This document provides an overview of the concept of "building as a system". It discusses how understanding buildings as integrated systems that interact is key to achieving high performance. The document outlines how system thinking approaches were developed in response to failures from not considering whole building interactions. It also describes how contemporary building science considers the full building lifecycle and interactions between the building enclosure, occupants, services, site, and external environment. The relationship between physical phenomena, materials, components, and whole building systems is also explored to better understand building performance.
For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
The process of Architectural Design is a complex exercise involving interactive relationships between Parameters of diverse nature and varying magnitudes.
A logical process based on quantitative assessment leading to qualitative decisions that respond to economical and ecological context will result in satisfactory environment comfortable to the human beings,
A SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
The idea of Energy Efficient design is
to modulate the conditions such that they
are always within or as close as possible to
comfort zone.Modulations introduced by the
landscape,built form,envelope,materials and
other control measures bring the conditions
within the range throughout twenty four hours
cycle.
This is goal of Energy Efficient Architecture
For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
The process of Architectural Design is a complex exercise involving interactive relationships between Parameters of diverse nature and varying magnitudes.
A logical process based on quantitative assessment leading to qualitative decisions that respond to economical and ecological context will result in satisfactory environment comfortable to the human beings,
A SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
The idea of Energy Efficient design is
to modulate the conditions such that they
are always within or as close as possible to
comfort zone.Modulations introduced by the
landscape,built form,envelope,materials and
other control measures bring the conditions
within the range throughout twenty four hours
cycle.
This is goal of Energy Efficient Architecture
BSRIA's Peter Tse gave a presentation as part of RICS Skills programme. Peter covers the minimum requirements for specifications as well as the common approaches.
Milli Jain: Anthropometrics (Basic Drawings)MilliJain
This Project Is Based On Residential Anthropometrics. I Studied About Various Human Body Dimensions And Their Use
In Space Planning. I Have Developed My Skills Theoretically As Well As Practically.This Project Has Been Created Under
The Guidance Of Ms. Divya Sharma.
I Am Thankful To Dezyne E’cole College And Its Mentors Who Have Provided Me Knowledge And Helping Me Because
Of Which I Am Able To Complete My Project.
SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIESSamanth kumar
SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES, M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY SECOND SEMESTEREnergy Efficient Construction Technology
➔ Filler Slab
➔ Rat trap Bond
➔ Technologies developed by CBRI
➔ Traditional Building Construction Technologies
➔ Concept of Resource rescue,
➔ Concept of Recycled content,
➔ Concept of Regional materials,
➔ Energy Efficiency
➔ Energy Conservation
➔ Recourse Consumption
➔ Distribution of Energy use in India
➔ Factors affecting the Energy use in Buildings
➔ Pre Building Stage, Construction Stage & Post Occupancy stages
➔ Concept of Embodied Energy
➔ Energy needs in Production of Materials
➔ Transportation Energy
➔ Concept of light footprint on Environment
BSRIA's Peter Tse gave a presentation as part of RICS Skills programme. Peter covers the minimum requirements for specifications as well as the common approaches.
Milli Jain: Anthropometrics (Basic Drawings)MilliJain
This Project Is Based On Residential Anthropometrics. I Studied About Various Human Body Dimensions And Their Use
In Space Planning. I Have Developed My Skills Theoretically As Well As Practically.This Project Has Been Created Under
The Guidance Of Ms. Divya Sharma.
I Am Thankful To Dezyne E’cole College And Its Mentors Who Have Provided Me Knowledge And Helping Me Because
Of Which I Am Able To Complete My Project.
SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIESSamanth kumar
SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES, M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY SECOND SEMESTEREnergy Efficient Construction Technology
➔ Filler Slab
➔ Rat trap Bond
➔ Technologies developed by CBRI
➔ Traditional Building Construction Technologies
➔ Concept of Resource rescue,
➔ Concept of Recycled content,
➔ Concept of Regional materials,
➔ Energy Efficiency
➔ Energy Conservation
➔ Recourse Consumption
➔ Distribution of Energy use in India
➔ Factors affecting the Energy use in Buildings
➔ Pre Building Stage, Construction Stage & Post Occupancy stages
➔ Concept of Embodied Energy
➔ Energy needs in Production of Materials
➔ Transportation Energy
➔ Concept of light footprint on Environment
This paper deals with the general framework for the development and the maintenance of complex structural systems. In the first part, starting with a semantic analysis of the term ‘structure’, the traditional approach to structural problem solving has been reconsidered. Consequently, a systemic approach for the formulation of the different kinds of direct and inverse problems has been framed, particularly with regards to structural design and
maintenance. The overall design phase is defined with the aid of the performance-based design (PBD) philosophy, emphasizing the concepts of dependability and enlightening the role of structural identification. The second part of the present work analyses structural health monitoring (SHM) in the systemic way previously introduced. Finally, the techniques related to the implementation of the monitoring process are introduced and a synoptic overview of methods and instruments for structural health monitoring is
presented, with particular attention to the ones necessary for structural damage identification.
