BUS272 Changing Economies of Asia
The Environment and Economic Growth
Lecture 10
Professor Malcolm Tull
Murdoch University
Supplement Version
(Lee Lao Shi)
Introduction
• The NIEs provide a model of economic development
but do they provide a model of sustainable economic
development? (Refer to lecture 1 supplement notes on differences between
sustainable growth and development. Sustainable development includes sustainability of
environment)
• A wide range of environmental problems including• A wide range of environmental problems including
water and air pollution, loss of forest, wildlife and
biodiversity, generation of toxic wastes and generation
of solid wastes
• In the last 30 years Asia has lost about 50% of its
forest and fish stocks and nearly 33%of its land area
has been degraded
Economics of the environment
• Market of an environmental good
• Market failure
• When the market determined price and output levels of environmental goods are not
efficient i.e., disparity between MSC and MPC or MSB and MPB for a market at Q*
level of production
• Externalities (Refer to Lecture 3 Supplement Notes)• Externalities (Refer to Lecture 3 Supplement Notes)
• An externality is a third party effect of market activity not recognised by the buyers
and sellers participating in the market activity
• Can be positive or negative e.g., Greenhouse gases represent an over use of a
common property resource (the atmosphere)
• Externalities and property rights
•
Solution
s
• Public education
• Regulations
• Economic incentives
Economics of the environment (Supplement Notes)
Definition of MPC (Marginal Private Cost)
The marginal private cost is the cost to the firm of producing an additional unit of
given good or service. There may also be external costs from production and
these are added to the private cost to give the total social cost.
Definition of MPB (Marginal Private Benefit)
The additional satisfaction or utility that a person receives from consuming an
additional unit of a good or service. A person's marginal benefit is the
maximum amount they are willing to pay to consume that additional unit of amaximum amount they are willing to pay to consume that additional unit of a
good or service. In a normal situation, the marginal benefit will decrease as
consumption increases.
For example, assume there is a consumer wishing to purchase an additional
burger. If this consumer is willing to pay $10 for that additional burger, then
the marginal benefit of consuming that burger is $10. The more burgers the
consumer has, the less he or she will want to pay for the next one. This is
because the benefit decreases as the quantity consumed increases.
It is important to note that even though the consumer is willing to pay $10
for the burger, this will not necessarily be the burger's price; this is
determined by market forces. The difference between the market price and
the price the consumer is willing to pay is called consumer surplus.
...
Process is at the center of performance and efficiency. In the past efficiency has been all about lower costs and more profit, but in the future optimization of performance will require equal consideration to be given to impact on society (people) and impact on environment (planet). Making this happen requires significant rethinking of the metrics so that impact is quantified in a similar way that all the money profit transactions are quantified.
The document discusses social cost benefit analysis (SCBA) and outlines the UNIDO and Little-Mirrlees approaches. The UNIDO approach involves 5 stages: 1) calculating financial profitability, 2) obtaining net benefits in economic prices, 3) adjusting for savings impact, 4) adjusting for income distribution impact, and 5) adjusting for merit and demerit goods. Shadow pricing is used to calculate economic prices and consider externalities, taxes, and subsidies. The Little-Mirrlees approach also uses shadow pricing and considers equity, with costs and benefits measured in uncommitted social income rather than rupees.
This document discusses sustainability accounting, which accounts for social, environmental, and economic impacts of decision making. It focuses on non-financial reporting and the triple bottom line of people, planet, profit. Sustainability accounting measures performance in these areas, evaluates companies' environmental/social/governance performance, and complements traditional financial accounting. It identifies risks/benefits and encourages stakeholder partnerships. Techniques include shadow pricing, life cycle analysis, and restating financial statements to reflect environmental, social, and economic value added. External impacts are also accounted for through scoping, boundary setting, valuation, and calculating sustainable profit.
The document discusses the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. It states that the EKC hypothesizes an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita levels. Specifically:
- As a country develops initially, environmental quality declines due to increasing pollution from economic growth.
- After a certain income threshold is reached, higher incomes and demand for environmental quality causes new technologies and regulations that reduce pollution levels.
- The EKC has been empirically tested for some pollutants but relationships are mixed and it ignores other environmental factors like resource depletion.
This document discusses cost-benefit analysis for forestry projects. It begins by defining appraisal and outlining the nature of forestry projects, which have long production periods as trees are both the production unit and product. Common objectives of forestry projects include improving economic efficiency, social conditions, stability, and the environment. The stages of cost-benefit analysis are then outlined, including defining the issue, identifying options and costs/benefits, adjusting for future values, assessing risks, distributional impacts, and using techniques like net present value to evaluate projects. Environmental impacts are an important consideration in cost-benefit analysis to account for externalities. Sensitivity analysis is also recommended to assess how sensitive results are to changes in key parameters.
The document discusses the need for multi-dimensional impact accounting from multiple perspectives to fully account for the impacts of economic activity. It presents a framework that measures the financial, human, natural, and built capital impacts from the perspectives of people, organizations, products, processes, and places. Financial accounts only measure monetary impacts and ignore externalities. The framework aims to add positive and negative non-financial impacts not currently accounted for to provide a more complete picture. It can be applied to organizations, supply chains, and other economic activities and flows to measure starting and ending states from different impact dimensions and perspectives.
Environmental economics seeks to quantify environmental losses and determine efficient ways to reduce them. It compares the costs of environmental damage to the costs of mitigation. Environmental economics analyzes how changes in economic well-being today impact future generations' economic well-being. The environment provides resources for the economy and absorbs waste, so the environment and economy are interdependent. Environmental economics examines this relationship and how policies can reduce environmental degradation.
Chapter 3 - CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATION MEASURES (1).pptxAManiMaran1
The document discusses various topics related to climate change mitigation including:
1) Definitions of mitigation and why it is important in disaster management to reduce risks to people and property.
2) Types of mitigation measures like avoidance, minimization, and compensatory mitigation.
3) Methods of composting as a climate change mitigation strategy like vermicomposting and aerated windrow composting. Composting reduces emissions and sequesters carbon in soils.
4) Carbon trading systems like the EU Emissions Trading System which aims to reduce emissions but has limitations and may distract from necessary changes to transition to low-carbon energy.
Process is at the center of performance and efficiency. In the past efficiency has been all about lower costs and more profit, but in the future optimization of performance will require equal consideration to be given to impact on society (people) and impact on environment (planet). Making this happen requires significant rethinking of the metrics so that impact is quantified in a similar way that all the money profit transactions are quantified.
The document discusses social cost benefit analysis (SCBA) and outlines the UNIDO and Little-Mirrlees approaches. The UNIDO approach involves 5 stages: 1) calculating financial profitability, 2) obtaining net benefits in economic prices, 3) adjusting for savings impact, 4) adjusting for income distribution impact, and 5) adjusting for merit and demerit goods. Shadow pricing is used to calculate economic prices and consider externalities, taxes, and subsidies. The Little-Mirrlees approach also uses shadow pricing and considers equity, with costs and benefits measured in uncommitted social income rather than rupees.
This document discusses sustainability accounting, which accounts for social, environmental, and economic impacts of decision making. It focuses on non-financial reporting and the triple bottom line of people, planet, profit. Sustainability accounting measures performance in these areas, evaluates companies' environmental/social/governance performance, and complements traditional financial accounting. It identifies risks/benefits and encourages stakeholder partnerships. Techniques include shadow pricing, life cycle analysis, and restating financial statements to reflect environmental, social, and economic value added. External impacts are also accounted for through scoping, boundary setting, valuation, and calculating sustainable profit.
The document discusses the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. It states that the EKC hypothesizes an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental degradation and income per capita levels. Specifically:
- As a country develops initially, environmental quality declines due to increasing pollution from economic growth.
- After a certain income threshold is reached, higher incomes and demand for environmental quality causes new technologies and regulations that reduce pollution levels.
- The EKC has been empirically tested for some pollutants but relationships are mixed and it ignores other environmental factors like resource depletion.
This document discusses cost-benefit analysis for forestry projects. It begins by defining appraisal and outlining the nature of forestry projects, which have long production periods as trees are both the production unit and product. Common objectives of forestry projects include improving economic efficiency, social conditions, stability, and the environment. The stages of cost-benefit analysis are then outlined, including defining the issue, identifying options and costs/benefits, adjusting for future values, assessing risks, distributional impacts, and using techniques like net present value to evaluate projects. Environmental impacts are an important consideration in cost-benefit analysis to account for externalities. Sensitivity analysis is also recommended to assess how sensitive results are to changes in key parameters.
