Here are 3 key points for preventing and managing acute gastroenteritis:
1. Rehydration is critical to prevent and treat dehydration, which can be life-threatening. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) replacement is recommended for mild to moderate dehydration. Intravenous fluids may be needed for severe dehydration.
2. Continued feeding is important during diarrhea episodes to maintain nutrition and promote recovery. Breastfeeding should continue for infants. High calorie, easily digestible foods can help replace lost nutrients.
3. Handwashing with soap can help reduce transmission of infectious diarrhea viruses and bacteria. Proper hygiene after using the toilet or changing diapers is especially important to contain outbreaks
Burns are classified by depth and extent of injury. Superficial burns involve only the epidermis, while partial thickness burns also involve the dermis. Full thickness burns extend into subcutaneous tissue. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, wound care to prevent infection, pain management, and rehabilitation. Complications can include hypothermia, renal failure, infection, anemia, and contractures.
Burn management and plastic surgeries ppt copyshaveta sharma
This document provides information on burn management and plastic surgeries. It discusses assessing the ABCDEs of trauma patients with burns, including airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. Essential management points are stopping the burning, IV access and fluid replacement. The severity of burns is determined by surface area, depth and other considerations. The Rule of Nines is used to estimate burned surface area. Serious burns requiring hospitalization include over 15% burns in adults, 10% in children, full thickness burns, and burns involving special regions. Treatment involves the ABCs, determining burn percentage, fluid resuscitation to maintain urine output, and wound care including cleaning, debriding and dressing changes. Complications discussed include in
The document provides guidance on managing common conditions in sick young infants, including hypoglycemia, sepsis, meningitis, jaundice, and tetanus neonatorum. It outlines appropriate fluid management, monitoring, treatment with antibiotics and other supportive care, including phototherapy or exchange transfusion for pathological jaundice. The document emphasizes the importance of careful monitoring to guide treatment and detect any worsening in the infant's condition.
This document discusses diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea as having more than 3 loose or liquid bowel movements per day. Diarrhea can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses or parasites, malabsorption of nutrients, poor diet, psychological factors, and other infections elsewhere in the body. The pathophysiology involves increased secretion of water and electrolytes into the gut due to infection or malabsorption. Nursing assessments for children with diarrhea include monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, nutrition status, body temperature, and skin integrity. Nursing care plans aim to address risks of fluid/electrolyte and nutritional imbalances, increased body temperature, and impaired skin integrity through interventions like monitoring, dietary management, hygiene, and medication administration
This document discusses diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea as having more than 3 loose or watery bowel movements per day. Diarrhea can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses or parasites, malabsorption of nutrients, poor diet, psychological factors, and other infections elsewhere in the body. The pathophysiology involves increased secretion of water and electrolytes into the gut due to infection or malabsorption. Nursing assessments for children with diarrhea include monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, nutrition status, body temperature, and skin integrity. Nursing care plans aim to prevent dehydration, maintain nutrition, monitor for infection, and prevent skin breakdown.
1. Burn injuries are classified based on depth and cause damage through coagulation, stasis, and hyperemia. The rule of nines is used to estimate burn size.
2. Proper burn management includes airway support, ventilation, circulation support, infection treatment, and fluid resuscitation based on the Parkland formula. Wounds require local antibiotics and surgeons may perform escharotomies or grafts.
3. Special considerations include inhalation injuries requiring bronchoscopy, electrical burns risking compartment syndrome, and chemical burns requiring dilution of the agent.
This document discusses different types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical and radiation burns. It describes the depth of burns and classifications including first, second and third degree burns. It discusses pathophysiology including Jackson's burn zones and fluid resuscitation using the Parkland formula. It provides guidelines on monitoring, wound care, surgical procedures and first aid for burns.
This document provides an overview of burn management and treatment. It discusses the different types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical, and radiation burns. It describes burn depth classification and assessment tools like the Rule of Nines. It outlines the principles of burn resuscitation and fluid management over the first 72 hours. It also covers monitoring, wound care, infections, surgical procedures, and first aid for burns. The goal is to prevent shock, maintain organ perfusion, control infections, and promote wound healing.
Burns are classified by depth and extent of injury. Superficial burns involve only the epidermis, while partial thickness burns also involve the dermis. Full thickness burns extend into subcutaneous tissue. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, wound care to prevent infection, pain management, and rehabilitation. Complications can include hypothermia, renal failure, infection, anemia, and contractures.
Burn management and plastic surgeries ppt copyshaveta sharma
This document provides information on burn management and plastic surgeries. It discusses assessing the ABCDEs of trauma patients with burns, including airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure. Essential management points are stopping the burning, IV access and fluid replacement. The severity of burns is determined by surface area, depth and other considerations. The Rule of Nines is used to estimate burned surface area. Serious burns requiring hospitalization include over 15% burns in adults, 10% in children, full thickness burns, and burns involving special regions. Treatment involves the ABCs, determining burn percentage, fluid resuscitation to maintain urine output, and wound care including cleaning, debriding and dressing changes. Complications discussed include in
The document provides guidance on managing common conditions in sick young infants, including hypoglycemia, sepsis, meningitis, jaundice, and tetanus neonatorum. It outlines appropriate fluid management, monitoring, treatment with antibiotics and other supportive care, including phototherapy or exchange transfusion for pathological jaundice. The document emphasizes the importance of careful monitoring to guide treatment and detect any worsening in the infant's condition.