In recent years more and more demanding structures are designed, built and operated
to satisfy the increasing needs of the Society. This kind of structures can be denoted
as complex ones. Among large constructions arrangements, Offshore Wind Turbines
(OWT) are definitely complex structural systems, being this complexity related to
different aspects such as hard nonlinearities, wide uncertainties and strong
interactions, either among the single parts or between the whole structure and the
design environment.
On the whole, the quality of a complex system is denoted by the idea of
dependability, while for a structure the performances are connected to the property of
structural integrity, considered as the completeness and consistency of the structural
configuration. Even if these concepts have been originally developed, respectively, in
computer science and for aerospace applications they can be applied to other high
performance systems as OWT.
The present paper will show some specific aspects of the modern approach
for the design and the analysis of complex structural systems. In the first part of the
paper, the general aspects are recalled like the System Engineering approach and the
Performance-based Design. Attention is devoted to some important aspects, such as
the structure breakdown and the safety and performance allocations. In the second
part of the paper, a basic application of the concepts introduced is presented.
Design Knowledge Gain by Structural Health MonitoringFranco Bontempi
The design of complex structures should be based on advanced approaches able to take into account the behavior of the constructions during their entire life-cycle. Moreover, an effective design method should consider that the modern constructions are usually complex systems, characterized by strong interactions among the single components and with the design environment. A modern approach, capable of adequately considering these issues, is the so-called performance-based design (PBD). In order to profitably apply this design philosophy, an effective framework for the evaluation of the overall quality of the structure is needed; for this purpose, the concept of dependability can be effectively applied. In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM) assumes the essential role to improve the knowledge on the structural system and to allow
reliable evaluations of the structural safety in operational conditions. SHM should be planned at the design phase and should be performed during the entire life-cycle of the
structure. In order to deal with the large quantity of data coming from the continuous monitoring various processing techniques exist. In this work different approaches are discussed and in the last part two of them are applied on the same dataset. It is
interesting to notice that, in addition to this first level of knowledge, structural health monitoring allows obtaining a further more general contribution to the design knowledge
of the whole sector of structural engineering. Consequently, SHM leads to two levels of design knowledge gain: locally, on the specific structure, and globally, on the general class of similar structures.
Design Knowledge Gain by Structural Health MonitoringFranco Bontempi
The design of complex structures should be based on advanced approaches able to take into account the behavior of the constructions during their entire life-cycle. Moreover, an effective design method should consider that the modern constructions are usually complex systems, characterized by strong interactions among the single components and with the design environment.
A modern approach, capable of adequately considering these issues, is the so-called performance-based design (PBD). In order to profitably apply this design philosophy, an effective framework for the evaluation of the overall quality of the structure is needed; for this purpose, the concept of dependability can be effectively applied.
In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM)
assumes the essential role to improve the knowledge on the structural system and to allow reliable evaluations of the structural safety in operational conditions. SHM should be planned at the design phase and should be performed during the entire life-cycle of the structure.
In order to deal with the large quantity of data coming from the continuous monitoring various processing techniques exist. In this work different approaches are discussed and in the last part two of them are applied on the same dataset.
It is interesting to notice that, in addition to this first level of knowledge, structural health monitoring allows obtaining a further more general contribution to the design knowledge of the whole sector of structural engineering.
Consequently, SHM leads to two levels of design knowledge gain: locally, on the specific structure, and globally, on the general class of similar structures.
Design Knowledge Gain by Structural Health MonitoringStroNGER2012
The design of complex structures should be based on advanced approaches able to take into account the behavior of the constructions during their entire life-cycle. Moreover, an effective design method should consider that the modern constructions are usually complex systems, characterized by strong interactions among the single components and with the design environment.
A modern approach, capable of adequately considering these issues, is the so-called performance-based design (PBD). In order to profitably apply this design philosophy, an effective framework for the evaluation of the overall quality of the structure is needed; for this purpose, the concept of dependability can be effectively applied.