The document discusses the need for multi-dimensional impact accounting from multiple perspectives to fully account for the impacts of economic activity. It presents a framework that measures the financial, human, natural, and built capital impacts from the perspectives of people, organizations, products, processes, and places. Financial accounts only measure monetary impacts and ignore externalities. The framework aims to add positive and negative non-financial impacts not currently accounted for to provide a more complete picture. It can be applied to organizations, supply chains, and other economic activities and flows to measure starting and ending states from different impact dimensions and perspectives.
Environmental economics seeks to quantify environmental losses and determine efficient ways to reduce them. It compares the costs of environmental damage to the costs of mitigation. Environmental economics analyzes how changes in economic well-being today impact future generations' economic well-being. The environment provides resources for the economy and absorbs waste, so the environment and economy are interdependent. Environmental economics examines this relationship and how policies can reduce environmental degradation.
Chapter 3 - CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATION MEASURES (1).pptxAManiMaran1
The document discusses various topics related to climate change mitigation including:
1) Definitions of mitigation and why it is important in disaster management to reduce risks to people and property.
2) Types of mitigation measures like avoidance, minimization, and compensatory mitigation.
3) Methods of composting as a climate change mitigation strategy like vermicomposting and aerated windrow composting. Composting reduces emissions and sequesters carbon in soils.
4) Carbon trading systems like the EU Emissions Trading System which aims to reduce emissions but has limitations and may distract from necessary changes to transition to low-carbon energy.
This document discusses environmental cost management and accounting. It covers four key learning objectives: 1) the importance of measuring environmental costs, 2) how environmental costs are assigned to products and processes, 3) the life-cycle cost assessment model, and 4) comparing activity-based and strategic-based environmental control. Environmental costs are significant and tracking them provides information on profitability and cost categories. Costs can be assigned to products using activity-based or functional-based costing. The life-cycle assessment model identifies environmental impacts at each stage of a product's life. Graphs and charts are effective ways to examine environmental activities and their effects over time.
This is a group work carried out in the field of economics of sustainability. It looked at hidden cost and externalities. Also tried to appraise the emergence of carbon economics and carbon tax systems.
Welfare economics examines normative aspects of economics such as policy recommendations to determine preferred social states. It explores ways to arrive at conditions where social state A is preferred to B. A key school is Paretian welfare economics, which rejects the idea that utility is cardinally measurable between individuals. Welfare economics uses microeconomic tools to assess resource allocation efficiency and the associated income distribution. It aims to determine criteria for government intervention to maximize social welfare.
This document provides an overview of carbon credits and the carbon markets ecosystem. It discusses that carbon markets can help enhance climate action by targeting lowest-cost emissions reductions. Carbon credits financially incentivize emission reduction activities and address mismatches in resources and timing needed to reach net-zero goals. The document outlines key elements of high-integrity carbon credits, including additionality, permanence, quantification, and sustainable development benefits. It also notes risks to companies from improper use of offsets and calls for understanding both potential and limitations of this tool to support increased integrity in voluntary carbon markets.
The document discusses market failures and government interventions to address them. It provides examples of market failures such as pollution, traffic congestion, and underprovision of public goods. It also lists government policy tools like taxes, subsidies, and regulations that can be used to correct market failures and achieve more efficient resource allocation.
Products are used by people to live their lives and are made by companies through economic activities that have impacts throughout their supply chain and after use. Accounting only considers financial impacts, but a product's full life cycle almost always has significant negative environmental and social impacts that are not accounted for, such as resource depletion and pollution. Impact accounting seeks to incorporate these externalities by tracking changes to financial, human, natural, and man-made capital in order to give a more complete picture of a product's true costs and value.
This document discusses multi-dimensional impact accounting and how it can be used to better account for the impacts of products and economic activities. It describes how traditional financial accounting only considers monetary impacts, while ignoring impacts on other capitals like human, natural, and social capital. The document proposes a framework to adjust financial accounts by adding positive impacts not accounted for, and deducting negative externalities. It suggests impact accounting could be applied at each stage of a supply chain to aggregate impacts. The goal is to provide more transparency about total life cycle impacts to help consumers make informed choices that factor in environmental and social considerations, not just price.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
11/2014convegno su Green Economy e industria manifatturiera in Italia. Presen...Gabriella Foglio
Eccellente inquadramento della problematica "Sviluppo economico e protezione ambientale" da parte del Prof. Stavins/Harvard University. Uomo simpatico oltre che acuto
Market failure is the situation in which an unregulated competitive market is inefficient because prices fail to provide proper signals to consumers and producers.
Making Impact Boring Workshop Conservation Finance David Boghossian 2016 v2 alDavid Boghossian
The document discusses harnessing investment to solve global problems by making impact investing more mainstream and profitable. It notes that $90 trillion will be invested in infrastructure over the next 15 years, while global philanthropy is only $500-600 billion. Impact investing, which focuses on social/environmental solutions, could be 30 times more impactful if the $16-18 trillion in global savings was directed that way. However, impact investing currently makes up only 1-2% of the market. The document proposes moving investments along two axes - social/environmental benefit and financial return - to attract more mainstream investors by making impact investing "boring and profitable."
The document discusses identifying biodiversity harmful subsidies (BHS) as part of environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS). It provides definitions of subsidies, EHS, and EFS from the OECD and Italian law. The procedure for assessing the environmental impact of subsidies on biodiversity involves: 1) defining biodiversity-related subsidies, 2) reviewing existing subsidies, 3) analyzing environmental impacts, and 4) classifying subsidies as BHS, biodiversity-friendly subsidies, or uncertain. Over 160 Italian subsidies worth 41 billion euros were identified and classified. Reforming BHS and eliminating EHS remains a political decision.
1. The document discusses green finance and public-private partnerships to promote green growth and address climate change issues.
2. It outlines Japan Bank for International Cooperation's (JBIC) green finance initiatives like "LIFE" which supports clean power, energy efficiency, water, and transportation projects through loans, equity investments, and cooperation with other development banks and private institutions.
3. JBIC also proposes new financial instruments like "GREEN" to scale up low-carbon investments using measurement, reporting and verification of emissions reductions.
Green growth can be seen as a way to pursue economic growth and development, while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and unsustainable natural resource use.
For the short term, green growth can transform the opportunity of the crisis to ensure a more sustainable economic recovery.
For the long term, it will promote new, greener sources of growth.
The OECD is working on policy recommendations to help governments achieve greener growth. The presentation gives an overview of the findings to date and the next steps. It mentions innovation, taxes, jobs and development issues, as well as how to measure progress towards greener growth.
The document discusses key messages around pursuing a green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the importance of resilience, sustainable finance, multilateralism, and harnessing investment in the green sector to create jobs. It also highlights the role of environmental health in public health. The document reviews lessons learned from green stimulus programs during the 2008 financial crisis, including the importance of monitoring and evaluation to ensure green recovery measures reduce emissions while supporting growth. It outlines next steps like refining a green recovery database and providing policy guidance to support countries in building climate and economic resilience during the low-carbon transition.
Green accounting aims to address the shortcomings of conventional economic indicators like GDP by incorporating environmental factors. It recognizes that economic growth depends on environmental services and that measures of production and consumption alone do not capture impacts on welfare. The UN's System of Environmental-Economic Accounting provides a framework to integrate environmental data into existing economic accounts through physical and monetary stock and flow tables. Various indices have also been developed, like Genuine Savings and ISEW, to better measure sustainability. While green accounting methods are improving, applying them remains challenging due to lack of consensus and data requirements.
This document outlines an economic analysis of a landfill recycling project in the United States. It discusses how landfills produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and how capturing and using landfill gas can generate renewable energy. The analysis examines a specific landfill project that would install gas collection infrastructure and pipelines to deliver gas to an end user. It calculates the capital costs, operating costs, revenues from gas sales, and environmental benefits. The financial analysis finds the project has a positive net present value and internal rate of return, suggesting it is economically viable. Barriers to implementing such projects in Oman are also discussed.
1. The chapter outlines the methodology used in the study, including the theoretical framework of cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit analysis attempts to quantify the total social costs and benefits of a project in monetary terms.
2. The study area is Akure metropolis in Ondo State, Nigeria. Specific fish farms will be studied.
3. The sampling procedure will use purposive sampling to gather information from representative farms.
1. The document describes the methodology used for a study on cost-benefit analysis. It outlines the theoretical framework, study area, sampling procedure, data collection, and methods of data analysis.
2. Cost-benefit analysis compares the total expected costs of a project or decision to the total expected benefits to see if benefits outweigh costs. It is a key tool for project evaluation and investment decisions.
3. The study will use cost-benefit analysis methods like benefit-cost ratio, net present value, and internal rate of return to evaluate the costs and benefits of fish farms in Akure, Nigeria.