This document discusses diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea as having more than 3 loose or liquid bowel movements per day. Diarrhea can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses or parasites, malabsorption of nutrients, poor diet, psychological factors, and other infections elsewhere in the body. The pathophysiology involves increased secretion of water and electrolytes into the gut due to infection or malabsorption. Nursing assessments for children with diarrhea include monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, nutrition status, body temperature, and skin integrity. Nursing care plans aim to address risks of fluid/electrolyte and nutritional imbalances, increased body temperature, and impaired skin integrity through interventions like monitoring, dietary management, hygiene, and medication administration
This document discusses diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea as having more than 3 loose or watery bowel movements per day. Diarrhea can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses or parasites, malabsorption of nutrients, poor diet, psychological factors, and other infections elsewhere in the body. The pathophysiology involves increased secretion of water and electrolytes into the gut due to infection or malabsorption. Nursing assessments for children with diarrhea include monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, nutrition status, body temperature, and skin integrity. Nursing care plans aim to prevent dehydration, maintain nutrition, monitor for infection, and prevent skin breakdown.
1. Burn injuries are classified based on depth and cause damage through coagulation, stasis, and hyperemia. The rule of nines is used to estimate burn size.
2. Proper burn management includes airway support, ventilation, circulation support, infection treatment, and fluid resuscitation based on the Parkland formula. Wounds require local antibiotics and surgeons may perform escharotomies or grafts.
3. Special considerations include inhalation injuries requiring bronchoscopy, electrical burns risking compartment syndrome, and chemical burns requiring dilution of the agent.
This document discusses different types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical and radiation burns. It describes the depth of burns and classifications including first, second and third degree burns. It discusses pathophysiology including Jackson's burn zones and fluid resuscitation using the Parkland formula. It provides guidelines on monitoring, wound care, surgical procedures and first aid for burns.
This document provides an overview of burn management and treatment. It discusses the different types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical, and radiation burns. It describes burn depth classification and assessment tools like the Rule of Nines. It outlines the principles of burn resuscitation and fluid management over the first 72 hours. It also covers monitoring, wound care, infections, surgical procedures, and first aid for burns. The goal is to prevent shock, maintain organ perfusion, control infections, and promote wound healing.
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and management of burn injuries. It begins with classifications of burns according to causative agent, depth, and extent. It then covers the pathophysiology of local and systemic effects of burns. Management is described in three phases: emergent, acute, and rehabilitation. The emergent phase focuses on airway management, fluid resuscitation, and wound care. The acute phase emphasizes infection prevention, wound care, and nutritional support.
This document provides information about burns from Prof. A. Akila Devi. It defines burns as wounds caused by exogenous agents leading to tissue necrosis. It discusses the types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical, radiation, and inhalation burns. It describes the changes that occur in the body during the emergent, fluid shift, systemic, and resolution phases. It also covers burn wound assessment, calculating total body surface area, management during the emergent, acute, and rehabilitative phases, and prevention and first aid measures for burns.
medical surgical nursing , nursing management of burn patients, it includes definition, classification of burn injury, clinical manifestaion, assessment of burn injury , management of patient with burn, care given to the patient.
This document reviews common skin disorders in children. It defines skin disorders as infections, lesions, wounds or dermatitis that typically affect the skin barrier and regulatory functions. Major bacterial infections discussed include impetigo, cellulitis, furuncles, and carbuncles. Impetigo is a contagious infection causing sores and crusts typically caused by Staphylococcus or streptococcus. Cellulitis is a spreading skin infection common in areas of skin break down. Furuncles are boils and carbuncles are coalesced furuncles, both typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnosis involves history and exam, with management focusing on wound care, antibiotics, and symptom relief
This document provides information on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), specifically Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic findings, complications, and management of these conditions. IBD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that results in abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and nutritional deficiencies. Both diseases involve an inappropriate immune response to environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. They differ in that Crohn's disease can affect any part of the GI tract and causes transmural inflammation, while ulcerative colitis only involves the colon and superficial mucosal layers. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and prevent complications through medications, nutrition,
Colostomy power point is very important for studentstembotisa26
This topic will help health worker to know what colostomy is and it will help them to have knowledge on the management of the patient with this condition
1. Infectious diarrhea is caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms spread through contaminated food, water, or poor hygiene. It is characterized by loose or watery stools and can range from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening.
2. Treatment involves rehydration through oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids. Antimotility agents like loperamide are also used. Antibiotics may be used for specific bacterial causes. Probiotics, zinc supplementation and vaccination can help prevent or treat cases.
3. A case study describes a child with bloody diarrhea, dehydration and later convulsions who is diagnosed with hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E
1) Burns are caused by excessive heat or caustic chemicals damaging the skin. Burn severity depends on factors like temperature, duration of contact, extent of burn area, and depth of burn.
2) Burns are classified by depth - superficial burns involve only the epidermis, partial thickness burns also involve the dermis, and full thickness burns extend through the entire dermis.
3) Treatment of burns involves initial evaluation, fluid resuscitation to prevent shock, wound care like dressings and possible excision/grafting, adequate nutrition to prevent complications from increased metabolic needs, and managing complications.
This Presentation is about burn in children it's defination ,causes , classification , methods of estimation of TBSA of burn , diagnose , medical , surgical and nursing management and complications.
Severe malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum and can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. It is characterized by impaired consciousness, generalized convulsions, respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, abnormal bleeding, and hypoglycemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears or RDTs to detect the parasite. Treatment consists of intravenous artesunate or quinine along with antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and supportive care. Complications like cerebral malaria, renal failure, shock, and severe anemia also require specific management to prevent high mortality rates.
