This document provides information on brucellosis, including:
- Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Brucella species, most commonly B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis. It is a cause of fever in many parts of the world.
- Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. Symptoms include recurrent fever, musculoskeletal pain, and complications affecting the heart, nervous system, or other organs in some cases.
- Diagnosis involves blood culture, serological tests, or bone marrow culture. Treatment consists of a combination of antibiotics over a period of weeks to months. Brucellosis remains an important public
This document provides an overview of central nervous system (CNS) infections including distinct clinical syndromes such as acute bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, encephalitis, focal infections, and infectious thrombophlebitis. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of various CNS infections with a focus on bacterial meningitis. Common causes of bacterial meningitis are outlined for different age groups and risk factors. The diagnosis involves CSF and blood analysis as well as imaging studies. Treatment depends on the suspected pathogen and involves antimicrobial therapy. Viral encephalitis is also overviewed including definition, clinical manifestations, diagnosis involving CSF analysis and imaging, and generally
power point presentation brucellosis.pptxazzaelnenaey
The document provides information about brucellosis, including its definition as a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella bacteria. It discusses the epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. Brucellosis commonly involves the musculoskeletal system, with spondylitis, sacroiliitis, and peripheral arthritis being frequent manifestations. Diagnosis involves serological testing and culture of infected tissues. Treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy.
This document discusses eosinophilic meningitis, specifically focusing on parasitic causes. It defines eosinophilic meningitis and describes the most common parasitic causes including Angiostrongyliasis caused by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum, Baylisascariasis caused by Baylisascaris procyonis, and neuroschistosomiasis caused by the parasite Schistosoma. For each cause, the document outlines key details about epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria that primarily infects domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans. It is a global disease with high prevalence in parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and South America. Humans typically get infected by consuming raw dairy products or through contact with infected animal tissues and fluids. Symptoms are non-specific but include undulating fever, sweats, joint pain and swelling. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of blood and tissues. Treatment requires a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin for several weeks. Prevention focuses on animal vaccination, safe food handling, and protective equipment for high risk workers.
Infections and salivary gland disease in pediatric age: how to manage - Slide...WAidid
The slideset by Professor Susanna Esposito aims at explaining how to manage the salivary gland infections in pediatric age, from pathogenesis, to transmission, treatments and vaccination coverage, that should be urgently increased in Italy as well as in EU Countries.
Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs, most commonly affecting the lungs. It has unknown causes but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Historically, it was first described in the skin in 1899 and was later found to also affect the lungs and lymph nodes. It presents variably from being asymptomatic to causing respiratory symptoms or lesions in other organs. Diagnosis involves clinical features, chest imaging typically showing bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, and biopsy demonstrating granulomas. Treatment involves observation of asymptomatic cases but corticosteroids for symptomatic or progressive disease. Prognosis is generally good with many cases resolving spontaneously but advanced lung fibrosis can occasionally occur
- Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that develops after a streptococcal infection. It can cause inflammation in joints, heart valves, brain, and skin.
- The document discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of acute rheumatic fever. It is caused by an immune reaction to a streptococcal infection that results in cross-reactivity with human tissues. Common symptoms include polyarthritis, carditis, chorea, and erythema marginatum.
- Diagnosis involves confirming a preceding streptococcal infection through elevated antibody titers as well as evidence of systemic inflammation from tests like ESR and CRP. Echocardiography and ECG can
This document provides an overview of central nervous system (CNS) infections including distinct clinical syndromes such as acute bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, encephalitis, focal infections, and infectious thrombophlebitis. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of various CNS infections with a focus on bacterial meningitis. Common causes of bacterial meningitis are outlined for different age groups and risk factors. The diagnosis involves CSF and blood analysis as well as imaging studies. Treatment depends on the suspected pathogen and involves antimicrobial therapy. Viral encephalitis is also overviewed including definition, clinical manifestations, diagnosis involving CSF analysis and imaging, and generally
power point presentation brucellosis.pptxazzaelnenaey
The document provides information about brucellosis, including its definition as a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella bacteria. It discusses the epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. Brucellosis commonly involves the musculoskeletal system, with spondylitis, sacroiliitis, and peripheral arthritis being frequent manifestations. Diagnosis involves serological testing and culture of infected tissues. Treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy.