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS1APPLYING ANALYTIC T.docxRAHUL126667
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
1
APPLYING ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO BUSINESS
2Applying Analytic Techniques to Business
3/16/2020Introduction
Ford Motor is a company that has its original situation in the United States of America. The company has its core business as producing motor vehicles; the company is the Fourth highest producer in the world. The company came to existence in the year 1903, with the present state being one of the companies with a production rate of higher standards compared to its competitors. The company has produced motor vehicles not only in the United States of America but the whole world consisting of diverse brands. Throughout the years, the firm has created different development techniques planned for supporting the general target of keeping up the upper hand in the market. The organization's development is bolstered by different escalated techniques that incorporate market improvement, item advancement, and market entrance. There likewise exist conventional methodologies that steer Ford's business seriousness. Even though there have been a few nonexclusive procedures, cost administration remains the hugest power behind the automaker's prosperity.
Ford’s Operations
The Ford Motor Company has an extensive list of their products and administrations which incorporate autos and substantial business vehicles just as car financing administrations. Their engines include minimal effort vehicles that are created to pull in a more extensive client extend, extravagance autos, trucks, transports, and Motorsport vehicles. Their blend of items and administrations guarantees that the firm can contend well in the vehicle business. Through advancement, the organization has likewise added to a superior situation by creating vehicles that sudden spike in demand for less fuel, hydrogen, and power along these lines empowering the association to acquire clients in recent years.
The firm effectively executes its commitments to its outer clients who buy their vehicles just as its inward clients who comprise of staff in different divisions and who depend on various offices to encourage the smooth progression of their day by day obligations. For the outside clients, the vehicles they buy must satisfy specific guidelines dependent on the details for which they are fabricated. For example, the extravagance vehicles ought to be in a situation to give solace and security dependent on the base market models, simplicity of route, and saving money on fuel utilization. While such principles are structure qualifiers, the firm should endeavor to think of more request champs that recognize their extravagance vehicles from those of contenders. To accomplish this, ford had created a technology that aimed at producing their products with diverse differentiation compared to their competitors.
Ford prior concocted advancements that set their items apart from others. For instance, it built up the EcoBoost suite of advances that decreased the s.
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This is a group work carried out in the field of economics of sustainability. It looked at hidden cost and externalities. Also tried to appraise the emergence of carbon economics and carbon tax systems.
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This document provides an overview of carbon credits and the carbon markets ecosystem. It discusses that carbon markets can help enhance climate action by targeting lowest-cost emissions reductions. Carbon credits financially incentivize emission reduction activities and address mismatches in resources and timing needed to reach net-zero goals. The document outlines key elements of high-integrity carbon credits, including additionality, permanence, quantification, and sustainable development benefits. It also notes risks to companies from improper use of offsets and calls for understanding both potential and limitations of this tool to support increased integrity in voluntary carbon markets.
The document discusses market failures and government interventions to address them. It provides examples of market failures such as pollution, traffic congestion, and underprovision of public goods. It also lists government policy tools like taxes, subsidies, and regulations that can be used to correct market failures and achieve more efficient resource allocation.
Products are used by people to live their lives and are made by companies through economic activities that have impacts throughout their supply chain and after use. Accounting only considers financial impacts, but a product's full life cycle almost always has significant negative environmental and social impacts that are not accounted for, such as resource depletion and pollution. Impact accounting seeks to incorporate these externalities by tracking changes to financial, human, natural, and man-made capital in order to give a more complete picture of a product's true costs and value.
This document discusses multi-dimensional impact accounting and how it can be used to better account for the impacts of products and economic activities. It describes how traditional financial accounting only considers monetary impacts, while ignoring impacts on other capitals like human, natural, and social capital. The document proposes a framework to adjust financial accounts by adding positive impacts not accounted for, and deducting negative externalities. It suggests impact accounting could be applied at each stage of a supply chain to aggregate impacts. The goal is to provide more transparency about total life cycle impacts to help consumers make informed choices that factor in environmental and social considerations, not just price.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
11/2014convegno su Green Economy e industria manifatturiera in Italia. Presen...Gabriella Foglio
Eccellente inquadramento della problematica "Sviluppo economico e protezione ambientale" da parte del Prof. Stavins/Harvard University. Uomo simpatico oltre che acuto
Market failure is the situation in which an unregulated competitive market is inefficient because prices fail to provide proper signals to consumers and producers.
Making Impact Boring Workshop Conservation Finance David Boghossian 2016 v2 alDavid Boghossian
The document discusses harnessing investment to solve global problems by making impact investing more mainstream and profitable. It notes that $90 trillion will be invested in infrastructure over the next 15 years, while global philanthropy is only $500-600 billion. Impact investing, which focuses on social/environmental solutions, could be 30 times more impactful if the $16-18 trillion in global savings was directed that way. However, impact investing currently makes up only 1-2% of the market. The document proposes moving investments along two axes - social/environmental benefit and financial return - to attract more mainstream investors by making impact investing "boring and profitable."
The document discusses identifying biodiversity harmful subsidies (BHS) as part of environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS). It provides definitions of subsidies, EHS, and EFS from the OECD and Italian law. The procedure for assessing the environmental impact of subsidies on biodiversity involves: 1) defining biodiversity-related subsidies, 2) reviewing existing subsidies, 3) analyzing environmental impacts, and 4) classifying subsidies as BHS, biodiversity-friendly subsidies, or uncertain. Over 160 Italian subsidies worth 41 billion euros were identified and classified. Reforming BHS and eliminating EHS remains a political decision.
1. The document discusses green finance and public-private partnerships to promote green growth and address climate change issues.
2. It outlines Japan Bank for International Cooperation's (JBIC) green finance initiatives like "LIFE" which supports clean power, energy efficiency, water, and transportation projects through loans, equity investments, and cooperation with other development banks and private institutions.
3. JBIC also proposes new financial instruments like "GREEN" to scale up low-carbon investments using measurement, reporting and verification of emissions reductions.
Green growth can be seen as a way to pursue economic growth and development, while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and unsustainable natural resource use.
For the short term, green growth can transform the opportunity of the crisis to ensure a more sustainable economic recovery.
For the long term, it will promote new, greener sources of growth.
The OECD is working on policy recommendations to help governments achieve greener growth. The presentation gives an overview of the findings to date and the next steps. It mentions innovation, taxes, jobs and development issues, as well as how to measure progress towards greener growth.
The document discusses key messages around pursuing a green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the importance of resilience, sustainable finance, multilateralism, and harnessing investment in the green sector to create jobs. It also highlights the role of environmental health in public health. The document reviews lessons learned from green stimulus programs during the 2008 financial crisis, including the importance of monitoring and evaluation to ensure green recovery measures reduce emissions while supporting growth. It outlines next steps like refining a green recovery database and providing policy guidance to support countries in building climate and economic resilience during the low-carbon transition.
Green accounting aims to address the shortcomings of conventional economic indicators like GDP by incorporating environmental factors. It recognizes that economic growth depends on environmental services and that measures of production and consumption alone do not capture impacts on welfare. The UN's System of Environmental-Economic Accounting provides a framework to integrate environmental data into existing economic accounts through physical and monetary stock and flow tables. Various indices have also been developed, like Genuine Savings and ISEW, to better measure sustainability. While green accounting methods are improving, applying them remains challenging due to lack of consensus and data requirements.
This document outlines an economic analysis of a landfill recycling project in the United States. It discusses how landfills produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and how capturing and using landfill gas can generate renewable energy. The analysis examines a specific landfill project that would install gas collection infrastructure and pipelines to deliver gas to an end user. It calculates the capital costs, operating costs, revenues from gas sales, and environmental benefits. The financial analysis finds the project has a positive net present value and internal rate of return, suggesting it is economically viable. Barriers to implementing such projects in Oman are also discussed.
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2. The study area is Akure metropolis in Ondo State, Nigeria. Specific fish farms will be studied.
3. The sampling procedure will use purposive sampling to gather information from representative farms.
1. The document describes the methodology used for a study on cost-benefit analysis. It outlines the theoretical framework, study area, sampling procedure, data collection, and methods of data analysis.
2. Cost-benefit analysis compares the total expected costs of a project or decision to the total expected benefits to see if benefits outweigh costs. It is a key tool for project evaluation and investment decisions.
3. The study will use cost-benefit analysis methods like benefit-cost ratio, net present value, and internal rate of return to evaluate the costs and benefits of fish farms in Akure, Nigeria.