This document provides an overview of burn injuries, including epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, management approaches, and specific considerations for certain burn types. Some key points:
- Burn injuries represent a devastating physical and psychological trauma that remains a major problem globally.
- Burn depth, extent, cause, and presence of inhalation injury or other comorbidities determine classification and treatment approach.
- Goals of burn care include restoring form and function as well as facilitating psychological recovery.
- Initial management focuses on rescue, resuscitation, and wound care with subsequent rehabilitation.
- Surgical excision and skin grafting are often needed to promote healing.
1. Burns can be classified based on the type of injury, percentage of total body surface area burned, and depth of burn into the skin.
2. Fluid resuscitation is essential to correct burn shock and hypovolemia. Formulas like Parkland and Brooke are used to calculate fluid needs.
3. Wound management includes initial silver dressings, then foams, hydrocolloids, or hydrogels depending on wound characteristics. Nutrition, infection control, and rehabilitation are also important.
Cyclophosphamide is a synthetic antineoplastic drug that is converted in the liver to active forms with chemotherapeutic activity. It is an alkylating agent that alters DNA structure and interferes with cell growth. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various cancers such as lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, and retinoblastoma. It has potential adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, alopecia, hemorrhagic cystitis, and bone marrow suppression. Nursing care involves frequent monitoring of blood counts and symptoms as well as educating patients about contraception and potential side effects.
hypersensitivity rxn in dental office.pptxVineeta Gupta
Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. It occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen and involves multiple body systems. Common symptoms include difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, dizziness, and skin issues like hives. Treatment involves epinephrine, oxygen, IV fluids, antihistamines, and steroids to counteract the allergic response and symptoms. Angioedema is rapid swelling under the skin, especially around the mouth and throat, which can potentially block the airway. Erythema multiforme is an acute skin condition caused by hypersensitivity reactions, with symptoms of fever, rash, and sores on the skin and mouth
1. Diarrhoeal diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. They result in infections of the gastrointestinal tract known as gastroenteritis. Common symptoms include watery or bloody diarrhea.
2. Diarrhea is defined as 3 or more loose stools in a 24 hour period and is a major cause of mortality in young children in developing countries, resulting in dehydration.
3. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration depending on the severity of dehydration. Additional treatments include continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and antibiotics in cases of invasive bacteria.
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
This document provides an overview of burns, including definitions, epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, evaluation, treatment and management. It begins with defining burns as destruction of skin layers through coagulative necrosis. Globally, an estimated 180,000 deaths occur annually from burns, most in low and middle income countries. Burns are classified based on depth and degree of injury. Initial management focuses on ABCs, estimating burn size, preventing infection, and providing wound care and nutrition. Complications can include shock, infection, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and renal issues.
Diarrheal diseases are common in children, especially in developing countries. There are three main types: acute, persistent, and dysentery. Acute diarrhea lasts less than 14 days while persistent lasts 14 days or longer. Dysentery involves bloody stools. Risk factors include suboptimal breastfeeding, contaminated water/food, and malnutrition. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild cases and IV fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics are given for dysentery. Feeding should continue and mothers advised on follow up care.
This document outlines the process and purposes of a nursing audit being conducted by a group of 6 nursing students. It defines a nursing audit as a review of clinical records to evaluate the quality of nursing care provided. It then describes the types of audits that can be conducted, including financial, operational, and departmental audits. The purposes of a nursing audit are also provided, such as evaluating nursing care, contributing to research, and facilitating quality improvement. Methods of conducting retrospective and concurrent nursing audits are explained. Finally, the roles and functions of nurse managers in the audit process are outlined.
This document provides information about a nursing leadership and management course for Group 4. It discusses key concepts of human relations including industrial relations, public relations, and collective bargaining.
Industrial relations involves the relationship between employees and employers, including issues like health and safety practices, trade unions, and human resource management. Public relations refers to establishing understanding between an organization and its public through communication and managing perceptions. Collective bargaining is a process where employees are represented by a union to negotiate aspects of employment conditions with management.
The document outlines the objectives, characteristics, types, and processes involved in collective bargaining. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of collective bargaining for nurses. In conclusion, it identifies some reasons why negotiations can fail such
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and management of burn injuries. It begins with classifications of burns according to causative agent, depth, and extent. It then covers the pathophysiology of local and systemic effects of burns. Management is described in three phases: emergent, acute, and rehabilitation. The emergent phase focuses on airway management, fluid resuscitation, and wound care. The acute phase emphasizes infection prevention, wound care, and nutritional support.
This document provides information about burns from Prof. A. Akila Devi. It defines burns as wounds caused by exogenous agents leading to tissue necrosis. It discusses the types of burns including thermal, chemical, electrical, radiation, and inhalation burns. It describes the changes that occur in the body during the emergent, fluid shift, systemic, and resolution phases. It also covers burn wound assessment, calculating total body surface area, management during the emergent, acute, and rehabilitative phases, and prevention and first aid measures for burns.
medical surgical nursing , nursing management of burn patients, it includes definition, classification of burn injury, clinical manifestaion, assessment of burn injury , management of patient with burn, care given to the patient.