This document discusses eosinophilic meningitis, specifically focusing on parasitic causes. It defines eosinophilic meningitis and describes the most common parasitic causes including Angiostrongyliasis caused by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum, Baylisascariasis caused by Baylisascaris procyonis, and neuroschistosomiasis caused by the parasite Schistosoma. For each cause, the document outlines key details about epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria that primarily infects domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans. It is a global disease with high prevalence in parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and South America. Humans typically get infected by consuming raw dairy products or through contact with infected animal tissues and fluids. Symptoms are non-specific but include undulating fever, sweats, joint pain and swelling. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of blood and tissues. Treatment requires a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin for several weeks. Prevention focuses on animal vaccination, safe food handling, and protective equipment for high risk workers.
Infections and salivary gland disease in pediatric age: how to manage - Slide...WAidid
The slideset by Professor Susanna Esposito aims at explaining how to manage the salivary gland infections in pediatric age, from pathogenesis, to transmission, treatments and vaccination coverage, that should be urgently increased in Italy as well as in EU Countries.
Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs, most commonly affecting the lungs. It has unknown causes but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Historically, it was first described in the skin in 1899 and was later found to also affect the lungs and lymph nodes. It presents variably from being asymptomatic to causing respiratory symptoms or lesions in other organs. Diagnosis involves clinical features, chest imaging typically showing bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, and biopsy demonstrating granulomas. Treatment involves observation of asymptomatic cases but corticosteroids for symptomatic or progressive disease. Prognosis is generally good with many cases resolving spontaneously but advanced lung fibrosis can occasionally occur
- Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that develops after a streptococcal infection. It can cause inflammation in joints, heart valves, brain, and skin.
- The document discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of acute rheumatic fever. It is caused by an immune reaction to a streptococcal infection that results in cross-reactivity with human tissues. Common symptoms include polyarthritis, carditis, chorea, and erythema marginatum.
- Diagnosis involves confirming a preceding streptococcal infection through elevated antibody titers as well as evidence of systemic inflammation from tests like ESR and CRP. Echocardiography and ECG can
This document provides information about acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). It defines ADEM as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents as a monophasic disorder with encephalopathy and multifocal neurological symptoms. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ADEM. It states that ADEM is usually treated initially with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids over 3-5 days.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents after a viral infection or vaccination. It is characterized by encephalopathy and multifocal neurologic deficits. MRI often shows multifocal, poorly-defined lesions in the white matter and deep gray matter that enhance with contrast. While symptoms can be severe initially, most patients recover fully from ADEM.
Mumps is a contagious viral disease that causes swelling of the salivary glands. It is caused by the mumps virus and primarily affects children aged 5-10 years. The virus spreads through direct contact with infected saliva or respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, headache and swelling of the parotid salivary glands. Complications can include orchitis in males and pancreatitis, though most cases resolve without issues. Treatment focuses on relief of symptoms and prevention is through vaccination with the MMR vaccine.
2. Meningitis diseses of the brain membrane.pptxabdinuh1997
The meninges, which cover the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed in meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is more severe and can cause death or brain damage if untreated. Viral meningitis is usually mild and self-limiting. A lumbar puncture collects cerebrospinal fluid which can be analyzed to distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis and identify the specific cause. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness, while signs include Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign.
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), and Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia). It describes the clinical manifestations of primary, secondary, and late syphilis. It also discusses gonococcal and chlamydial infections in males and females, including urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and disseminated gonococcal infection. The document provides details on laboratory testing, treatment, and clinical presentation of these common STIs.