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Ford Motor is a company that has its original situation in the United States of America. The company has its core business as producing motor vehicles; the company is the Fourth highest producer in the world. The company came to existence in the year 1903, with the present state being one of the companies with a production rate of higher standards compared to its competitors. The company has produced motor vehicles not only in the United States of America but the whole world consisting of diverse brands. Throughout the years, the firm has created different development techniques planned for supporting the general target of keeping up the upper hand in the market. The organization's development is bolstered by different escalated techniques that incorporate market improvement, item advancement, and market entrance. There likewise exist conventional methodologies that steer Ford's business seriousness. Even though there have been a few nonexclusive procedures, cost administration remains the hugest power behind the automaker's prosperity.
Ford’s Operations
The Ford Motor Company has an extensive list of their products and administrations which incorporate autos and substantial business vehicles just as car financing administrations. Their engines include minimal effort vehicles that are created to pull in a more extensive client extend, extravagance autos, trucks, transports, and Motorsport vehicles. Their blend of items and administrations guarantees that the firm can contend well in the vehicle business. Through advancement, the organization has likewise added to a superior situation by creating vehicles that sudden spike in demand for less fuel, hydrogen, and power along these lines empowering the association to acquire clients in recent years.
The firm effectively executes its commitments to its outer clients who buy their vehicles just as its inward clients who comprise of staff in different divisions and who depend on various offices to encourage the smooth progression of their day by day obligations. For the outside clients, the vehicles they buy must satisfy specific guidelines dependent on the details for which they are fabricated. For example, the extravagance vehicles ought to be in a situation to give solace and security dependent on the base market models, simplicity of route, and saving money on fuel utilization. While such principles are structure qualifiers, the firm should endeavor to think of more request champs that recognize their extravagance vehicles from those of contenders. To accomplish this, ford had created a technology that aimed at producing their products with diverse differentiation compared to their competitors.
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1) As a means of providing scientists with appropriate tertiary data, the conference is intended to serve as a communication medium for everyone involved in the manipulation and dissemination of research findings.
2) The decision by the managers was that the committee for road improvement would cease its activity for the duration of the term.
3) From the beginning, the writing of this research article was marked by reluctance.
4. . If we shadows have offended,
Think but this, and all is mended,
That you have but slumber'd here
While these visions did appear.
And this weak and idle theme,
No more yielding but a dream,
5.. Four score
and seven
years ago
our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure.
.
Application of Standards of CareDiscuss the standard(s) of c.docxRAHUL126667
Application of Standards of Care
Discuss the standard(s) of care to which the parties will be held in this case scenario. How will the standards of care and your state’s Nurse Practice Act be applied in the courts if the case is sued?
Case Scenario
SK, age 61, went to the hospital with what she thought was a bad cold, and was admitted with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Following admission, she became increasingly feverish and short of breath, but her family’s calls for help went unanswered. In fact, her daughter was unable to find anyone when she went to the nurses’ station looking for help. The patient eventually stopped breathing, and someone finally responded to the family’s desperate and frantic calls for help. SK was successfully resuscitated, but sustained brain damage due to oxygen deprivation. She was left unable to walk, talk, or care for herself.
Because of nurse understaffing in the hospital, her assigned RN had not assessed her often enough and did not monitor her oxygen level. There were 41 other patients on this unit. Although the hospital’s own staffing standards called for five registered nurses and two licensed practical nurses to staff this unit, only three registered nurses were on duty. Records for the unit in question indicated that the hospital failed to meet its own staffing standards for 51 out of 59 days before this incident.
.
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Compe.docxRAHUL126667
Application of the Nursing Process to Deliver Culturally Competent Care.
Research the literature for an appropriate professional article that discusses the health care needs of your selected cultural group.
It should include 5-7 pages within the body of the paper with 3-5 references (at least two articles/book references).
Papers must follow
APA format
7th edition format, and include a title page, citations, and reference pages.
View the
APA Sample Template
APA Sample Template - Alternative Formats
.
Submit the paper in the drop box provided in Blackboard.
View
Formal Paper Rubric
for grading criteria.
Need help with Blackboard?
Review the
Submitting Assignments tutorial
.
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Formal Paper Resources
Below are helpful resources to assist you with completing the Formal Paper.Click on each link to view.
Dreams from Endangered Culture
- With stunning photos and stories, National Geographic Explorer Wade Davis celebrates the extraordinary diversity of the world's indigenous cultures, which are disappearing from the planet at an alarming rate.
Photos of Endangered Cultures
- Photographer Phil Borges shows rarely seen images of people from the mountains of Dharamsala, India, and the jungles of the Ecuadorean Amazon. In documenting these endangered cultures, he intends to help preserve them.
The Danger of a Single Story
- Our lives, our cultures, are composed of many overlapping stories. Novelist Chimamanda Adichie tells the story of how she found her authentic cultural voice — and warns that if we hear only a single story about another person or country, we risk a critical misunderstanding.
Theories & Models
Cultural Competence Project
Giger and Davidhizar
Giger and Davidhizar - Alternative Formats
Madeleine M.
Leninger
- Transcultural Nursing Culture Care Theory
Resource Library
You can also revisit
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
- Office of Minority Health
Log in and c lick on the
ToolKit - Resource Library
tab
The Resource Library has many useful descriptions and examples of models to use for your Formal Paper.
*NOTE:
Wikipedia is not a source to be used in any of the generated work; using it will result in a “zero” for the assignmen
.
Application Ware House-Application DesignAppointyAppoi.docxRAHUL126667
Application Ware House-Application Design
Appointy
Appointy allows users grow and manage their business in one and easy to use user interface.
The software helps users schedule online customers daily anywhere and at anytime,
Improve productivity and it enables business manage their staff in multiple locations.
Appointy helps organizations attract more customers through online marketing channels such as facebook and twitter.
Advantages of Saas
Accessibility SaaS can run on any OS regardless of its Mac OS, Blackberry Tablet Os,
Cost reduction and quick commissioning; due to the amount of money saved, there are no initial licensing costs.
Scalability; It is not necessary for an organization to purchase more service space or software licenses.
Updates; Saas providers update software and hardware and this has saved on time and workload for the consumer.
Saas is easily accessible and can run on any operating system regardless of its Mac OS. Besides, it is highly accessible and a user only requires an internet browser to begin their operations.
Saas providers update their software and hardware which saves on time and workload fro the consumer. The software is centrally on the server and new functions and update are implemented more frequently and efficiently.
Saas software is associated with cost reduction and quick comissioning,one of the major benefits o using Saas is the amount of money that culd be potentially saved.
3
Disadvantages of Saas
Data security risks; businesses are required to keep their information private as the provider is the one storing the company data.
Termination of service; Businesses can lose their data and files if the provider terminates their services for reasons such as lawsuits and bankruptcy.
Performance challenges; Software on local machines may run faster compared to Saas being hosted in a remote data centre.
Limited Applications; Saas relies on multiple software solutions.
Saas is associated with limited applications, a number of business that use SaaS grow daily and there are software applications that do not offer a hosted platform, the company will have to be hosted on site especially if it relies on multiple software sources.
Software in local machines are likely to run at a faster speed when compared to Saas that is hosted inn remote data centre.
Organizations are likely to face data security risks since data is stored by a provider.
4
Advantages of An in-house customized software
Users of the program will find the custom-made program more friendly.
The organization is provided with a greater control, which is crucial if the business ha some specific needs that an average commercial product can fulfill.
It also makes the interface more easy to use and provides easy accessibility to knowledgeable support.
The organization is likely obtain support from individual who have developed the software at hand.
customized software is more efficient,as it can cover every aspect of the business without the.
Application of the Belmont PrinciplesFirst, identify your .docxRAHUL126667
Application of the Belmont Principles
First, identify your research topic, including the key concepts you hope to investigate, any relationship you will look for between or among them—if anticipating a quantitative study—and who you anticipate as the target population.
RESEARCH TOPIC: Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Then, briefly identify how you would apply the three Belmont principles (beneficence, justice, and respect for persons) when you conduct your study.
Your post will be assessed based on the following:
· A thorough and high-quality post will apply one or more of the Belmont principles to all of the following elements of a research design:
o How one samples and recruits participants.
o How one collects data from those participants.
o How one manages, organizes, and conducts analyses of the data.
o How one reports the findings.
· An acceptable but lower quality post will apply at least one of the Belmont Principles to at least two of the design elements.
· A low-quality post will apply a Belmont principle to only one design element.
· An unacceptable post will not apply any Belmont principles to any design elements.
.