This document reviews common skin disorders in children. It defines skin disorders as infections, lesions, wounds or dermatitis that typically affect the skin barrier and regulatory functions. Major bacterial infections discussed include impetigo, cellulitis, furuncles, and carbuncles. Impetigo is a contagious infection causing sores and crusts typically caused by Staphylococcus or streptococcus. Cellulitis is a spreading skin infection common in areas of skin break down. Furuncles are boils and carbuncles are coalesced furuncles, both typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Diagnosis involves history and exam, with management focusing on wound care, antibiotics, and symptom relief
This document provides information on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), specifically Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic findings, complications, and management of these conditions. IBD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that results in abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and nutritional deficiencies. Both diseases involve an inappropriate immune response to environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. They differ in that Crohn's disease can affect any part of the GI tract and causes transmural inflammation, while ulcerative colitis only involves the colon and superficial mucosal layers. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and prevent complications through medications, nutrition,
Colostomy power point is very important for studentstembotisa26
This topic will help health worker to know what colostomy is and it will help them to have knowledge on the management of the patient with this condition
1. Infectious diarrhea is caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms spread through contaminated food, water, or poor hygiene. It is characterized by loose or watery stools and can range from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening.
2. Treatment involves rehydration through oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids. Antimotility agents like loperamide are also used. Antibiotics may be used for specific bacterial causes. Probiotics, zinc supplementation and vaccination can help prevent or treat cases.
3. A case study describes a child with bloody diarrhea, dehydration and later convulsions who is diagnosed with hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E
1) Burns are caused by excessive heat or caustic chemicals damaging the skin. Burn severity depends on factors like temperature, duration of contact, extent of burn area, and depth of burn.
2) Burns are classified by depth - superficial burns involve only the epidermis, partial thickness burns also involve the dermis, and full thickness burns extend through the entire dermis.
3) Treatment of burns involves initial evaluation, fluid resuscitation to prevent shock, wound care like dressings and possible excision/grafting, adequate nutrition to prevent complications from increased metabolic needs, and managing complications.
This Presentation is about burn in children it's defination ,causes , classification , methods of estimation of TBSA of burn , diagnose , medical , surgical and nursing management and complications.
Severe malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum and can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. It is characterized by impaired consciousness, generalized convulsions, respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, abnormal bleeding, and hypoglycemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears or RDTs to detect the parasite. Treatment consists of intravenous artesunate or quinine along with antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and supportive care. Complications like cerebral malaria, renal failure, shock, and severe anemia also require specific management to prevent high mortality rates.
This document provides an overview of burn injuries, including epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, management approaches, and specific considerations for certain burn types. Some key points:
- Burn injuries represent a devastating physical and psychological trauma that remains a major problem globally.
- Burn depth, extent, cause, and presence of inhalation injury or other comorbidities determine classification and treatment approach.
- Goals of burn care include restoring form and function as well as facilitating psychological recovery.
- Initial management focuses on rescue, resuscitation, and wound care with subsequent rehabilitation.
- Surgical excision and skin grafting are often needed to promote healing.
1. Burns can be classified based on the type of injury, percentage of total body surface area burned, and depth of burn into the skin.
2. Fluid resuscitation is essential to correct burn shock and hypovolemia. Formulas like Parkland and Brooke are used to calculate fluid needs.
3. Wound management includes initial silver dressings, then foams, hydrocolloids, or hydrogels depending on wound characteristics. Nutrition, infection control, and rehabilitation are also important.
Cyclophosphamide is a synthetic antineoplastic drug that is converted in the liver to active forms with chemotherapeutic activity. It is an alkylating agent that alters DNA structure and interferes with cell growth. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various cancers such as lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, and retinoblastoma. It has potential adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, alopecia, hemorrhagic cystitis, and bone marrow suppression. Nursing care involves frequent monitoring of blood counts and symptoms as well as educating patients about contraception and potential side effects.
hypersensitivity rxn in dental office.pptxVineeta Gupta
Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. It occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen and involves multiple body systems. Common symptoms include difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, dizziness, and skin issues like hives. Treatment involves epinephrine, oxygen, IV fluids, antihistamines, and steroids to counteract the allergic response and symptoms. Angioedema is rapid swelling under the skin, especially around the mouth and throat, which can potentially block the airway. Erythema multiforme is an acute skin condition caused by hypersensitivity reactions, with symptoms of fever, rash, and sores on the skin and mouth
1. Diarrhoeal diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. They result in infections of the gastrointestinal tract known as gastroenteritis. Common symptoms include watery or bloody diarrhea.
2. Diarrhea is defined as 3 or more loose stools in a 24 hour period and is a major cause of mortality in young children in developing countries, resulting in dehydration.
3. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration depending on the severity of dehydration. Additional treatments include continued feeding, zinc supplementation, and antibiotics in cases of invasive bacteria.
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
This pernicious vomiting is differentiated from the more common and more normal morning sickness by the fact that it is of greater intensity and extends beyond the first trimester.
Hyperemesis gravidarum may occur in any of the three trimesters. It is a condition affecting one in 1,000 pregnancies.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss occur. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum.
DEFINITION
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is defined as extreme, excessive, and persistent vomiting in early pregnancy that may lead to dehydration and malnutrition.
INCIDENCE-
There has been marked fall in the incidence during the last 30years. It is now a rarity in hospital practice ( less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies). (a)Better application of family planning knowledge which reduces the number of unplanned pregnancies,(b) Early visit to the antenatal clinic and (c) Potent antihistaminic, antiemetic drugs.