This document provides information on various bacterial causes of hematological infections. It discusses septicemia caused by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It also covers brucellosis caused by Brucella species, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia species, typhus caused by Rickettsia species, and ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia species. For each infection, it describes the causative agent, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
general overview of the pathogen, species and host relationship, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis or screening methods, epidemiology of the diseases, prevention and control, treatment
This document provides an overview of neurocysticercosis (NCC), a parasitic infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. It discusses the history, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentations, investigations, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis and treatment of NCC. NCC is endemic in many developing regions and a common cause of adult-onset epilepsy. It can present in different forms depending on the location and stage of the cysts in the brain or spinal cord, with common symptoms including seizures, headache, stroke and hydrocephalus. Diagnosis involves immunological testing of serum and CSF as well as brain imaging.
This document provides an overview of neurocysticercosis (NCC), which is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. NCC is endemic in many parts of the world and is the leading cause of adult-onset epilepsy. It discusses the pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis, and treatment options for NCC. Key points include that NCC presents with a variety of neurological symptoms depending on the location and stage of the cysticerci, imaging such as CT and MRI are important for diagnosis, and albendazole is the drug of choice for antiparasitic treatment along with corticosteroids.
This document discusses various types of uveitis, including anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis. It provides statistics on the prevalence of each type from studies around the world. Intermediate uveitis is described in more detail, including common signs and associations with conditions like sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, Lyme disease, toxocariasis, and Bartonella. Diagnosis and treatment of these associated conditions in relation to intermediate uveitis are also outlined.
Moderator: Prof. (Dr) A.K. Sen presented on tuberculosis with the following presenters: Kolli Ajit Kumar, Krishna Nath, Lavita Hazarika, Lipika Devi, and Luish Bor Boruah. Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is characterized by granuloma formation in infected tissues. It most commonly affects the lungs and is transmitted via aerosolized droplets. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular testing of respiratory or other clinical specimens to detect the tuberculosis bacteria.
Equine viral encephalomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord in horses. It is characterized by paralysis and neurological signs. While it mainly affects horses and related animals, it can also infect humans, birds, and other mammals. There are several viruses that can cause the disease, including Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Treatment is supportive and vaccination programs are recommended to help control and prevent the spread of the disease.
Scleroderma is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that causes hardening of the skin and internal organs. It is classified into limited and diffuse subtypes based on the extent of skin involvement. Raynaud's phenomenon, skin thickening, and pulmonary and gastrointestinal issues are common clinical manifestations. The underlying pathogenesis involves vascular dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and fibrosis. Management focuses on treating individual organ system complications. Prognosis depends on the specific organ systems affected and can range from relatively mild to severe with significant morbidity and mortality.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans that is distributed worldwide but mostly affects populations in rural and semi-urban areas. It is transmitted through contact with water or soil contaminated by infected animal urine. Clinical presentation varies from mild flu-like symptoms to severe disease affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves serological tests, culture or PCR. Treatment is with doxycycline or penicillin with supportive care for organ complications. Prevention focuses on rodent control, vaccination of animals, and avoiding contact with contaminated water sources.
A 54-year-old male presented with headache and fever. On examination, he had a temperature of 39.5°C, neck stiffness, and maculopapular rashes. Differential diagnoses included meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, CNS neoplasm, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Meningitis was considered most likely given the presentation of headache, photophobia, stiff neck, and rash. Initial management involved stabilization, IV antibiotics, lumbar puncture, and imaging to confirm diagnosis and rule out complications.
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, skin and nervous system following a streptococcal throat infection. It can cause permanent heart valve damage. Symptoms include fever, arthritis and heart inflammation. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, eliminating streptococcal infection, and preventing cardiac damage through bed rest and medications like salicylates or corticosteroids. Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis is needed to prevent recurrences, especially for those who develop heart valve problems.
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune condition that can occur 2-4 weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. It is characterized by inflammation of the heart, blood vessels, joints, brain and skin. It most commonly affects children ages 5-15 and is caused by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. Left untreated, it can cause long term heart damage known as rheumatic heart disease. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat infections as well as medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. Long term preventative antibiotics may also be needed to prevent recurrent infections and further heart damage.