In this context, structural health monitoring (SHM)
assumes the essential role to improve the knowledge on the structural system and to allow reliable evaluations of the structural safety in operational conditions. SHM should be planned at the design phase and should be performed during the entire life-cycle of the structure.
In order to deal with the large quantity of data coming from the continuous monitoring various processing techniques exist. In this work different approaches are discussed and in the last part two of them are applied on the same dataset.
It is interesting to notice that, in addition to this first level of knowledge, structural health monitoring allows obtaining a further more general contribution to the design knowledge of the whole sector of structural engineering.
Consequently, SHM leads to two levels of design knowledge gain: locally, on the specific structure, and globally, on the general class of similar structures.
Technology Management - A Complex Adaptive Systems ApproachIan McCarthy
There are systems methods and evolutionary processes that can help organisations understand the innovative patterns and competitive mechanisms that influence the creation, management and exploitation of technology. This paper presents a specific model based on the evolutionary processes of variation, selection, retention and struggle, coupled with fitness landscape theory. This latter concept is a complex adaptive systems theory that has attained recognition as an approach for visually mapping the strategic options an evolving system could pursue. The relevance and utility of fitness landscape theory to the strategic management of technology is explored, and a definition and model of technological fitness provided. The complex adaptive systems perspective adopted by this paper, views organisations as evolving systems that formulate strategies by classifying, selecting, adopting and exploiting various combinations of technological capabilities. A model called the strategy configuration chain is presented to illustrate this strategic process.
Genetic algorithms for the dependability assurance in the design of a long sp...Franco Bontempi
A long-span suspension bridge is a complex
structural system that interacts with the surrounding
environment and the users. The environmental actions
and the corresponding loads (wind, temperature, rain,
earthquake, etc.) together with the live loads (railway
traffic, highway traffic), have a strong influence on the
dynamic response of the bridge, and can significantly
influence the structural behavior and alter its geometry,
thus limiting the serviceability performance even up to a
partial closure. This article will present some general considerations
and operative aspects of the activities related
to the analysis and design of such a complex structural
system. Specific reference is made to the dependability assessment
and the performance requirements of the whole
system, while focus is given on methods for handling the
completeness and the uncertainty in the assessment of the
load scenarios. Aiming at the serviceability assessment,
a method based on the combined application of genetic
algorithms and a finite element method (FEM) investigation
is proposed and applied.
A Database Model for Environmental Impact Assessment of External Wall Constru...drboon
Sustainability assessment tools and certification systems generally assess environmental impacts of buildings in use phase. Nevertheless, the tools and systems often ignored the interaction between building construction process and the environment. However, we should take environmental impacts of buildings into account during design process not only considering use phase but also by making decisions related to construction activities. In this study, the author introduces an approach for external wall systems, which aims to reduce environmental impacts of construction process by taking decisions in design process. Within the scope of the method, the author developed a database based on a proposed assessment system for selecting and comparing construction techniques of external walls to reduce environmental impacts of construction process.
انظمة البناء الحديثة
الهندسة المعمارية
درسة عمارة الحداثة ( Modernism )
*- مدرسة الحداثة المتأخرة ( Late Modernism )
*- ومدرسة ما بعد الحداثة (Post Modernism )
*- مدرسة الحداثة الجديدة (New Modernism).
وبما أن هذا النوع من فنون العمارة حديث فقد تأثرت بالثورة الصناعية التي أدت إلى أن تأخذ المدن منها طابعها
مما أدى إلى ثورة الرجوع للطبيعة ومحاولة إيجاد الحلول المناسبة. مرت العمارة الحديثة بعصر قوتها في العشرينات وهو العصر الذي صاحب ازدهارها
ثم زاد انتشارها في الخمسينات ومع نهاية الستينات، فقدت هذه الحركة كثيراً من قوتها الأيديولوجية مع وفاة المعماري المعروف لو كوربوزييه في عام 1965.
وفقدت في نفس الوقت الكثير من قيمتها الروحية والعاطفية كمحاولة للتأثير على المجتمع
وإن كان بعض من مدرسة الحداثة Modernism قد احيوا وأنعشوا بعض مبادئها مثل الاتجاهات المستقبلية ( Futurism)
بواسطة مجموعة الاتجاه الإنشائي Neo Constructivism في إيطاليا.
وتدريجيا لم تعد العمارة الحديثة مزدهرة ولم يعد لها وجود سوى في بعض المدارس الأكاديمية تحت ما يسمى بعمارة ميز المتأخرة أو عمارة لويس كان
وهذه الاتجاهات تجمع معاً فيما يسمى بالمرحلة الأخيرة لعمارة الحداثة المتأخرة Modernism Post .
