The document discusses budgeting, including definitions, significance, approaches, types of budgets, and the budgetary process. It outlines three common budgeting approaches - top-down, bottom-up, and iterative budgeting - and compares their merits and demerits. The document also discusses features of an effective budget, linking budgets to project activities through earned value analysis, and measures for budgetary control.
Classification of budget according to Time, Function and Flexibility. Long term budget, Short term budget, Long term budget, Short term budget, Sales budget, Production budget
Budgetary Controlling Techniques Budgeting is the formulation of plans for a given future period in numerical terms. Organizations may establish budgets for units, departments, divisions, or the whole organization.
Budgetary Control Techniques
budgetary control methods
controlling techniques in management
planning tools for budgetary control
risk controlling techniques
control methods in management
control as a function of management pdf
controlling management process
organizational control methods
control methods in business
types of managerial control
examples of controlling in management
what is controlling in management
controlling in management pdf
managerial functions pdf
organizing function of management pdf
four functions of management pdf
management control system definition
introduction to management pdf
managerial function of control
the control function of management
A Principle Budget Factor is a factor or an activity which is constraint for business and which is limiting factor. Budgets on other factors are followed by the principle budget factor. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Principle Budget Factor:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/accounting/principle-budget-factor.aspx
The slides were commissioned in 2016 for an in-house development program at a large Australian public company.
They have been slightly edited. In 2019, they still seem quite relevant.
Budgeting and forecasting: The differences.
Why has budgeting and forecasting failed? What are the traditional responses?
Contemporary responses.
What can we learn from the agility of the great tech disruptors?
What is the influence of agile development and machine learning? What does the the future finance team look like?
This contains :-
1.Budget
2. Definition of Budget
3. Purposes of budgeting
4.Characteristics of budgeting
5. Importance of budgeting
6.Principles of budget
7. Types of budget
8. Classification of budget
9.Advantages of budgeting
10.Disadvantages of budgeting
Classification of budget according to Time, Function and Flexibility. Long term budget, Short term budget, Long term budget, Short term budget, Sales budget, Production budget
Budgetary Controlling Techniques Budgeting is the formulation of plans for a given future period in numerical terms. Organizations may establish budgets for units, departments, divisions, or the whole organization.
Budgetary Control Techniques
budgetary control methods
controlling techniques in management
planning tools for budgetary control
risk controlling techniques
control methods in management
control as a function of management pdf
controlling management process
organizational control methods
control methods in business
types of managerial control
examples of controlling in management
what is controlling in management
controlling in management pdf
managerial functions pdf
organizing function of management pdf
four functions of management pdf
management control system definition
introduction to management pdf
managerial function of control
the control function of management
A Principle Budget Factor is a factor or an activity which is constraint for business and which is limiting factor. Budgets on other factors are followed by the principle budget factor. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Principle Budget Factor:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/accounting/principle-budget-factor.aspx
The slides were commissioned in 2016 for an in-house development program at a large Australian public company.
They have been slightly edited. In 2019, they still seem quite relevant.
Budgeting and forecasting: The differences.
Why has budgeting and forecasting failed? What are the traditional responses?
Contemporary responses.
What can we learn from the agility of the great tech disruptors?
What is the influence of agile development and machine learning? What does the the future finance team look like?
This contains :-
1.Budget
2. Definition of Budget
3. Purposes of budgeting
4.Characteristics of budgeting
5. Importance of budgeting
6.Principles of budget
7. Types of budget
8. Classification of budget
9.Advantages of budgeting
10.Disadvantages of budgeting
Sample budget presentation for stakeholders. Find out how to compile and present data. Register for the Georgia 40-Hour Director's Training Credential workshop.
http://altheapenn.tripod.com/id20.html
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COS.docxstilliegeorgiana
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
THE CHALLENGE OF PLANNING AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
Issues with planning in international project.
Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
Required inputs:
1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
Required tools and techniques:
- Standard quality control techniques
- Pareto diagrams
- Checklists for pa ...
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COS.docxinfantsuk
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
THE CHALLENGE OF PLANNING AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
Issues with planning in international project.
Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
Required inputs:
1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
Required tools and techniques:
- Standard quality control techniques
- Pareto diagrams
- Checklists for pa.
Project management is the discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria. A project is a temporary endeavour designed to produce a unique product, service or results with a defined beginning and end constrained and often constrained by undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives. Typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual .which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services (Nguyen et al, 2009, p.1134).
Priority Based Budgeting - How to respond to Downturn and AusterityMalcolm Anthony
Priority Based Budgeting [PBB] is a robust, participative process that enables organisations to achieve a balanced financial plan, even in the most challenging environments.