THEORY
• Endocrine theory :high levels of hCG & estrogen during pregnancy
• Metabolic theory :vitamin B6 deficiency
• Psychological theory : Psychological stress increase the symptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION-
From the management and prognostic point of view the clinical manifestation divided in to two types-
• EARLY
• LATE (moderate to severe)
1)Early- Vomiting occurs throughout the day. Normal day to day activities are curtailed. There is no evidence of dehydration or starvation.
2)late-(Evidence of dehydration and starvation are present).
o Tachycardia.
o Hypotension.
o Rise in temperature.
o Poor appetite.
o Poor nutritional intake.
o Loss of more than 25% of body weight.
o Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
o Rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
o Occasionally, jaundice develops in severe cases.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION-
• Opthalmoscopic examination: Required if the patient is seriously ill. Retinal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina are the most unfavorable signs.
• ECG: When there is abnormal serum potassium level.
COMPLICATION
Weight loss
Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis from starvation
Hypokalemia (electrolyte imbalance)
MANAGEMENT-
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum are admitted to the hospital. Initially nothing is given by mouth. Hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance are corrected by intravenous infusion. Vitamin supplements are given parenterally. Fluids and diet are gradually introduced as the woman’s condition improves.
principles of management :
• To control vomiting.
• To correct the fluids and electrolytes imbalance.
• To correct metabolic disturbances(acidosis or alkalosis).
• To prevent the serious complications of severe vomiting.
Hospitalization-
This document provides an overview of burns, including definitions, epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, evaluation, treatment and management. It begins with defining burns as destruction of skin layers through coagulative necrosis. Globally, an estimated 180,000 deaths occur annually from burns, most in low and middle income countries. Burns are classified based on depth and degree of injury. Initial management focuses on ABCs, estimating burn size, preventing infection, and providing wound care and nutrition. Complications can include shock, infection, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and renal issues.
Diarrheal diseases are common in children, especially in developing countries. There are three main types: acute, persistent, and dysentery. Acute diarrhea lasts less than 14 days while persistent lasts 14 days or longer. Dysentery involves bloody stools. Risk factors include suboptimal breastfeeding, contaminated water/food, and malnutrition. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild cases and IV fluids for severe dehydration. Antibiotics are given for dysentery. Feeding should continue and mothers advised on follow up care.
This document outlines the process and purposes of a nursing audit being conducted by a group of 6 nursing students. It defines a nursing audit as a review of clinical records to evaluate the quality of nursing care provided. It then describes the types of audits that can be conducted, including financial, operational, and departmental audits. The purposes of a nursing audit are also provided, such as evaluating nursing care, contributing to research, and facilitating quality improvement. Methods of conducting retrospective and concurrent nursing audits are explained. Finally, the roles and functions of nurse managers in the audit process are outlined.
This document provides information about a nursing leadership and management course for Group 4. It discusses key concepts of human relations including industrial relations, public relations, and collective bargaining.
Industrial relations involves the relationship between employees and employers, including issues like health and safety practices, trade unions, and human resource management. Public relations refers to establishing understanding between an organization and its public through communication and managing perceptions. Collective bargaining is a process where employees are represented by a union to negotiate aspects of employment conditions with management.
The document outlines the objectives, characteristics, types, and processes involved in collective bargaining. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of collective bargaining for nurses. In conclusion, it identifies some reasons why negotiations can fail such
The document provides information about ophthalmic nursing and eye anatomy. It discusses the three layers of the eye wall, structures of the human eye like the iris, pupil, lens, sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, retina, vitreous body and aqueous humour. It also describes visual assessment techniques including history taking, physical assessment of extraocular structures and the use of tools like the Snellen chart, tonometer and phoropter. Common refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia and astigmatism are also summarized.
Childhood tuberculosis accounts for 6-10% of global TB cases, with over 74,000 children dying from the disease annually. Kenya is among the 22 high burden TB countries, reporting over 99,000 TB cases in 2012, with 9.3% among children under 15. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through the air via coughing or sneezing. It can remain dormant in the lungs for long periods. Treatment requires several months of antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Risk factors for progression to active TB include infants/children under 4, adolescents, HIV co-infection, and immunocompromised status. The objectives of TB treatment in children are to cure the infection and prevent death, complications
INTERGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS(IMCI).pdfJusticeYegon1
1. The goal of IMCI is to reduce child and infant mortality rates by 2/3 by 2015. Objectives include contributing to healthy growth and development of children under 5 and reducing incidence and seriousness of common childhood illnesses.
2. Major causes of child mortality in Kenya include pneumonia (16%), diarrhea (20%), malaria (11%), and neonatal causes (31% of under-5 mortality). IMCI clinical guidelines provide guidance on assessing and managing sick children from birth to 5 years for these common illnesses.
3. The IMCI case management process involves assessing, classifying, identifying treatment, counseling the caregiver, and follow up care using the IMC
The document discusses several neurological disorders including cognitive impairment, autism, neural tube defects, hydrocephalus, craniosynostosis, seizures, meningitis, encephalitis, and cerebral palsy. For each disorder, it describes the clinical features, causes, and management approaches. The management sections emphasize supportive care including controlling symptoms, preventing complications, providing rehabilitation, and offering family support.
Time management is important for healthcare providers to effectively utilize their time. There are three categories of tasks - those that must be done, those done due to pressure from others, and those done by choice. Common time wasters include interruptions, lack of goals/priorities, unscheduled meetings/visits, and poor communication. Principles of effective time management are setting goals, analyzing time usage, prioritizing tasks, delegating work, controlling interruptions, and utilizing the Pareto principle to focus on the most important tasks.