APPLE is only one of the multiple companies that have approved and d.docxRAHUL126667
APPLE is only one of the multiple companies that have approved and declared a stock split, the most recent one on a 4-for-1 basis last August 28, 2020. Analyze and explain:
(i) What is a stock split;
(ii) Why do you think that APPLE has approved this stock split decision;
(iii) How has that the stock split affected APPLE’s stocks’ value;
(iv) What is the APPLE’s current dividend payout ratio;
(v) How do you think that the APPLE’s dividend payout ratio may affect to the stocks’ value.
This exercise assesses the following learning outcomes:
(i) the evaluation of the dividend payout ratio,
(ii) the trade-off between paying dividends and retaining the profits within the company,
(iii) the purpose and procedure related to stock repurchases, and
(iv) the evaluation and advice on a firm going from private to a public company.
.
Appliance Warehouse Service Plan.The discussion focuses on the.docxRAHUL126667
Appliance Warehouse Service Plan.
The discussion focuses on the appliance Warehouse Service Plan that is made up of the testing plan, an implementation plan and the training plan for the sake of the bettering of services in a warehouse. The testing plan is meant to manage the systems through QA standards meeting the needs of the customers. The implementation plan elaborates and indicates whether one should use parallel, direct, phased, or pilot changeover strategies. The training plan, on the other hand, indicates what a training plan would include for affected employees, such as appointment setters, technicians, management, and the parts department.
Testing Plan
The main reason for the testing plan is to validate and verify the information from the main source or the end to end target warehouse. The two major testing plans for include program testing and acceptance testing (Lewis, 2017). The plan should verify the following, the business required documents, ETL design for the documents, sources to target on the mapping process and the data model for the source and the target schemas. The documents that are considered are meant for the ETL development process in the testing plan. The testing plan is meant further for the supervisors or the quality analysis team to confirm that the work is concerning the objective of the organization. The process of testing might also include the configuration management system and the data quality validation and verification process.
Implementation Plan
The plan for the implementation of the systems is the same as the process that is considered during the development process of the entire system to meet the goals of the organization. The steps to consider for the whole plan of the implementation include the analysis and the enhancement requests, the writing of very simplified and new programs, restructuring of the database, analysis of the program library and its cost, and the reengineering of the test program. The first phase parallels the analysis phase as the parallel strategy is considered for the entire process, which entails the analysis phase of the SDLC. The steps two to four process entails the combining and the construction activities that are done on a new system majorly on a small scale. The last step is meant to parallel the testing that is commonly done during the implementation process. The testing process ensures that the process is free of risk as a quality assurance process (Liang & Hui, 2016).
Training Plan
The training plan should be made up of a training matrix in which it will guide them to know who needs the training what they need from the training and why they want the training not forgetting when they need the training(Kwak,2016). The matrix will allow for the planning and the preparation for the training avoiding scrambling when the due date for the training comes around. The requirements are automatically updated when the employees get done with the first training before transferri.
Applicants must submit a 500 essay describing how current or future .docxRAHUL126667
Applicants must submit a 500 essay describing how current or future technologies may be used to enhance academic learning and/or stimulate student engagement in the online classroom. Essay should include a description of the technology, implementation and perceived benefits.
.
Apple Inc., Microsoft Corp., Berkshire Hathaway, and Facebook ha.docxRAHUL126667
Apple Inc., Microsoft Corp., Berkshire Hathaway, and Facebook have all been identified as companies that have accumulated substantial sums of cash. For this discussion:
Select one of these companies and review their latest Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows.
Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of companies accumulating cash hoards.
Provide a rationale for your suggestion.
.
Appcelerator Titanium was released in December 2008, and has been st.docxRAHUL126667
Appcelerator Titanium was released in December 2008, and has been steadily growing in functionality since its release. Starting with its Titanium Developer product, Appcelerator provides a single-point interface to run applications. Titanium Studio is a full-featured IDE which provides a single place to handle all steps of the development environment including a debugging solution. Titanium is not a magic bullet; however, it does include a solid framework for developing a single codebase to deploy to multiple platforms. In addition, it allows developers to use a language they are more familiar with to create apps in a domain outside of their knowledge.
What are some advantages to using Appcelerator Titanium?
Though Appcelerator is reasonably priced, why do some mobile app developers feel that the bugs don’t make it worth the effort?.
How is Appcelerator different from other mobile application developers?
- apa
- 2 pages
- zero plagiarism
.
APA Style300 words per topic2 peer reviewed resources per to.docxRAHUL126667
APA Style
300 words per topic
2 peer reviewed resources per topic
Topic 1: Communicating Research
What are some possible ways you can communicate your research findings?
Topic 2: Considering the Audience
What do you need to consider when communicating to different audiences?
.
Ape and Human Cognition What’s theDifferenceMichael To.docxRAHUL126667
Ape and Human Cognition: What’s the
Difference?
Michael Tomasello and Esther Herrmann
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
Abstract
Humans share the vast majority of their cognitive skills with other great apes. In addition, however, humans have also evolved a
unique suite of cognitive skills and motivations—collectively referred to as shared intentionality—for living collaboratively,
learning socially, and exchanging information in cultural groups.
Keywords
apes, culture, cognition, evolution, cooperation
Surely one of the deepest and most important questions in all of
the psychological sciences is how human cognition is similar to
and different from that of other primates. The main datum is this:
Humans seemingly engage in all kinds of cognitive activities that
their nearest primate relatives do not, but at the same time there is
great variability among different cultural groups. All groups have
complex technologies but of very different types; all groups use
linguistic and other symbols but in quite different ways; all
groups have complex social institutions but very different ones.
What this suggests is that human cognition is in some way bound
up with human culture. Here we argue that this is indeed the case,
and we then try to explain this fact evolutionarily.
Similarities in Ape and Human Cognition
The five great ape species (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees,
bonobos, humans) share a common ancestor from about 15 mil-
lion years ago, with the last three sharing a common ancestor
from about 6 million years ago (see Fig. 1 for a picture of chim-
panzees). Since great apes are so closely related to one another
evolutionarily, it is natural that they share many perceptual,
behavioral, and cognitive skills.
Great ape cognitive worlds
Many different studies suggest that nonhuman great apes (here-
after great apes) understand the physical world in basically the
same way as humans. Like humans, apes live most basically in
a world of permanent objects (and categories and quantities of
objects) existing in a mentally represented space. Moreover,
they understand much about various kinds of events in the
world and how these events relate to one another causally (see
Tomasello & Call, 1997, for a review). Apes’ and other
primates’ cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world
almost certainly evolved in the context of foraging for food.
As compared with other mammals, primates may face special
challenges in locating their daily fare, since ripe fruits are pat-
chy resources that are irregularly distributed in space and time.
Other studies suggest that great apes understand their social
worlds in basically the same way as humans as well. Like
humans, apes live in a world of identifiable individuals with
whom they form various kinds of social relationships—for
example, in terms of dominance and ‘‘friendship’’—and they
recognize the third-party social relationships that.
Apply what you have learned about Health Promotion and Disease P.docxRAHUL126667
This document provides instructions for developing a holistic plan of care for a specific population using concepts of health promotion, disease prevention, and telehealth technologies. Students are asked to select a population based on gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and healthcare needs. They then must develop a case study for a patient within that population, outlining a plan of care using telehealth, alternative therapies, and mobile apps to address the unique needs of and improve access to care for that group.
APA formatCite there peer-reviewed, scholarly references300 .docxRAHUL126667
APA format
Cite there peer-reviewed, scholarly references
300 - 350 words
Write a negative construct on the usefulness of decision making, leadership effectiveness, and employee morale challenges as they impact organizational change.
***Introduction and conclusion not needed***
.
APA formatCite 2 peer-reviewed reference175-265 word count.docxRAHUL126667
APA format
Cite 2 peer-reviewed reference
175-265 word count
Read
and
respond
to the following discussion posts. Be constructive and professional with your thoughts, feedback suggestions or question(s).
Respond to the following:
Crystal Irwin
12:13 PM
Hello Ms. Chimera & Class,
Everyone has different strengths and weaknesses when it comes to academics and the professional world. Thanks to my experience as a financial ops generalist, I have gained great communication skills. I am responsible for contacting vendors to address or fix any issues we may have with the service or product. I have also completed training on effective communication at my current job. This training was helpful being that I have to regularly speak with offenders family members as well. Another one of my strengths is that I am very reliable. My previous supervisor would always assign me extra duties when she had a deadline to meet because she knew that I would make sure it was done by the deadline. An academic weakness that I have is writing papers, I tend to procrastinate when it comes to having to write them. I have found that the writing center is very helpful. The university's library is helpful when having to do research. I have used the citation generator numerous times in the past to help with citations. If you have trouble with citations, this is a good resource or tool to use.
.