This document provides an overview of acute bacterial meningitis in children. It begins with an introduction discussing central nervous system infections in children in the tropics. It then covers the epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prevention of acute bacterial meningitis. The main causative bacteria are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Clinical features include fever, headache, vomiting, seizures and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment requires prompt administration of antibiotics along with management of increased intracranial pressure and other complications. Prevention strategies include vaccination programs.
Meningitis is a severe CNS pathology and early and appropriate intervention is needed to prevent adverse outcome including mortality and long term complications. This presentation focuses on the different types of meningitis and the appropriate management options
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis METABOLIC APPROACH 3.pptxAhmadRbeeHefni
This document provides an overview of metabolic approaches to managing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It discusses the relationship between NASH, obesity, and diabetes and recommends treating comorbidities like these early. Emerging therapies discussed include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) like semaglutide and liraglutide, which can resolve NASH and improve fibrosis through effects on the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and gut. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are also highlighted for their antioxidant effects in reducing oxidative stress in multiple organs including the liver. The document emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications like weight loss and exercise
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis METABOLIC APPROACH.pptxAhmadRbeeHefni
- Adipose tissue functions as a metabolic organ that regulates processes throughout the body through secretion of hormones and metabolites.
- In a healthy state, adipose tissue expands through hyperplasia of small adipocytes and maintains low inflammation.
- Metabolically unhealthy obesity is characterized by remodeling of adipose tissue, with increased hypertrophy of adipocytes, changing levels of secreted factors, and elevated inflammation. This stressed state of adipose tissue contributes to insulin resistance and other metabolic complications.
This document provides information about acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). It defines ADEM as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents as a monophasic disorder with encephalopathy and multifocal neurological symptoms. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ADEM. It states that ADEM is usually treated initially with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids over 3-5 days.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents after a viral infection or vaccination. It is characterized by encephalopathy and multifocal neurologic deficits. MRI often shows multifocal, poorly-defined lesions in the white matter and deep gray matter that enhance with contrast. While symptoms can be severe initially, most patients recover fully from ADEM.
Mumps is a contagious viral disease that causes swelling of the salivary glands. It is caused by the mumps virus and primarily affects children aged 5-10 years. The virus spreads through direct contact with infected saliva or respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, headache and swelling of the parotid salivary glands. Complications can include orchitis in males and pancreatitis, though most cases resolve without issues. Treatment focuses on relief of symptoms and prevention is through vaccination with the MMR vaccine.
2. Meningitis diseses of the brain membrane.pptxabdinuh1997
The meninges, which cover the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed in meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is more severe and can cause death or brain damage if untreated. Viral meningitis is usually mild and self-limiting. A lumbar puncture collects cerebrospinal fluid which can be analyzed to distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis and identify the specific cause. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness, while signs include Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign.
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), and Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia). It describes the clinical manifestations of primary, secondary, and late syphilis. It also discusses gonococcal and chlamydial infections in males and females, including urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and disseminated gonococcal infection. The document provides details on laboratory testing, treatment, and clinical presentation of these common STIs.
This document provides information on various bacterial causes of hematological infections. It discusses septicemia caused by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It also covers brucellosis caused by Brucella species, relapsing fever caused by Borrelia species, typhus caused by Rickettsia species, and ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia species. For each infection, it describes the causative agent, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
general overview of the pathogen, species and host relationship, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis or screening methods, epidemiology of the diseases, prevention and control, treatment
This document provides an overview of neurocysticercosis (NCC), a parasitic infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. It discusses the history, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentations, investigations, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis and treatment of NCC. NCC is endemic in many developing regions and a common cause of adult-onset epilepsy. It can present in different forms depending on the location and stage of the cysts in the brain or spinal cord, with common symptoms including seizures, headache, stroke and hydrocephalus. Diagnosis involves immunological testing of serum and CSF as well as brain imaging.