This document discusses performance appraisal and stress management. It defines performance appraisal as the systematic evaluation of employee job performance and potential. It describes the objectives, process, and methods of performance appraisal, including traditional and modern techniques. It also covers the importance and disadvantages of performance appraisal. The document defines stress and discusses sources and types of stress as well as stress management techniques such as meditation, exercise, and deep breathing.
This document provides information about a nursing administration group assignment. It lists the 7 members of Group 9 and discusses quality management and quality assurance. The key points are:
1) Group 9 has 7 nursing students as members working on a nursing administration assignment.
2) Quality management focuses on preventing problems, improving systems, and committing to quality improvement. Quality assurance is a formal method to monitor and evaluate patient care quality.
3) Both quality management and assurance are important for nursing to provide high quality care and continuously improve.
This document discusses four methods of assigning patient care in hospitals: case management, team nursing, functional nursing, and primary nursing. It provides details on each method, including how assignments are made, strengths and weaknesses. Case management assigns each patient to a single nurse, while functional nursing assigns nurses specific tasks. Team nursing involves groups of nurses with different skills working together. Primary nursing assigns one nurse total responsibility for a patient's care during their hospital stay. The document aims to explain these different nursing care delivery systems.
This document discusses conflict management and resolution in organizations. It describes the different types of conflict including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational. Common causes of organizational conflict include unclear authority structures, personal disputes, and competition over resources. The document outlines different modes of resolving conflict, such as avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, collaborating. Effective strategies for managing conflict include improving communication, assessing similarities and differences between parties, and assisting others in appropriately addressing conflict.
The document outlines the budgeting process for a hospital. It begins by listing the group members involved and then defines what a budget is. It describes the different types of budgets including operating, capital, cash budgets. It explains the purposes of developing a budget and key requirements for a meaningful budget. It also describes different budget allocation methods and the nursing budgeting process. Finally, it provides an 8 step process for managing the overall budgeting process for an organization.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia final I.pptJusticeYegon1
This document discusses neonatal jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia. It begins by defining jaundice as the deposition of bilirubin in the skin and mucous membranes, which is the end product of heme breakdown from red blood cell lysis. It then covers the causes, types, risk factors, investigations, treatments including phototherapy and exchange transfusion, and prevention of neonatal jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia. The key topics are the physiologic and pathologic causes of jaundice, the risks of kernicterus from high bilirubin levels, and the importance of monitoring at-risk infants to prevent severe hyperbilirubinemia.
This document discusses necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a serious intestinal disorder that primarily affects premature infants. NEC causes inflammation and tissue death in the intestines. It has no known cause but risk factors include prematurity, aggressive enteral feeding, and injuries to the intestinal lining. Symptoms range from mild like temperature instability to severe like bloody stools. Treatment involves withholding feeding, providing IV nutrition and fluids, antibiotics, and potentially surgery for severe cases. Outcomes include high mortality and long-term complications. Use of breastmilk and cautious feeding advancement may help prevent NEC.
Growth and development are continuous processes in children from birth through toddlerhood. The document outlines the key physical, motor, cognitive and social milestones in infants and toddlers. It discusses factors influencing growth such as heredity and environment. The stages of development include newborn, infancy and toddlerhood. Physical growth is rapid in infancy as weight triples by 1 year. Motor skills progress from reflexes to walking by age 1. Cognitive and social skills also advance significantly in the early years.
Acute bronchitis and acute bronchiolitis are both acute viral infections of the lower respiratory tract.
Acute bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing a dry, hacking cough that becomes productive after 4-5 days. It is usually preceded by an upper respiratory infection and patients have a fever. Acute bronchiolitis predominantly affects infants under 1 year old and involves inflammation of the bronchioles causing severe breathing difficulties and wheezing. The respiratory syncytial virus is the primary cause. Infants with acute bronchiolitis experience rapid, shallow breathing and coughing with chest wall indrawing. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting breathing with oxygen and bronchodilators.
This document discusses neonatal hypoglycemia, including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment. It defines neonatal hypoglycemia as a plasma glucose level below 40 mg/dL. Causes include increased glucose utilization, decreased substrate availability, or both. Signs are non-specific and include jitteriness, apnea, and seizures. Treatment involves oral feeds, IV dextrose if needed, and medications like hydrocortisone or diazoxide for persistent hypoglycemia. Close monitoring of at-risk infants is important to prevent neurological damage from prolonged hypoglycemia.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
1. Burns
• An injury occuring from destruction of the skin
by thermal forces.
2. Classification
• Burns are classified by depth, type and extent
of injury
• Every aspect of burn treatment depends on
assessment of the depth and extent
3. Classification by depth
• 1st degree(superficial)-affects the epidermis and
is reddish eg a sun burn
• 2nd degree(partial thickness)-affects dermis and
epidermis, are pink or red, blistering or weeping
and painful.
• 3rd degree(full thickness)- affects epidermis,
dermis,sq muscle or the bone. Eschar
presents(leatherly,shiny) black or white, usually
dry, have no sensation and do not blanch on
pressure.
4. Burn extent
• Burn extent is calculated only on individuals
with second and third degree burns
• Palmar method: the child’s palm is used to
estimate the burnt area which represents
approximately 1% of the total body surface
area.