لقد تجاهلت عمارة الحداثة هوية التشخيص FIGURAL IDAN TITY إذ أصبحت الأشكال نتيجة عملية التصميم والابتكار.
وإن إهمال لغة الذاكرة التاريخية في الحداثة المعمارية، دفع المعماري إلى التعويض عن التاريخ بالحوافز الصناعية
فأصبحت الحداثة مجرد هواية ومغامرة. ويرى عدد من المعماريين أن الحداثة كانت تحوي عوامل ضعف قاتل كما كانت تحتوي على إمكانيات عالية.
ويتفق عدد كبير من المعماريين على مهاجمة الحداثة لنزعتها النخبوية واتجاهها في تدمير المدينة على الرغم أنهم من ممثلي الحداثة.
اتجاهات فترة الحداثة
مدرسة عمارة الحداثة المستقبلية ( Modernism)
التعبيرية
التكعيبية
وظهر خلال هذه الفترة الأسلوب الدولي (International Style) والذي يشمل عدة مدارس معمارية تتصف بنفس الصفات تقريبا وهي:
باوهاوس ظهرت في ألمانيا، ومدرسة دي شتيل ظهرت في هولندا والبنائية في روسيا.
مدرسة عمارة الحداثة المتأخرة (هاي تيك)
. مدرسة عمارة الحداثة المتأخرة (هاي تيك)
مدرسة عمارة الحداثة الجديدة
*- مدرسة عمارة الحداثة ( Modernism )
*- مدرسة الحداثة المتأخرة ( Late Modernism )
*- ومدرسة ما بعد الحداثة (Post Modernism )
*- مدرسة الحداثة الجديدة (New Modernism).
وبما أن هذا النوع من فنون العمارة حديث فقد تأثرت بالثورة الصناعية التي أدت إلى أن تأخذ المدن منها طابعها
مما أدى إلى ثورة الرجوع للطبيعة ومحاولة إيجاد الحلول المناسبة. مرت العمارة الحديثة بعصر قوتها في العشرينات وهو العصر الذي صاحب ازدهارها
ثم زاد انتشارها في الخمسينات ومع نهاية الستينات، فقدت هذه الحركة كثيراً من قوتها الأيديولوجية مع وفاة المعماري المعروف لو كوربوزييه في عام 1965.
وفقدت في نفس الوقت الكثير من قيمتها الروحية والعاطفية كمحاولة للتأثير على المجتمع
وإن كان بعض من مدرسة الحداثة Modernism قد احيوا وأنعشوا بعض مبادئها مثل الاتجاهات المستقبلية ( Futurism)
بواسطة مجموعة الاتجاه الإنشائي Neo Constructivism في إيطاليا.
وتدريجيا لم تعد العمارة الحديثة مزدهرة ولم يعد لها وجود سوى في بعض المدارس الأكاديمية تحت ما يسمى بعمارة ميز المتأخرة أو عمارة لويس كان
وهذه الاتجاهات تجمع معاً فيما يسمى بالمرحلة الأخيرة لعمارة الحداثة المتأخرة Modernism Post .
انفصلت الحداثة المعمارية نهائيا عن لغة العمار
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE BUILDINGS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
The development of innovative buildings in the urban environment around the
world is rapidly becoming increasingly widespread. Today, there are many
publications on the development of innovative buildings in the urban environment, but
despite this fact, there is no research and model which would study the process of
forming a synergistic effect of innovative buildings in the urban environment. In
addition, there is no research that evaluates the synergistic effect in terms of open
systems “innovative buildings - urban environment”. This urges the research issue.
This research paper aims at creating a synergetic model for the development of
innovative buildings in the urban environment. The principle of adaptation when
dealing with the development of innovative buildings in the urban environment is
considered from the standpoint of synergetics, the principles (groups) of formation
and individual elements included in the model are suggested; the specifics of
architectural developments in the future is determined. The principle of adaptation
from the standpoint of synergetics when considering the development of innovative
ESTABLISHING PROCESS FOR DESIGNING OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IAEME Publication
The building designers are presently going through a transition phase. As due to the known energy implications of poorly designed buildings and related environmental issues, Government is imposing a number of controlling measures. These include building energy codes, green rating systems, and environmental clearance norms. At present very few guideline or support is available to the architects to incorporate all the above additional requirements during the design process. Standard architectural practice does not cover the energy/environmental considerations in common projects unless otherwise specified under scope of services. This paper is about formulating the design process for energy efficient buildings. The necessary data for which has been gathered through the survey conducted by the author from the architects working in various capacities. The paper starts with discussion on process and related aspects of designing energy efficient buildings. The sub topics define the methodology for establishing design process, including description of the participants and their selection criteria and, finally present the outcome of the survey in the form of a matrix.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
Whether you’re looking to create a guest house, a rental unit, or a private retreat, our experienced team will design a space that complements your existing home and maximizes your investment. We provide personalized, comprehensive expert accessory dwelling unit (ADU)drafting solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring a seamless process from concept to completion.