APA formatCite at least 1 referenceWrite a 175- to 265-w.docxRAHUL126667
APA format
Cite at least 1 reference
Write
a 175- to 265-word response to the following:
How does employee motivation impact organizational behavior? Provide details.
What do you believe has the biggest impact on employee motivation? Why?
.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
BUS272 Changing Economies of AsiaThe Environment and Econo.docx
1. BUS272 Changing Economies of Asia
The Environment and Economic Growth
Lecture 10
Professor Malcolm Tull
Murdoch University
Supplement Version
(Lee Lao Shi)
Introduction
• The NIEs provide a model of economic development
but do they provide a model of sustainable economic
development? (Refer to lecture 1 supplement notes on
differences between
sustainable growth and development. Sustainable development
includes sustainability of
environment)
• A wide range of environmental problems including• A wide
range of environmental problems including
water and air pollution, loss of forest, wildlife and
biodiversity, generation of toxic wastes and generation
of solid wastes
2. • In the last 30 years Asia has lost about 50% of its
forest and fish stocks and nearly 33%of its land area
has been degraded
Economics of the environment
• Market of an environmental good
• Market failure
• When the market determined price and output levels of
environmental goods are not
efficient i.e., disparity between MSC and MPC or MSB and
MPB for a market at Q*
level of production
• Externalities (Refer to Lecture 3 Supplement Notes)•
Externalities (Refer to Lecture 3 Supplement Notes)
• An externality is a third party effect of market activity not
recognised by the buyers
and sellers participating in the market activity
• Can be positive or negative e.g., Greenhouse gases represent
an over use of a
common property resource (the atmosphere)
• Externalities and property rights
•
3. Solution
s
• Public education
• Regulations
• Economic incentives
Economics of the environment (Supplement Notes)
Definition of MPC (Marginal Private Cost)
The marginal private cost is the cost to the firm of producing an
additional unit of
given good or service. There may also be external costs from
production and
these are added to the private cost to give the total social cost.
Definition of MPB (Marginal Private Benefit)
The additional satisfaction or utility that a person receives from
4. consuming an
additional unit of a good or service. A person's marginal benefit
is the
maximum amount they are willing to pay to consume that
additional unit of amaximum amount they are willing to pay to
consume that additional unit of a
good or service. In a normal situation, the marginal benefit will
decrease as
consumption increases.
For example, assume there is a consumer wishing to purchase an
additional
burger. If this consumer is willing to pay $10 for that additional
burger, then
the marginal benefit of consuming that burger is $10. The more
burgers the
consumer has, the less he or she will want to pay for the next
one. This is
because the benefit decreases as the quantity consumed
increases.
It is important to note that even though the consumer is willing
to pay $10
for the burger, this will not necessarily be the burger's price;
this is
5. determined by market forces. The difference between the market
price and
the price the consumer is willing to pay is called consumer
surplus.
Definition of MSC (Marginal Social Cost):
The total cost to society as a whole for producing one further
unit, or
taking one further action, in an economy. This total cost of
producing one
extra unit of something is not simply the direct cost borne by
the
producer, but also must include the costs to the external
environment
and other stakeholders.
Calculated as:
Economics of the environment (Supplement Notes)
Calculated as:
6. Where:
MSC = Marginal Social Cost
MPC = Marginal Private Cost
MEC = Marginal External Cost (Positive)
MSC = MPC + MEC
For example, take the case of a coal plant polluting a local
river. If the coal
plant's marginal social costs are more than its marginal private
costs, the
MEC must be positive (and therefore resulting in a negative
externality,
or effect on the environment.) The cost of the produced energy
is more
than just the rate charged by the company, as society must bear
the
costs of a polluted river and the effects of that action.
Economics of the environment (Supplement Notes)
While marginal social cost represents a powerful economic
principle, it
7. can rarely be expressed in tangible dollars. We know that there
are costs
incurred by certain acts of production, although their far-
reaching effects
make them difficult to quantify. The theory helps legislators
and
economists come up with a framework to "incentivize"
companies to
reduce the marginal social costs of their actions.
Definition of MSB (Marginal Social Benefit):
Marginal social benefit is equal to the private marginal benefit a
good
provides plus any external benefits it creates. In other words,
MSB gives
the total marginal benefit of the good to society as a whole. In
mathematical notation:
Economics of the environment (Supplement Notes)
MSB = MPB + MEB (where MEB is marginal externalities
benefit)
8. It is used for evaluating efficiency in the presence of positive
externalites.
As an example, suppose a company is thinking about buying and
redeveloping part of an old abandoned industrial site near the
center of a
city. Such areas are called "brownfields" and are a big problem
for many
cities because they are unsightly and may be polluted. Thus by
re-
developing it, it adds as scenic view and reduces pollution level
to the
city dwellers – a MSB here.
Costs/Benefits
$
S, MC
The Market of an Environmental Good
Q (units of resource)
9. D, MB
Q*
Market Failure
An Example of Market Failure
Costs/Benefits
$
S, (MPC)
S, (MSC)
Q (units of resource)
D, MB
Q*Q1
9
10. Sustainable economic development
• Environmental degradation refers to damage that reduces
the sustainability of economic growth and human welfare
• If development is to be sustainable greater attention has to
be given to the environment. Rising real income will remain a
major goal but there is a need to understand the
environmental trade offsenvironmental trade offs
• Definition: A development path is sustainable if and only if
the stock of overall capital assets remains constant or rises
over time
• Capital Assets include:
• manufacturing machines
• human capital
• environmental capital
11. • Living within ones means is not decreasing overall capital
assets
Supplement Notes
Environmental Degradation is the deterioration in
environmental quality from ambient concentrations of
pollutants and other activities and processes such as
improper land use and natural disasters.
In most instances the definition is derived from statistical
standards developed by international organisations such as
the IMF, OECD, Eurostat, ILO. Where possible, thethe IMF,
OECD, Eurostat, ILO. Where possible, the
definition has been quoted word for word from the source.
-- Source: OECD
Nominal vs Real Income
Nominal income is the term used to describe an individual's
wages based in a particular currency without factoring in
inflationary or deflationary effects on the unit of measure.
12. Real income is the term used to describe an individual's
wages based on their actual purchasing power (i.e., in
relation to inflation effect).
Relax: Watch a video now!!!
• The world greatest industrial disaster.
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy, India.
• December 1984
• MNC involved: Union Carbide
• Effect: 5,000 to 20,000 dead, 500,000 permanently
affected in health condition, many turned blinded
• Justice: yet to be settled in court appeal
Lecture 10 - Bhopal Disaster.mp4
13. Sustainable economic development
• Measuring sustainable income requires adjustment of
national accounts
NET NATIONAL PRODUCT= GNP-Dm- Dn
Dm=depreciation on manufactured capital
Dn=depreciation on natural (environmental) capital
Dn is made up in 2 ways:Dn is made up in 2 ways:
• losses of unrecorded GNP eg wildlife species
• losses of GNP that would otherwise be recorded eg pollution
• This approach can be expanded as follows
R= restorative expenditure
A= aversive expenditure
N= overstatement due to non-optimal use of resources
So Sustainable National Income = GNP-(R+A+N)-
14. (Dm+Dn)
Sustainable economic development
Sustainable economic development
Source: Ida Kubiszewski,
http://theconversation.com/beyond-gdp-are-
there-better-ways-to-measure-well-being-
33414
The impact of economic growth on the environment
and social welfare
• The figure illustrates the hypothetical relationship
between growth and the environmentbetween growth and the
environment
15. • Beyond point T2 economic productivity may fall
The relationship between growth and the
environment
• There are at least three possibilities:
• Increased output may lead to improvements in
environmental quality
• There may be an inverted U shaped relationship
between growth and the environment
(Environmental Kuznet’s Curve)
• Some types of pollutants may continue to increase
along with the growth of output
Environmental Kuznet’s Curve
16. (Supplement Notes)
The Environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesised
relationship between environmental quality and
economic development: various indicators of
environmental degradation tend to get worse as
modern economic growth occurs until average income
reaches a certain point over the course of
Environmental Kuznet’s Curve
(Supplement Notes)
reaches a certain point over the course of
development. Although the subject of continuing
debate, some evidence supports the claim that
environmental health indicators, such as water and air
pollution, show the inverted U-shaped curve. It has
been argued that this trend occurs in the level of many
of the environmental pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxide, lead, DDT, chlorofluorocarbons,
sewage, and other chemicals previously released
directly into the air or water.
17. Growth and the environment
• Structural change can generate environmental gratis
effects (i..e, the environment becomes beneficial to us, usually
cost-free or positive
externalities then, thru its improvement by deliberate structural
change.)