PBB has been helping organisations achieve challenging financial and operational goals for over thirty years. Unsurprisingly it has seen a significant resurgence in interest and uptake since 2008 as organisations, around the world, have sought to manage the implications of downturn and fiscal austerity.
PBB teaches managers, at all levels in an organisation, to manage their own destiny and deliver change that they and their teams truly believe in. Change which also, collectively, results in the achievement of the organisations wider goals.
Management of Library and information CentresSundar B N
in this document BLIS Paper 2 Management of Library and information Centres of KSOU 2019 August Question Paper is Solved.
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HOW TO EVALUATE PROJECT BY USING PROJECT APPRAISAL METHOD AT WORKPLACEAbraham Ncunge
Project appraisal is an as"
ASSESSMENT of the project in seven steps. Project appraisal is carried out in two main steps namely internal and external appraisal.
The other steps a technical,economical ,social ,political, environmental,financial commercial ,administrative
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Definition of Budgeting,
• Significance of Budgeting,
• Approaches to Budgeting, merits and demerits
• Types of Budgets,
• Outline of the Budgetary process,
• Features of an effective Budget
• Link between budget planning and project
activity(Earned Value Analysis-EVA).
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
3. BUDGETING
• A plan translated in financial terms for the
resource and operations of a business,
organisation or project for a stated period
in the future.
• Or simply a statement of incomes and
expenditures.
• Budget = Quantitative expression of a plan
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF
BUDGETING
• To help management in the planning of
annual operations.
• To co-ordinate the activities of the various
parts of the organisation/project and ensure
that the parts are in harmony with each
other.
• To communicate plans to the various
responsibility centre managers.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
5. SIGNIFICANCE…………2
• To motivate managers to strive to achieve
the organisational/project goals/objectives
• To control activities (organisational or
project)
• To evaluate the performance of managers,
• To generate activity schedule forecasts
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
6. Approaches to Budgeting
• There are three common budgeting
methods:
Top-down Budgeting,
Bottom-up Budgeting,
Iterative Budgeting,
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
7. Top Down Budgeting(TDB)
is the term given to a budgeting process based
on estimating the cost of higher level tasks first
and using these estimates to constrain the
estimates for lower level tasks.
A crucial factor for successfully implementing
this method for estimating budgets is the
experience and judgment of those involved in
producing the overall budget estimate.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
8. MERITS OF TDB
Takes less time
Promotes upper-level commitment
Involves no multilevel participation
Lower management better understands
what upper management expects
Individual activities need not to be
identified prior to approval
Aggregate budget can be reasonably
accurate.31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
9. DEMERITS OF TDB
Translating long-range budgets into short-
range budgets.
Problems scheduling projects in a "sub-
optimal way" to meet the strategic goals
Result of top management's limited
knowledge of specifics of project tasks and
activities
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
10. Bottom Up Budgeting(BUB)
• Sometimes called Zero Based Budgeting
(ZBB)
• Bottom-up budgeting begins with
identifying all the constituent tasks that are
involved in implementing a project and
working out the resources and funding
required for each activity.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
11. BUB….2
• Provides the opportunity to create
organisation level budgets by rolling up
project budgets.
• Create centralized project level budgets
from their sub-project budgets (WBS)
• Applicable to recurring programmes in the
public sector.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
12. ADVANTAGES OF BUB
accuracy of the budgets for individual tasks is
enhanced
Clear flow of information
Use of detailed data available at project
management level as basic source of cost,
schedule, and resource requirement
information.
Participation in the process leads to ownership
and acceptance
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
13. DISADVANTAGES OF BUB
More persuasive managers sometimes get a
disproportionate share of resources
A significant portion of budget building is in the
hands of the junior personnel in the organisation
Sometimes critical activities are missed and left
unbudgeted
Difficult to control aggregate spending
Allocations may not be optimal
Hard to keep multi-year perspective
Tendency to overstate the needs is common
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
14. Bottom-up and Top-down
compared
• Bottom-up • Top-down
- Multi-year - Annual
Delegated authority - Time consuming
joint ownership - ownership of proposal
specific
Proactive - Reactive
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
15. ITERATIVE BUDGETING(IB)
Iterative – to repeat or do again
A combination of top-down and bottom-up
budget building
Higher project level estimated (top down)
Lower level costed (bottom up)
The two costs negotiated and reconciled
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
16. ADVANTAGES OF IB
• It promotes employee involvement and
stimulates a high degree of information
flow between those involved in the project
at different levels
• Both senior management and lower level
managers closer to the actual process
participate in the budgeting process
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
17. DISADVANTAGES OF IB
• there’re relative inefficiencies and time
consuming nature of the negotiations over
the budgets.