7 Alternatives to Bullet Points in PowerPointAlvis Oh
So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
Unleash Your Inner Demon with the "Let's Summon Demons" T-Shirt. Calling all fans of dark humor and edgy fashion! The "Let's Summon Demons" t-shirt is a unique way to express yourself and turn heads.
https://dribbble.com/shots/24253051-Let-s-Summon-Demons-Shirt
2. Abstract:
A key to well- performing building is to follow the
model of
‘Building as a System’
3. TABLE OF CONTENT
OBJECTIVES
METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
UNDERSTANDING OF A SYSTEM, SYSTEM
THINKING & CREATING A SYSTEM
ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF BUILDING AS A
SYSTEM
CONTEMPORARY & MODERN BUILDING
RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICS MATERIAL
COMPONENT AND SYSTEM
4. PHYSICAL MECHANISM DRIVING THE
BUILDING AS A SYSTEM
BUILDING SYSTEM TOWARDS THE RATIONAL
TAXONOMY IN ARCHITECTURE
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF BUILDING
BEHAVIOUR
BUILDING PERFORMANCE
BUILDING SYSTEM INTEGRATION
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
5. OBJECTIVES
How system thinking approach, components of
the building, climatic conditions, energy use
efficiency, durability,, and healthy living conditions
lead towards a well performing building.
How entire system/structure interacts to produce
the overall effect/impact to expose the
effectiveness of design.
6. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the work includes the literature
review regarding the understanding of system and
how system thinking enables to create a framework
and the integration of diverse disciplines. Research
sought to explain why the system approach towards
the building is key interest area in modern building
design. What is the relation between the materials,
components and system and how physical
mechanics derive the behavior of building as a
system?
7. INTRODUCTION
The key concepts involved in building design, is
the maximum collaboration and interaction to the
discipline of architecture, engineering and
construction (AEC) industry. Understanding the
physical behavior of the building as a system and
how this impacts energy efficiency, durability,
comfort and indoor air quality is essential to
innovating high-performance buildings.
8. A great deal of research and development toward
the advancement of the systems approach remains
to be accomplished.
The building as a system concept is a relatively new
development in building science. It resulted directly
from the introduction of a systems approach to
building science practice, starting in the 1960s.
The system models that have been adopted by
modern building science have delivered an
overwhelming improvement in the health, safety, and
durability of buildings.
9. As innovation increasingly became the means to
achieving new forms of architectural expression in
the 20th century, analysis and review of building
failures indicated that traditional approaches to
design were inadequate. This was due to
inappropriate adaptations of successful past
precedents, or an unknowingly narrow analysis at
the building component level for radical
departures from technical norms. Thus System
thinking concept was generated.
10. A building is a system which consists of materials,
components (assemblies, equipment), sub-systems,
and systems that interact with physical phenomena
in the process of providing an intended level of
performance to its immediate occupants and societal
stakeholders.
It focuses on physical phenomena from a building
science perspective, the relationship of the
constituent elements of a building system and these
physical phenomena.
11. UNDERSTANDING OF A SYSTEM,
SYSTEM THINKING & CREATING A
SYSTEM
A system is an integrated network of interacting
elements, receiving certain inputs and producing
certain outputs, given certain constraints. [Chappelle
1966]
System thinking is a framework for seeing
interrelationships rather than things, for seeing
patterns rather than static snapshots. It is a set of
general principles spanning fields as diverse as
physical and social sciences, engineering and
management. (Senge1990 5th Discipline)
12. Published by the Royal Academy of
Engineering (Elliot),
Six principles for ‘Creating systems that work which
are as follows:
Debate, define, revise and pursue the purpose
Think holistically
Follow a systematic procedure
Be creative
Take account of the people
Manage the project and relationships.
13. ORIGN OF CONCEPT OF
‘BUILDING AS A SYSTEM’
The idea of the building as a system springs from
modern systems theory and the application of
building science principles to building behavior
and performance.