• ‘Environmental dumping’
• Advantages of backwardness- But why have
developing countries not benefited from the
experience of developed countries?
• The environment is a normal good, ie., it has a
positive income elasticity. Thus as incomes rise
people demand improvements in environmental
quality
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY (Supplement Notes)
18. Macro-economy – structural change
Micro-economy – innovation
-of-pipe’ to ‘up-stream’ solutions
Environmental Dumping
Environmental dumping is the practice of transfrontier shipment
of waste
(household waste, industrial/nuclear waste, etc.) from one
country to another.
The goal is to take the waste to a country that has less strict
environmental
laws, or environmental laws that are not strictly enforced. The
economic
benefit of this practice is cheap disposal or recycling of waste
without the
economic regulations of the original country.
Definition of 'Normal Good'
19. An economic term used to describe the quantity demanded for a
particular
good or service as a result of a change in the given level of
income. A normal
good is one that experiences an increase in demand as the real
income of an
individual or economy increases.
Another way to define a normal good is by calculating its
income elasticity of
demand. If this coefficient is positive and lower than 1, the
good is considered
to be a normal good.
In most circumstances, as the income of an economy increases,
there is an
increase in the demand for goods and services. One example
might be luxury
cars; as the income level increases, more people buy or demand
these cars.
However, when income rises, demand for some goods and
services may be
negatively affected. For example, as the income level increases,
20. fewer people
might use the public transportation system. In this case, the bus
or train would
be considered an inferior good or service because its demand
has gone down.
In this topic here, we consider Environment is a normal good
here. When an
individual or economy grows in real income, the demand of
Environment as
good (namely in good quality condition) grows correspondently.
Impact of the Asian crisis 1997
• In the short run, sharp falls in incomes and output reduced
pollution
• A prolonged recession places increased pressure on natural
resources e.g., forests, fish stocks and minerals as people try
to maintain consumption or pay debtsto maintain consumption
or pay debts
• Public expenditure on environmental management was
21. reduced
• The financial and environmental crises had similar roots i.e.,
rapid growth without adequate safeguards and controls
• Collusion between government and private sector has
prevented adequate regulation and management e.g., forests
in Indonesia
International cooperation
• A role for international agencies such as the OECD,
ASEAN, APEC
• Kyoto Protocol 1997
• Countries that ratified this protocol agreed to reduce
their emissions of greenhouse gases, or engage intheir emissions
of greenhouse gases, or engage in
emissions trading if they maintained or increase
emissions of these gases
• 2008-2012 first commitment period
22. • Doha Amendment 2013- 20
• 37 countries signed up for second commitment
period including Australia and EU
Stern Review on the economics of
climate change (2006)
• Greenhouse gas emissions are an externality, “the
greatest market failure the world has seen” (Stern,
2006)
• Risks of severe climate change increases as global
temperatures rise
• Global emissions vary by sector of the economy but
all need attention
• Review estimated that the cost of climate change is
equivalent to 5 per cent of global GDP per year, but
it could rise to as high as 20 per cent
23. • The cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is
about 1 per cent of global GDP per year
Greenhouse Gases include methane, chlorofluorocarbons and
carbon
dioxide. These gases act as a shield that traps heat in the earth’s
atmosphere. The resulting greenhouse gas effect is thought to
contribute to
global warming.
Greenhouse Effect: The retention of part of the Sun's energy in
the Earth's
atmosphere in the form of heat as a result of the presence of
greenhouse
gases. Although some of this radiation escapes into space, much
of it is
absorbed by greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere, which in
turn re-
radiate a portion back to the Earth's surface. the intensification
of its effect
Supplement Notes
24. radiate a portion back to the Earth's surface. the intensification
of its effect
due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is
considered to be the main contributing factor to global warming
.
Global Warming: an increase in the earth's atmospheric and
oceanic
temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the
greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution. The
present warming
is generally attributed to an increase in the greenhouse effect,
brought
about by increased levels of greenhouse gases, largely due to
the effects
of human industry and agriculture. Expected long-term effects
of current
global warming are rising sea levels, flooding, melting of polar
ice caps and
glaciers, fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, more
frequent and
stronger El Niños and La Niñas, drought, heat waves, and forest
fires.
25. Stern Review on the economics of
climate change (2006)
• According to the Review the policies needed
include:
• Carbon tax• Carbon tax
• Improved technology
• Deal with market failure
• Multilateralism
• Increase overseas aid to 0.7 per cent of GDP by
2015
26. A Carbon Tax is usually defined as a tax based on
greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) generated from
burning fuels.
It puts a price on each tonne of GHG emitted, sending
a price signal that will, over time, elicit a powerful
market response across the entire economy, resulting
in reduced emissions. It has the advantage of providing
an incentive without favouring any one way of reducingan
incentive without favouring any one way of reducing
emissions over another.
By reducing fuel consumption, increasing fuel
efficiency, using cleaner fuels and adopting new
technology, businesses and individuals can reduce the
amount they pay in carbon tax, or even offset it
altogether.
Climate change
• In an interview at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Stern
said:
"Looking back, I underestimated the risks. The planet and the
27. atmosphere
seem to be absorbing less carbon than we expected, and
emissions are
rising pretty strongly. Some of the effects are coming through
morerising pretty strongly. Some of the effects are coming
through more
quickly than we thought then” (The Observer, Saturday 26
January
2013)
• Also at Davos, Jim Yong Kim, president of the World Bank,
warned about the risk of conflicts over natural resources if
the forecast of a 4 degree increase above the historical
average proves accurate:
"There will be water and food fights everywhere"
A case study of Taiwan
• In 1945 Taiwan was a backward agricultural economy,
suffering from severe war damage
28. • By the 1990s Taiwan was a developed economy
characterised by a low level of foreign debt, inflation and
unemployment, a substantial trade surplus and a
population enjoying rapidly rising living standardspopulation
enjoying rapidly rising living standards
• Along with other Newly Industrialising Economies,
Taiwan has succeeded in mastering modern technology
but it has been less successful in managing the
environmental risks associated with economic growth
• In many respects, Taiwan has replicated the
environmental history of Asia's first industrial nation,
Japan (See M. Tull and A. R. Krishnan, ‘Resource use and
environmental management in
Japan 1890-1990’, Australian Economic History Review, Vol,
34, No. 2 (1994) pp.3-23).
A case study of Taiwan
29. • The Portuguese called Taiwan Formosa, or `Beautiful Island',
but much of
that beauty has disappeared in the interests of economic
development
• Taiwan is a densely populated island with few natural
resources
• Almost all of Taiwan's rivers are polluted by the time they
reach the sea
• Its farmers are some of the world's heaviest users of fertilisers
and
pesticides and this has led to contamination of water
sourcespesticides and this has led to contamination of water
sources
• Less than ten per cent of human waste receives primary
sewage treatment;
most raw sewage is simply discharged straight into rivers or the
sea
• The lack of adequate treatment of human waste has
contributed to the
30. spread of hepatitis and other water-borne diseases
• Emissions from vehicles are high and air pollution is a serious
problem in
the major cities
A case study of Taiwan
• A major turning point occurred in the late 1980s
• The removal of martial law in 1987 and the move
towards democracy made it possible for Taiwanese
citizens to actively oppose developments which
threatened the environmentthreatened the environment
• “At first, economic development covered only our ankles,
and we wanted more. Now, it is up to our waists, and
many people feel they have enough. What we fear most is
that we' ll find ourselves up to our necks in development,
and then it will be too late.”
• Hs_ Han-ch'ing, a teacher at a school in Lukang, Taiwan, 1988
(cited in Reardon-Anderson 1992,
31. p.13).
A case study of Taiwan
• Taiwan 2000, a detailed report on Taiwan's environmental
situation published in 1989, concluded that the `growth at all
costs strategy' had led to serious damage to the environment
and threatened to turn Taiwan into `a sort of poisonous
garbage dump' (The Steering Committee 1989, pp. 15-
23)garbage dump' (The Steering Committee 1989, pp. 15-23)
• The government publicly conceded that `Taiwan has paid a
heavy price for its economic miracle' (ROC Yearbook, 1993,
p.249)
A case study of Taiwan
• The government established an Environmental Protection
Agency in 1987 and has implemented numerous initiatives to
improve the environment
32. • ‘Public Policies Go Green’- for details see Yearbook 2012
http://www.ey.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=5715464F025htt
p://www.ey.gov.tw/en/Content_List.aspx?n=5715464F025
572FF
• Relationship with China- the re-unification issue
Summary and conclusions
• Economic growth in many NIEs is not
environmentally sustainable
• Increasing pressure on the global environment
eg., the Greenhouse effect, means that a ‘groweg., the
Greenhouse effect, means that a ‘grow
now, clean up later’ approach to the environment
is no longer possible
• Challenge of climate change
• International cooperation is vital if solutions are
33. to be found
Key Ideas for Essay Writing - BUS 272
Below are meant for general guideline to write the assignments
(individual essays), you may take the full liberty to approach
writing the assignment in otherwise manner and in your own
preferred way. More importance is to show your understanding
of the topic under discussion and your critical thinking that
make your presentation a work of substance.