• Process may not work well when
communication channels are either
informal or blocked between lower-level
managers and senior management
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
18. TYPES OF BUDGETS
Operating Budgets – Recurrent
Capital Budgets – Development
Financial Budgets (cash budgets, projected
income and expenditure statement and
projected balance sheet).
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
19. SCOPE BUDGET PLANNING
Scoping can be an expression of a budget.
Budgets of specify the following;
Performance measures
Incentives for efficiency
Project selection criteria i.e. numeric &
non-numeric
Expression of organizational policy &
commitment
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
20. ..2
Plans for how resources are to be expended
Catalyst for productivity improvement
Control basis for mangers and
administrators
Standardization of operations within a
given horizon.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
21. BUDGETARY PROCESS
A budgetary process is a system of rules
governing the decision-making that leads to a
budget, from its formulation, through its
legislative approval, to its execution.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
22. Budgetary Process outline
a. Identification of the budget committee
b. Derive key forecasts,
c. Prepare “quantity” budgets with appropriate
Managers,
d. Check for feasibility to policies,
e. Amend if necessary,
f. Produce financial budget,
g. Submit budget to CEO for approval
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
23. Features of an effective budget
1. Accurate forecasting
2. Based on organisational goals
3. Information is timely and accurate
4. Formed with multilevel input
5. Regular reviews are built-in
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
24. Problems with budgeting
a) The process is too long
b) There is a lot of game playing
c) Business decisions change but the budget
does not
d) People in charge of budget are held
accountable in areas where they have no
responsibility
e) Applying an arbitrary percentage to prior
actual period.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
25. Budgetary control
• Publish agreed budgets
• Recording of actual results
• Comparison and identification of variances
• Reporting to budget holders and senior
management about existing variances
• Variance investigation
• Developing solutions to problems revealed
by budgetary control.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
26. Linking Budgets and Activities
Budget deviation analysis (variance analysis)
regularly compares what you expected or
planned to earn and spend with what you
actually spent and earned.
Variation analysis can help greatly when
detecting how well you’re tracking your plans,
how much to accurately budget in the future,
where there might be upcoming problems in
spending.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
27. Example of a variance report
Date: June 30, 2006
Account: Product Development MONTH TO DATE
ACCOUNT REF. ACTUAL BUDGET VARIANCE %
SALARIES 5025 £48,000 £43,750 - £4,375 - 10
TRAVEL 6442 £1,500 £1,200 - £300 - 25
SUPPLIES 532 £500 £700 £200 28.5
Respectfully submitted,
John Travolta Bumlanseki
Programme Manager.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
28. QUESTION ON EVA
Clovis road under construction by UNRA is
expected to be completed in 5 weeks up to
17th
march 2012, they would have
constructed 10 km of tarmac at a unit cost of
US$4/km. assuming that today is 17th
march
2012, and they have actually constructed 7
km at a total cost of US$35.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
29. QUIZ….2
Required:
Calculate;
a)BCWS( a.k.a Planned value)
b)BCWP( a.k.a Earned value)
c)ACWP( a.k.a Actual cost)
d)Comment on the schedule and cost variance
e)The SPI and CPI
f)What advise would you offer UNRA to correct any
problems if any?
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
30. SOLUTION TO QUIZ
a) BCWS=10 x 4
=$ 40
b) BCWP=7 x 4
=$ 28
c) ACWS=$ 35
d) SV=BCWP-BCWS
=28-40
=-$12, Comment: this means the project
is behind schedule.31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
33. ….4
Poor procurements
Lack of skills by staff leading to reworks
Bad luck
Insecurity
Poor weather
Poor planning
Inflation
Poor machinery, etc
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter
34. Benefits of Variance
Analysis(EVA)
1. Strengthens M & E
2. It’s a planning and budgeting tool
3. It’s a fraud detection tool
4. It helps managers detect errors
5. Enhances accountability/transparency
6. It’s a cost control tool
7. It’s a tool used in risk assessment and mgt
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35. Budgetary control Measures
• procedures put in place by an organization
to prevent and detect errors and fraud.
Accounting Controls (Internal and external
audit controls) involves the following
procedures like Approval and control of
documents, Reconciliation Statements
among others).
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36. …..2
Administrative Controls (Quality Controls,
Stated conflict of interest policy,
Performance statistics checks, Annual
leave and job rotation among others)
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37. REFERENCES
1. Karl-Martin, et al, November 2000:
Budget Processes: Theory and
Experimental Evidence, Harvard school
of Business, Massachusetts. USA
2. Wright.D 1994 :“A practical foundation
in costing” ,Routledge, London
3. MOFPED, 2007: The Local
Governments Financial and Accounting
Manual. Kampala.
31-Mar-14 Akol Pedo Peter