As innovation increasingly became the means to
achieving new forms of architectural expression in
the 20th century, analysis and review of building
failures indicated that traditional approaches to
design were inadequate. This was due to
inappropriate adaptations of successful past
precedents, or an unknowingly narrow analysis at
the building component level for radical
departures from technical norms. In both cases
the behavior of the whole system was not
considered.
14. Innovation is not a trial and error process that relies
on gradually refining past precedents. It is usually a
significant departure from normative practices and
relies on the scientific method to advance its
agenda.
Modern building science, as it is known today, was
born of innovation - more correctly, because of the
large number of failures encountered when building
designers attempted to innovate without applying
building system approach and building science
principles.
There was no need for system approach when only
successful precedents were copied and handed
down from one generation to the next, but there was
also no advancement toward high-performance
buildings within traditional building practices.
15. CONTEMPORARY AND MODERN
BUILDING
The importance of contemporary building
design often fully appreciated after the
occurrence of building performance
problems, or worse, after failures, rather
than at the planning and design stage of
building projects. For this reason,
contemporary building science has taken
on greater importance in response to an
increasing trend of innovative departures
from traditional building practices based on
successful past precedents
16. More specifically, contemporary building
science is a broad discipline that is concerned
with the full life cycle of buildings, including:
policy (codes and standards);
planning;
design;
construction;
restoration and retrofit
preservation and conservation
demolition (deconstruction) and recycling
17. The innovative or Modern design of building relies
less on successful past precedents than the
application of building science. This is not because
there is little to be learned from existing buildings,
but is due to the changes in materials and methods
that result from building technology innovation.
Combined with growing expectations for high
performance, building enclosure design is now
required to satisfy a large number of performance
parameters that were not given a great deal of
consideration in the past.
18. BUILDING AS A SYSTEM
The idea of the building as a system springs from modern
systems theory and the application of building science principles
to building behavior and performance.
The building as a system approach requires designers to
explicitly and consciously consider the interactions between the
primary elements comprising the system:
Building enclosure (building envelope system)
Inhabitants (humans, animals, and/or plants, etc.)
Building services (electrical/mechanical systems)
Site, with its landscape and services infrastructure; and
External environment (weather and micro-climate)
Harmonization of these elements is the key to well-performing
buildings.
20. It is recognized that a large number of materials,
components, equipment, and assemblies must be
properly integrated to achieve a high-
performance building.
At the same time, it must be appreciated that
most performance problems involve the building
enclosure, which also represents the primary
passive environmental control system. In view of
these considerations a large focused on the
building science underlying building enclosures
and how they are influenced by climate and
weather.
21. RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICS
MATERIAL COMPONENTS &
SYSTEM
Performance concepts in building codes and standards
have existed largely as constraints guiding the prescriptive
codes and standards development process. One of the
major challenges in developing an effective building
performance objectives framework has been the
establishment of explicit parameters supported by building
science knowledge, and specialized knowledge from allied
disciplines. These are premised on the relationship
between physical phenomena and building system
behavior.
A building is a system which consists of materials,
components (assemblies, equipment), sub-systems, and
systems that interact with physical phenomena in the
process of providing an intended level of performance to
its immediate occupants and societal stakeholders.
22.
23. The key points to appreciate from this relationship
are as follows:
The fundamental physical phenomena imposed
on a material, component, or system drive its
response (behavior).
The suitability of a material, component, or
system must, as a minimum, adequately address
the imposed physical phenomena.
The complexity of problems increases
dramatically as the design process proceeds from
selecting materials, to arranging components, to
integrating systems.
24. Due to the multi-functional nature of components and
sub-systems (e.g., a wall may provide structural
support, fire safety, and moderation of the
environment), it is important to relate constituent
elements of the building to a coherent hierarchy of
objectives.
The hierarchy of physics, materials, components, and
systems is a practical means of dealing with
performance objectives at the conceptual level.
Research in the fields of artificial intelligence and
expert systems has demonstrated that the linkages
between knowledge representation and its application
require sophisticated interpretation.
25. PHYSICAL MECHANISMS DRIVING
THE BUILDING AS A SYSTEM
Physical forces affecting structural integrity must
always be adequately resolved, there remain four
primary physical mechanisms associated with
climate and weather that drive the behavior of
the building as a system in terms of its role as a
moderator of the indoor environment.