Do take note that materials from your powerpoint notes even
those at supplement version are simply not good enough to write
the assignment. Do conduct some other study and basic research
here. Look thru your BUS 272 Unit Guide provided by Murdoch
for further information, format, other requirements, submission
and proper approaches here, especially that found in page 12 to
14 there.
Further, you should write your assignment in line with the
marking scheme (mark sheet) that attached together with this
file here (see below). In short, those areas and aspects will gain
some marks as found in mark sheet, you must produce them in
your writing.
Your further reading and materials should at least include those
"Essential Readings" list stated at your Unit Guide and possibly
even some "Recommended Reading" list there. Those materials
34. are accessible online at your Murdoch site. You may also out of
your own initiative use other materials apart from those
mentioned above such as newspapers, magazines, journals and
articles that are recognised at academic level. And other
official and unofficial resources. Unofficial resources (usually
from Internet) may help you to gain some basic understanding
of some important concepts and ideas, but NOT to be quoted in
your references. Sources like wikipedia, investopedia, eMBA,
Tutor2u, and alike are NOTto be quoted in your references.
General Format:
-- At least 1700-2000 words
-- Cover page: (Stu name, Stu ID, class code, Topic Title
presented, Lecture Name: Lee Lao Shi)
-- Content Pages (Page no for each sub-section)
-- Introduction
-- Section 1
-- Section 2 and so on
-- Conclusion
-- Appendices (like graphs, charts, statistics and references) --
not included in word count.
35. References, chicago style citation – at least 7 to 10 references
Question
“If the leading Asian economies continue to achieve high rates
of economic growth, the state of the environment will
eventually improve.” Discuss.
(Note: this topic will be covered at lecture 10, same time of
your submission of assignment in week 10!!!
You are advised to do your own research and read thru the
attached supplement powerpoint file on Topic 10
--- This is rather a general and broad scope essay topic to work
on. Thus there may be quite a few alternatives to present your
discussion and arguments.
Islam, I. and Chowdhury, A., 'Managing the environment in
rapidly industrialising economies', in Islam and Chowdhury,
Asia-Pacific Economies, (London, 1997).
Dixon, J. A., 'Environment and Economic Growth', ASEAN
Economic Bulletin, vol., 7, no.2, 1990.
Seda, M., 'Global environmental concerns and priorities.
Implications for ASEAN' in Seda, M., Environmental
36. Management in ASEAN, Institute of South East Asian Studies,
(Singapore,1993), pp. 1-54.
-- Main Content:
--
Definition and discuss on key aspects of Environmental issues
and problems such as Climate
Change and others.
--
Introduce some technical analysis such as Environmental
Kuznet Curve
--
Illustrate on some specific countries such as Japan, China and
other East Asia high growth
countries on their experience of growth and also environmental
issues faced.
--
Outline some possible measures being taken by these countries
37. --
State your position and argue if you agree on the above
statement that "the state of
environment will eventually improve".
--
Conclusions
--
Appendices
There is large and growing literature on this topic. Students
should not face difficulty to access some relevant materials
here.
The above outlines intend as guide to narrow your scope and
aspects to cover in your writing. DO NOT use the exact
sentences of these outlines here as your essay headings and sub-
headings. Headings and Sub-headings should be short and
precise.
Students should have started by reading the lecture slides and
references for Topic 10 and other "essential and recommended
38. readings" listed at Unit Guide in topic 10.
Other official and unofficial sources can be obtained at MU
LMS, library or internet. Check on some sources on some key
words such as pollution, climate change and alike. Unofficial
resources (like internet) may help you to gain some basic
understanding of some important concepts and ideas, but NOT
to be quoted in your references.
Kaplan BUS 272 Module: Individual Essay Paper Mark Sheet
Student ID
Student Names
Criteria
Allotted
Marks
Actual
39. Marks
Remarks
1
Introduction, Overview and Conclusion
10.0
2
Application 0f Concepts, Theories and Basic Principles
30.0
3
Critical Thinking, Reasoning & Analysis, Structural and
Systematic Approach
30.0
4
40. Data, Information Gathering, Tables, Graphs and /or Statistics
20.0
5
Overall Format, Presentation, Referencing and Appendices
10.0
Total
100.0
Overall Comments & Remarks
_____________________________________________________
__________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________
_____________________________________________________
42. · It relies exclusively on a very narrow range of easily
accessible sources such as lecture handouts or basic
textbooks/reading bricks, and shows no ability or attempt to use
them for any purpose other than to recall a specific fact or
concept, or to paraphrase their content.
· It shows significant lack of knowledge of the basic ideas or
texts.
Marginal Fail (40 – 49%)
· The essay contains notable weaknesses in many aspects of
presentation and writing skills.
· The essay fails to examine the major ideas and texts known to
be directly related to the question ('known to be directly related
to the question' means that the ideas and texts have been
discussed in lectures and tutorials, and/or have been included as
recommended texts in reading lists prepared for the essay
topic).
· It contains significant misunderstanding of the basic ideas or
texts.
43. Pass (50-59%)
· The essay has reached a satisfactory standard of written
presentation. However, it still contains evidence of insufficient
attention to the details of reading/writing processes.
Referencing remains inadequate in quantity and method. Non-
verbal forms of representation such as graphs, tables etc., if
used, have limited relevance to the argument or are not well
thought out or presented.
· The arguments are basically sound, but contain some
structural problems. For example, they may lack evidence of
clear relationship between the parts of the argument, or of
logical support for the argument's final conclusions.
· The writer is able to use the main texts and concepts to answer
the question set, but generally confines the answer to those
texts.
· The essay displays a good basic knowledge of specific facts
and general concepts relevant to answering the question set.
· The essay shows limited evidence of having related ideas in
the basic texts to other material, or of seeing some of the
implications and short-comings of those ideas.
44. Credit (60-69%)
· The essay has reached a good standard of writing and
presentation, though it may demonstrate a need for further
instruction in the basic techniques of writing and of non-verbal
forms of representation (graphs, tables, etc.)
· References are sufficient in quantity and quality, and are
presented in a consistent and correct form.
· The writer has used the major texts and ideas listed or referred
to in classes and reading lists, and shows a good understanding
of their content and relevance to answering the question set.
The essay may also contain evidence of having searched for
additional material to supplement the reading lists, but may
demonstrate the writer's inability to use the material in a
relevant way.
· There is evidence that the writer can distinguish between
arguments presented in the various texts.
· There should be some evidence of the writer attempting to
apply relevant principles, ideas and theories learned in
economics to discriminate between arguments presented in
45. different texts.
Distinction (70-79%)
· The essay contains all the virtues and strengths listed above
with few or none of their shortcomings. In addition:
· The written expression is clear and simple, and other forms of
non-verbal representation such as graphs, tables, etc. are
relevant and well prepared.
· There is a sound, logical structure of argument throughout the
essay.
· The essay contains evidence of more extensive reading, and of
the ability to discriminate between the ideas, the quality of
argument and the evidence used by writers of different texts.
· There will be attempts to apply relevant principles of
economics with a significant level of success.
· It should show good application of skills learned in lectures
and tutorials. In particular there should be evidence of critical
evaluation of arguments used by various writers, and of the
ability to break down arguments to their constituent parts for
46. the purpose of critical assessment (analytical ability), and to
establish clear conclusions. The essay may show some
willingness or ability to rearrange elements to constitute
structures or perceptions not clearly there before (synthesis).
High Distinction (80% or more)
· The essay contains all the strengths of a good distinction essay
but in addition:
· It shows all the structural and technical elements of good
writing.
· It contains clear evidence of extensive reading, and of the
ability to integrate it into the argument.
· It is more markedly characterised than distinction essays by
evidence of higher quality analysis, and imaginative and
logically supported synthesis.
· It shows ability to make judgements about the value of
arguments and evidence, and to make appraisals that satisfy
criteria determined by the lecturer or others.
· At the highest level of achievement, but only after taking
47. account of the stage reached in the student's academic career,
the essay will demonstrate imagination, and flair, based on
proficiency in all the learning objectives for the subject. The
work is considered to be exciting, surprising, challenging or
erudite.
2