• body surface area chart below according to
age
5. LUND AND BROWDER METHOD
• Front and back of the head about 20%
• Front and back of the head 2%
• Upper limbs 10% each
• Trunk 15% anterior 15% posterior
• Buttocks 3% each
• Lower limbs 15% each
6. Lab studies
Severe burns:
• Complete Blood Count
• ABG with
carboxyhemoglobin
• Coagulation profile
• U/A
• Creatinine
phosphokinase and
urine myoglobin (with
electrical injuries)
• 12 Lead EKG
9. Treatment
• Admit all children with burns covering > 10% of
their body surface; those involving the face,
hands, feet, perineum and joints; those that are
circumferential and those that cannot be
managed in an outpatient ward.
• Initially, burns are sterile. Focus treatment on
speedy healing and prevention of infection.
10. Cont’
• Consider whether the child has a respiratory
injury due to smoke inhalation.
– If there is evidence of respiratory distress, provide
supplementary oxygen, and ensure the airway
are safe and remain safe by regular observation.
Inform the anaesthetist if there is potential
airway obstruction
– Severe facial burns and inhalation injuries may
require early intubation or tracheostomy to
prevent or treat airway obstruction
11. • Fluid resuscitation is required for burns covering >
10% total body surface.
• Use Ringer’s lactate or normal saline with 5%
glucose; for maintenance, use Ringer’s lactate with
5% glucose or half-normal saline with 5% glucose.
• The total daily fluid requirement of a child is
calculated with the following formula: 100 ml/kg for
the first 10 kg, then 50 ml/kg for the next 10 kg,
thereafter 25 ml/kg for each subsequent kg.
• – First 24 h: Calculate fluid requirements by adding
maintenance fluid requirements to the additional
emergency fluid requirements (volume equal to 4
ml/kg for every 1% of surface burnt).
13. Cont’
• Administer half of total fluid in first 8 h, and remaining
fluid in next 16 h.
• Example: 20 kg child with a 25% burn:
• Total fluid in first 24 h = (100×10+ 10*50) + 4 ml x 20 kg
x 25% burn
• = 1500 ml + 2000 ml
• = 3500 ml (1750 ml over first 8 h)
• – Second 24 h: give half to three quarters of fluid
required during the first day.
14. Cont’
• Monitor the child closely while giving
emergency fluids (pulse, respiratory rate,
blood pressure and urine output), taking care
to avoid circulatory fluid overload.
• – Blood may be given to correct anaemia or
for deep burns to replace blood loss
15. Prevent infection:
• – If skin is intact, clean with antiseptic solution, gently,
without breaking the skin.
• – If skin is not intact, carefully debride the burn. Except
for very small burns, debride all bullae, and excise
adherent necrotic (dead) tissue during the first few
days.
• – Give topical antibiotics or antiseptics (the options
depend on resources;they include: silver nitrate, silver
sulfadiazine, gentian violet, betadine and even mashed
papaya). Clean and dress the wound daily.
• – Small burns and those in areas that are difficult to
cover can be managed by leaving them open to the air
and keeping them clean and dry.
16. Cont’
• closed treatment for burns of the hand and feet
with a vaseline gauze and bandage
Treat secondary infection if present.
• – If there is evidence of local infection (pus, foul
odour or presence of cellulitis), treat with
amoxicillin (15 mg/kg orally three times a day) plus
cloxacillin (25 mg/kg orally four times a day). If
septicaemia is suspected,use gentamicin (7.5
mg/kg IM or IV once a day) plus cloxacillin (25–
50mg/kg IM or IV four times a day). If infection is
suspected beneath an eschar, remove the eschar
17. Cont’
Pain control
• Make sure that pain control is adequate, including before
procedures such as changing dressings.
• – Give paracetamol (10–15 mg/kg every 6 h) by mouth, or
give IV narcotic analgesics (IM injections are painful), such
as morphine sulfate(0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV every 4 h or prn)or
pethidine 1mg/kg prn if pain is severe.
Check tetanus vaccination status.
• In all cases, administer tetanus prophylaxis
• – If not immunized, give tetanus immune globulin.
• – If immunized, give tetanus toxoid booster, 0.5ml stat if
this is due.
18. Nutrition
• – Begin feeding as soon as practical in the first 24
h.
• – Children should receive a high-calorie diet
containing adequate protein, and vitamin and
iron supplements. (Omit the iron initially in
severe malnutrition.)
• – Children with extensive burns require about 1.5
times the normal calorie and two to three times
the normal protein requirements.
19. anaemia
• Check the hb and if less than 7g/dl transfuse
.give ferrous sulphate for less severe anemia.
20. • Burn contractures: burn scars across fl exor
surfaces contract. This happens even with the
best treatment (and nearly always happens
with poor treatment).
• – Prevent contractures by passive mobilization
of the involved areas and
• by splinting fl exor surfaces to keep them
extended. Splints can be made of plaster of
Paris. Splints should be worn only at night.
21. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
• Should begin early and continue throughout the
course of burn care
• If the child is admitted for a prolonged period,
ensure that she or he has access to toys and is
encouraged to play.
23. Exercise
• Master X one and a half years old and 11kgs has
been admitted in your ward with 30% burns.
– Calculate the total amount of ringers lactate you will
administer in the first 2 days (4mks)
– Other than the surface area burnt, explain two (2)
other factors of determining the Severity of burnt
wounds. (2 marks)
– State three acute complications of burns.(3mks)
– Discuss the specific nursing management of Master X.