26. Heat Flow - the conductive, convective, and
radioactive flow of heat;
Air Flow - the air flow across and within the
building enclosure due to air leakage and
ventilation;
Moisture Flow - the flow of water and vapor
across and within the building enclosure; and
Solar Radiation - the influence of insulation on
the opaque and transparent enclosure
components.
27. In the building as a system, all of these physical
mechanisms are occurring in various
combinations at various times. During cold
periods, heat and warm moist air escape through
leaks in the building enclosure. To compensate,
the heating system must supply the amount of
heat being lost, and to replace the lost moisture,
the indoor air must be humidified for occupant
health and comfort.
During hot periods, heat and warm moist air are
driven into the building and the HVAC
system must cool and dehumidify. Under all
conditions, the building enclosure must manage
the heat, air, and moisture flows. The occupants
can exert as great an influence as the climate
28. This explains why a building may be very fit for
one occupancy (e.g., warehouse or factory), but
then experience problems when the occupancy
changes (e.g., residential or institutional).
Problems occur when the balance of moisture,
heat, and air flows is disturbed beyond the
performance thresholds of the building as a
system.
The key to the fitness of a building is the
balanced control of these physical mechanisms,
so that durability, comfort, energy efficiency,
indoor air quality, health, and safety are not
compromised.
29. BUILDING SYSTEMS: TOWARD A
RATIONAL TAXONOMY IN
ARCHITECTURE
Taxonomies are systems too. Taxonomy is the
practice and science of classification. Taxonomies
can be thought of as generalized models as well,
and they can be exceedingly helpful in assisting an
understanding of complex arrays of elements and in
performing complex analyses.
It is simply an orderly way of addressing the work at
hand from the project management perspective.
It should be self-evident what each of these systems
is to the related discipline practitioners.
31. A CONCPTUAL MODEL OF
BUILDING BEHAVIOR
Building behavior (performance) is a highly
complex, resultant phenomenon. It involves
numerous simultaneous and sequential physical
phenomena, and the response of the building as
a system will vary depending on the nature and
arrangement of the constituent elements.
32. The advancement of scientific knowledge has led to
great advances in the analysis and rational design of
the purely structural functions of a building.
There has also been a great deal of development in
individual materials and components. As yet, there
have been relatively small advances in dealing
adequately with all of the combinations of elements
and with the complex interrelationships of
phenomena involved in the performance of an entire
building.
The reasons are not hard to find. It is sufficient to
note that, even now, contemporary building science
draws on the knowledge and experience of almost
every branch of engineering science.
33. In addition, our standards of performance are
continually being raised. As we reduce our major
difficulties in turn, minor ones assume greater
relative proportions, and we clamor for their
reduction or elimination also, in the name of
progress. The increasing state of knowledge
appears less and less adequate as the demands
upon it increase.
34. HUTCHEON'S OBSERVATION
A stronger need for a whole system model of building
performance has been recognized within the building
science discipline. While a broadly accepted model
continues to elude building science researchers and
practitioners, some advances have been made in various
aspects of performance, such as potential of enclosures,
window performance, etc.
At the conceptual level, approaches such as the general
limit states design model have been applied to structural
design, however, this approach is not well suited to many
areas of building performance (e.g., access and egress,
room dimensions, etc.) and the gathering of data may not
always be possible even where the model is applicable
(e.g., statistics for water leakage in basements).
At this point, a comprehensive application of the
schema to whole building system performance remains
to be completed.
36. BUILDING PERFORMANCE
The term "performance" may be defined as the level of
service provided by a building material, component, or
system, in relation to an intended, or expected, threshold
or quality.
For example, the structural performance of a building may
be judged in terms of its resistance to dead, live, soil, wind,
hydrostatic, and seismic loads as prescribed by applicable
codes. Within the established thresholds for these loads,
the structure would be required to behave adequately
according to expectations in terms of strength, durability,
deflections, and vibrations.
When the intended or expected level of performance is not
achieved, the resultant behavior is termed a "failure" which
must not be confused with the term "defect", a minor
damage or blemish which has no immediate or significant
impact on performance, and which may be suitably
repaired.
38. The concept of a building performance framework is
intended to explicitly represent:
External and internal conditions affecting a building
system (e.g., climate, weather, site, soils, occupancy,
and indoor climate class);
Parts and inter-relationships comprising a building
system (e.g., the behavior of materials, components,
equipment and sub-systems);
Parameters or indicators defining acceptable
performance (e.g., aesthetics, health and safety,
economy, sustainability, etc.)
