — appointment, qualification, powers, duties and liabilities, professional ethics of an auditor; Audit of limited companies - Banking companies, Insurance companies; Audit of co-operative societies, audit of educational institutions, Recent amendments on the appointment of auditors. Audit Report - Types of audit report, form, and contents of audit report, the distinction between report and certificate, essentials of a good report
Verification and Valuation of Assets and Liabilities Meaning and objectives of verification and valuation, the position of an auditor as regards the valuation of assets, verification and valuation of different items - Assets - land & building, plant & machinery, goodwill, investments, stock in trade; Liabilities - bills payable, sundry creditors, contingent liabilities
Consumer Protection Act &Competition Act 2002: Background, definitions-consumer,consumer dispute,complaint,deficiency,service,consumer protection council,consumer redressal agencies,district forum,state commission and national commission;
Competition Act: Meaning and scope,salient features, terms, competition commission of India,offences and penalties under the act.
The Information Technology Act 2000, Digital Signature, Digital Signature Certificate, Electronic Record and Governance, Certifying Authorities, Cybercrime and Penalties under IT Act 2000.Nature Scope, Right To Information- procedure for getting information, The State Information Commission, Global Data Privacy Rights.
Vouching:Meaning, Definition, Importance
Routine Checking And Vouching,
Voucher And Types Of Voucher
Vouching of receipts-cash sales,
Receipt from debtors,
Proceeds From The Sale Of Investments,
Vouching Of Payments,
Cash Purchase,
Payment To Creditors,
Deferred Revenue Expenditure.
Meaning and definition of intellectual property.
Types of intellectual property,
Patent act of 1970 and amendments (as per WTO agreement)
Background, Object, Definition
Inventions, patentee, true and first inventor,
Procedure for grant of process and product patents,
Right to patentee, infringement, remedies
Indian Sale Of Goods Act, 1930: Definition of Contract, Essentials of contract of Sale, Condition & Warranties, Right & Duties of a Buyer, Rights of Unpaid Seller
Contract Laws: Indian Contract Act 1872: Definition of contract, essentials of a valid contract, classification of contracts, remedies of beach of contract
Internal Control Unit 2 Part 3 with regards to Purchase.pptxDr. Nidhi Raj Gupta
Internal Control, Internal check with regards to Purchase, tender, Purchase department, Department Heads, Assessment or requirements, Inquiry, Placing orders, receipt of goods, Recording and making payments, internal check with regards to sales.
Auditing,Introduction
Meaning, Definition and Objectives,
Differences between Accountancy and Auditing,
Types of Audit,
Advantages of auditing,
Preparation before commencement of new audit,
Audit note book, Audit working paper, Audit program,
Nature and significance of COST, TAX and Management Audit
Legal Aspects – Business Ownership
Sales and Income Tax and Workman Compensation Act
Clearances and permits required, formalities, licensing and registration procedures
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Content
• Legal Environment Of Business,
• Nature Of Law, Meaning And Definition Of Business laws,
• Source Of Business Law, Scope Of Business Law
• Commercial Laws, Labour laws, Corporate Laws, Taxation Laws,
Financial Laws
3. History of Law
Code of
Hammurabi
1792 BC and 1758 BC
Babylon
Rome
450 BC
Twelve Tables
On Huge Stone Slabs The Most Detailed Legal Code
4. History of Law
Feudal
System
Medieval England India
Immersion In Hot Or
Cold Water,
Burning With A Hot
Iron Or Trial By
Battle
Indus Valley
Civilization
Bronze
Civilization
+ = Civic Law
5. History of Law: India
Vadic Era
Maurya- Kautalya
308 BC
Dharma Sashtra-
Artha Sashtra
Mugals
Fatwa-E-Alamgiri
Mayor of Court
Madras, Bombay,
Kolcutta
1726
1846
Open for All
6. Definition
Salmond Defines Law As The “Body Or Principles
Recognized And Applied
By
The State In The Administration Of Justice.”
7. Legal Environment Of Business
The Legal Environment constitutes
The laws and legislations
Passed By The Government / Administrative Orders / Court Judgments/
Decisions Of Various Commissions / Agencies.
Businessmen have to act according to various legislations and their
knowledge Very necessary.
9. Nature of Law
1. Law is a body of rules
2. Law is for guiding the conduct of persons.
3. Law is imposed.
4. Law is administered by the authority of the state.
5. Law is dynamic.
6. Law is applicable to all.
10. Meaning of Business Law
Business law consists of all laws that dictate how to form and
run a business.
• Business people need to understand the nature and
consequences of the documents they are signing.
• Business law is also called as commercial law or
mercantile law which regulates business activities.
• Business Law represents all those legal rules which
are connected withTrade, Industry & Commerce
11. Definition of Business Law
According to S.R Davar,”Mercantile law means that branch of law which
is applicable to or concerned with trade and commerce in connection
with various business transaction”
12. Scope of Business Law
• Commercial Law
• Labour Laws,
• Corporate laws,
• Taxation Laws,
• financial Laws
13. Commercial Law
Commercial law, also known as mercantile law or trade law, is the body
of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and
business engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales. It is
often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of
both private law and public law.
14. Corporate laws
Corporate law often describes the law relating to matters which derive
directly from the life-cycle of a corporation. It thus encompasses the
formation, funding, governance, and death of a corporation.