In the first 24hrs (11mks)
24. GASTROENTERITIS :
Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE): diarrheal disease of rapid
onset, with or without accompanying symptoms,
signs, such as nausea, vomiting, fever, or abdominal
pain
Diarrhea: the frequent passage of unformed liquid
stools (3 or more loose, watery stool per day)
Dysentery: blood or mucus in stools
26. Etiologies:
Viral
70-85% of AGE in developed countries
• Rotavirus-50%
• Caliciviruses, astroviruses, and enteric
adenoviruses,Norwalk virus
Presentaion:
• Low-grade fever
• Vomiting followed by copious watery diarrhea (up to 10-
20 bowel movements per day)
• Symptoms persisting for 3-8 days
28. Etiologies:
Parasitic
Giardia and Cryptosporidium
<10% of cases
Presentation:
• Watery stools
• Low-grade fever
• differentiated from viral gastroenteritis by a
protracted course or history of travel to
endemic areas
29. Other causes
• Emotional stress- increases motility
• Intenstinal infection- inflamaation of mucosa,
increased mucus secretion in colon
• Food sensitivity- decreased digestion of food
• Food intolerance(lactose or introduction of
new foods, overffeding)
• Medications(iron, antibiotics)-irritation
• Colon disease-(colitis, enterocolitis,
necrotizing enterocolitis)-inflammation
30. • Inflammation and ulceration of intenstinal
walls, reduced absorption of fluids, increased
intenstinal motilitity
• Surgical alterations- short bowel syndrome-
reduced size of colon, decreased absorption
surface)
31. Pathophysiology
The primary mechanisms
(1) Osmotic diarrhea; Osmotic diarrhea results from the presence
of osmotically active, poorly absorbed solutes in the bowel
lumen that inhibit normal water and electrolyte absorption.
Certain laxatives such as lactulose and citrate of magnesia or
maldigestion of certain food substances such as milk are
common causes of osmotic diarrhea eg Mg So4 and Na So4
(2) Secretory diarrhea: occurs when the small and large
intestines secrete rather than absorb electrolytes and
water ie there is reduced absorption and increased
secretion.
(3) Increased bowel motility diarrhea;due to reduced transit
time when food passes the bowel too quickly could be due
to infection.
33. • Goals:
• Prevent dehydration
• Replacement of electrolytes maintaenance of
hydration
• Proper feeding
• Treat the cause if identified
34. plan A-Diarrhea with no
dehydration
• Done according to severity of dehydration
• Give extra fluid ie breastfeed more,ors and
clean water
• Children up to 2 years give 50mls-100 after
each loose stool
• >2yrs 100-200mls after each loose stool given
as small frequent sips if vomits wait for 10 min
then continue slowly.
35. Plan B-some dehydration
• Give ors 75ml/kg plus 100-200mls of clean
water during the first 4 hours then reassess
and classify for dehydration. Then treat
appropriately
• Give extra fluid
• Continue feeding
• Give ors to use at home
36. Plan c-severe dehydration
• Give iv ringers Lactate 100ml/kg if unavailable
give nomal saline if the child can drink give ors
5ml/kg/hr. reassess every 1-2hrsif hydration
status not improving give fluids more rapidly.
Reassess the child after 3 hrs and an infant
after 6 hours. Then give appropriate plan ie A B
or C
• Can use ngt if iv access not possible with ORS
120ml/kg for 6hrs reassess after 1-2 hrs if
hydration status not improving refer for iv
therapy. After 6hrs and choose appropriate
37. Dehydration with severe
malnutrition
• Use rehydration solution for
malnutrition(resomal) contain40mmol Na,
40mmol K and 3mmol/litre. Give orally or by
ngt 5ml/kg q 30 min for the first 2 hours then
5-10ml/kg for the next 10 hrs. if rehydration is
still occuring at 6 and 10 hrs give starter F- 75
instead of resomol the same volume.
• *do not use iv route except in cases of shock
don’t use ors as it has high levels of sodium and
low of K
38. management
• Give a combination of ORS and Znso4
• Vitamin A
• intravenous therapy ringers lactate if not
available use normal saline
• Dehydration with severe malnutrition use
rehydration solution for malnutrtion(resomal)
39. cont
• Breastfeeding
• Ors if not available give uji or rice
water,yoghurt
• High caloric diet eg with cereals .dairy
products and eggs, fresh fruit juices and
bananas
• Thick soup
• Avoid a lot of sugar
40. • Drugs should be given ONLY when absolutely
necessary. Do not use antidiarrheal and anti
emetic.
• Use antibiotics for proven dysentry with
ciprofloxacin and cholera cases with
erythromycin 15mg/kg orally or iv 6hrly as 1 st
line and chloramphenical 50mg/kg as 2nd line
• Antiprotozoal ie metronidazole 15-50mg/kg od
in case of amoebiasis
41. Complication
• Dehydration
Excessive loss of fluids and minerals (electrolytes)
from the body
Common in infants and young children with viral
gastroenteritis or bacterial infection
Kidney failure, eg in infection by E.coli
• Electrolyte deficiency
42. prevention
.Early and exclusive breast feeding
• Rota virus and measles vaccination
• Vit A supplimentation
• Hand washing with running soapy water(5
instances)
• Proper disposal of feaces
• Improved water supply quantity and quality
Editor's Notes
Eschar –due to denatured proteins
age modified Rule of nine: deduct 1% from the head and add 0.5% to each leg for each year after 2 years
Clostridium difficile has emerged as an important cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. Any antibiotic can trigger infection with C difficile, though penicillins, cephalosporins, and clindamycin are the most likely causes.3 Since 50% of neonates and young infants are colonized with C difficile, symptomatic disease is unlikely in children younger than 12 months.3