Methods, tools, and techniques for designing and
analyzing performance according to the parameters,
39. BUILDING SYSTEM
INTEGRATION
A common purpose of system approach is to achieve
building system integration, not by-trial-and-error
over many generations of building precedents, but
each and every time a building is being designed
and built. This implies defining a level of
performance and a means of assuring compliance
40. Building system integration involves the building structure, its enclosure
(envelope), the interior elements, and the building services (i.e.,
mechanical, electrical, etc.
41. Optimizing performance goes beyond compatibility
between the structure, enclosure, interior, and services. It
involves the assessment of economic, social, and
environmental parameters so that performance targets
are attained affordably within the skill capacity of the
industry. This effectively means innovation may be
defined as achieving better performance and higher
quality at less cost over the life cycle of a building or
facility.
43. The building enclosure, or envelope, is the
primary environmental separator/moderator. It
performs a passive role, unlike mechanical and
electrical systems, that actively supplement the
amount of heat, air, moisture, and daylight the
enclosure is unable to provide.
When all active systems fail, the building
enclosure is the last line of defense between the
indoors and the outdoors.
High-performance building enclosures provide
passive sustainability during extreme weather
phenomena and natural disasters, and safely
shelter their inhabitants
44. BUILDING PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVE FRAMEWORK
An interesting aspect of any objective-based
framework is that the intent remains constant
while the means of achieving the intent or
objective continue to evolve with advances in
technology.
It appears humans will always expect buildings
to provide firmness, commodity, and delight, and
that architects will always have to find appropriate
means of responding to their clients' demands.
46. The physical constraints which are imposed by site
conditions and the limits or thresholds of the global
environment and local ecosystem
The functional requirements of buildings that encompass
occupant requirements, compatibility requirements, and
physical requirements.
Contemporary building science supports the societal
objective of sustainable architecture by balancing the
physical constraints and the functional requirements,
ideally without compromising architectural aesthetics and
high performance.
The predominant area of interest for building science is
under functional requirements, and within this area
further and more specific objectives are identified that
constitute the basis for designing and/or assessing
47. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Buildings are systems that must be appropriately
integrated by designers to achieve defined levels of
performance.
Building enclosures are expected to be durable and
provide a degree of environmental separation, but
now they must address issues like energy efficiency,
day lighting, indoor air quality, fire safety, thermal
comfort, carbon footprint and sustainability. There is
now a need to explicitly ensure these performance
objectives are fully satisfied at the design stage
48. Building science provides a disciplined means of
dealing with the physical requirements of
buildings that is completely compatible with the
architectural design and building construction
processes
This report focuses on the systems approach to
building technology and the utility of building
science to advance the high-performance building
agenda
49. CONCLUSIONS
Buildings are systems that must be appropriately integrated by
designers to achieve defined levels of performance.
Innovation in modern architecture relies on building science and
the systems approach to ensure that building performance meets the
expectations of building owners, inhabitants, and society.
The context for building performance has more recently evolved to
include issues of ecology and sustainable development. This
expansion of performance parameters, coupled with increasing
consumer expectations, has dramatically increased the complexity of
buildings.
Performance objectives frameworks and conceptual models have
become necessary methodologies to assure all aspects of the
integration of well performing building systems have been carefully
addressed.
High-performance building enclosures provide passive sustainability
50. An important contribution of building science is
the quantification of performance parameters
such that many of these can be predicted at the
design stage, and assessed / confirmed after the
building is occupied and operational. This
preoccupation with prediction and validation has
led to the appreciation of the need for a systems
approach, as building engineers grapple with
issues such as indoor air quality
and sustainable buildings.
51. REFERENCES
1. Elliot, C. 2007. Creating systems that
work [online] Royal Academy of Engineering. Available
from:http://www.raeng.org.uk/education/vps/pdf/RAE_Syst
ems_Report.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2010]
2. European 7th Framework Programme, Rethinking
Globalization in the light of Contraction and
CONVERGEnce [online]. Available
from: http://convergeproject.blogspot.com/ [Accessed 1
June 2010]
3.Towards Integration of Service Life and Asset
Management Tools for Building Envelope Systems
Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Building
Science and Technology, pp. 153-163 by Lacasse, M.A.,
D.J. Vanier, B.R. Kyle. Toronto: 1997.
52. 5.The Building Systems Integration Handbook,
edited by Richard D. Rush. The American
Institute of Architects, 1986.
6.Building Science for Building Enclosures by
John Straube and Eric Burnett. Building Science
Press, December 2005.
7.Integrated Buildings: The Systems Basis of
Architecture by Leonard R. Bachman. John Wiley
and Sons, 2003.