15. Labour laws
Labour laws (also known as labor laws or employment laws) are those
that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities,
trade unions, and the government. Collective labor law relates to the
tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union.
16. Taxation Laws
• The Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok
Sabha by the Minister of Finance, Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman, on August
5, 2021. The Bill amends the Income Tax Act, 1961 (IT Act) and the
Finance Act, 2012.
• This Implies that by which a government or the taxing authority
imposes or levies a tax on its citizens and business entities. From
income tax to goods and services tax (GST), taxation applies to all
levels.
17. Financial Laws
Financial law is the law and regulation of the commercial banking,
capital markets, insurance, derivatives and investment management
sectors.
18.
19. Stages for passing an Ordinary Bill
in Indian parliament
• First Reading
• An ordinary Bill can be introduced in either house
of the legislature by either a minister or a non-
minister.
• The bill is introduced by reading the title and the
objective behind it.
• After the introduction of the bill, it is published in
the Official Gazette of India after taking proper
permission of the speaker.
20. Stages for passing an Ordinary Bill
in Indian parliament
• Second reading
The bill may be taken into immediate consideration or the
date must be decided when the bill is to be considered.
The bill can also be referred to the Select Committee of the
House.
The bill can be referred to the Joint Committee of the House
with the concurrence of the other House.
It can also be circulated to elicit public opinion.
21. Second house can do either of
the following
• They can pass the bill as sent by the first house without making any
amendments. In this case, the bill is deemed to have been passed
by both the Houses and is finally sent to the President for his
assent.
• They can suggest amendments in the Bill and send it back to the
first house for reconsideration.
• They can reject the bill.
• They can keep the bill pending by neither ratifying it nor rejecting it.
After the Bills are passed by both the Houses they are sent to the
President for his assent. The President may:
• Give his assent to the bill and the bill becomes an act.
• He may withhold his assent to the bill, but the bill does not become
an act.
• Or may return the bill for reconsideration
23. Law and Act - Difference
• Law means all rules and regulations
• Act means those laws that are written and
passed by the parliament
• Law- General
• Act- Specific
24. Sources of Business Law
• English Mercantile Law : English law constitutes the
foundation on which the superstructure of the
Indian Mercantile law has been built.
• The Indian Contract Act was passed by the English
people in the year 1872. Sale of Goods Act has been
directly taken from the English sale of goods Act,
Companies Act is similar to the English companies
act.
25. The Civil law is law that looks at actions that are
not the crime. It is a section of law dealing
with disputes between organization and
individuals. It covers areas such as divorce,
property disputes, Copy rights, insurance claims
etc .
26. The Common Law also known as case law or
Judicial precedent or judge made law is a
section of law which is derived from the
judicial decision.
Judges take an active role in shaping the law
here, since the decisions a court makes are then
used as a precedent for future cases.
27. No man can be punished
twice for same crime.
No man is guilty unless its proven.
28. Test your listening
A bill is passed by the and signed by
the ,becomes an
Which is the main source for Indian Laws?
29. Test your listening
• Cases like murder, assault, robbery are dealt
under law
• Judge made law is called
• Statute means
Editor's Notes
Babylon: The oldest written set of laws known to us is the Code of Hammurabi. He was the king of Babylon between 1792 BC and 1758 BC. The laws were carved on huge stone slabs and placed all over the city so that people would know about them. Judges were appointed to see that they were obeyed
Rome: The most detailed legal code of any of the civilizations was that of the Romans. This was first drawn up in 450 BC by the magistrates and was called the Twelve Tables. Lawyers would present their case to a jury consisting of 32 men, who would decide on the punishment to be imposed.
Medieval England
Under the feudal system, the lord of the manor set up courts to deal with less serious crimes. Because religion had such a significant influence on the life of the people, serious crimes were considered offences against God. It was believed that God would give people a sign as to guilt or innocence in these cases. There was no attempt to sort out the facts of the case or to find evidence, because proof was in God's hands.
The sign was believed to be shown during trial by ordeal, the main forms of which were immersion in hot or cold water, burning with a hot iron or trial by battle. In the ordeal by cold water, the accused was lowered into the water and if they floated they were considered guilty because the water had repelled them. They were then usually burnt at the stake. If they sank, they were considered innocent and pulled out. They were lucky if, in the meantime, they had not drowned.
Medieval England
Under the feudal system, the lord of the manor set up courts to deal with less serious crimes. Because religion had such a significant influence on the life of the people, serious crimes were considered offences against God. It was believed that God would give people a sign as to guilt or innocence in these cases. There was no attempt to sort out the facts of the case or to find evidence, because proof was in God's hands.
The sign was believed to be shown during trial by ordeal, the main forms of which were immersion in hot or cold water, burning with a hot iron or trial by battle. In the ordeal by cold water, the accused was lowered into the water and if they floated they were considered guilty because the water had repelled them. They were then usually burnt at the stake. If they sank, they were considered innocent and pulled out. They were lucky if, in the meantime, they had not drowned.
First Capital Punishment to Women: Rattan Bai Jain, the first woman executed in independent India, was hanged on 3 January 1955 at Tihar Jail. Rattan Bai Jain was hanged in 1955 for poisoning three girls and killing them. She worked as the manager of a sterility clinic and had murdered the girls who were employees at her clinic over suspicion that they were having affairs with her husband. Not much information is available about her.
Renuka Sinde & Seema Gavit, Kidnapping 13 children and murdered 9 of them.