This document provides an overview of neurocysticercosis (NCC), which is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. NCC is endemic in many parts of the world and is the leading cause of adult-onset epilepsy. It discusses the pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis, and treatment options for NCC. Key points include that NCC presents with a variety of neurological symptoms depending on the location and stage of the cysticerci, imaging such as CT and MRI are important for diagnosis, and albendazole is the drug of choice for antiparasitic treatment along with corticosteroids.
This document discusses various types of uveitis, including anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis. It provides statistics on the prevalence of each type from studies around the world. Intermediate uveitis is described in more detail, including common signs and associations with conditions like sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, Lyme disease, toxocariasis, and Bartonella. Diagnosis and treatment of these associated conditions in relation to intermediate uveitis are also outlined.
Moderator: Prof. (Dr) A.K. Sen presented on tuberculosis with the following presenters: Kolli Ajit Kumar, Krishna Nath, Lavita Hazarika, Lipika Devi, and Luish Bor Boruah. Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is characterized by granuloma formation in infected tissues. It most commonly affects the lungs and is transmitted via aerosolized droplets. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular testing of respiratory or other clinical specimens to detect the tuberculosis bacteria.
Equine viral encephalomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord in horses. It is characterized by paralysis and neurological signs. While it mainly affects horses and related animals, it can also infect humans, birds, and other mammals. There are several viruses that can cause the disease, including Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Treatment is supportive and vaccination programs are recommended to help control and prevent the spread of the disease.
Scleroderma is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that causes hardening of the skin and internal organs. It is classified into limited and diffuse subtypes based on the extent of skin involvement. Raynaud's phenomenon, skin thickening, and pulmonary and gastrointestinal issues are common clinical manifestations. The underlying pathogenesis involves vascular dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and fibrosis. Management focuses on treating individual organ system complications. Prognosis depends on the specific organ systems affected and can range from relatively mild to severe with significant morbidity and mortality.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans that is distributed worldwide but mostly affects populations in rural and semi-urban areas. It is transmitted through contact with water or soil contaminated by infected animal urine. Clinical presentation varies from mild flu-like symptoms to severe disease affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves serological tests, culture or PCR. Treatment is with doxycycline or penicillin with supportive care for organ complications. Prevention focuses on rodent control, vaccination of animals, and avoiding contact with contaminated water sources.
A 54-year-old male presented with headache and fever. On examination, he had a temperature of 39.5°C, neck stiffness, and maculopapular rashes. Differential diagnoses included meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, CNS neoplasm, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Meningitis was considered most likely given the presentation of headache, photophobia, stiff neck, and rash. Initial management involved stabilization, IV antibiotics, lumbar puncture, and imaging to confirm diagnosis and rule out complications.
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, skin and nervous system following a streptococcal throat infection. It can cause permanent heart valve damage. Symptoms include fever, arthritis and heart inflammation. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, eliminating streptococcal infection, and preventing cardiac damage through bed rest and medications like salicylates or corticosteroids. Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis is needed to prevent recurrences, especially for those who develop heart valve problems.
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune condition that can occur 2-4 weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. It is characterized by inflammation of the heart, blood vessels, joints, brain and skin. It most commonly affects children ages 5-15 and is caused by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. Left untreated, it can cause long term heart damage known as rheumatic heart disease. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat infections as well as medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. Long term preventative antibiotics may also be needed to prevent recurrent infections and further heart damage.
This document provides an overview of acute bacterial meningitis in children. It begins with an introduction discussing central nervous system infections in children in the tropics. It then covers the epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prevention of acute bacterial meningitis. The main causative bacteria are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Clinical features include fever, headache, vomiting, seizures and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment requires prompt administration of antibiotics along with management of increased intracranial pressure and other complications. Prevention strategies include vaccination programs.
Meningitis is a severe CNS pathology and early and appropriate intervention is needed to prevent adverse outcome including mortality and long term complications. This presentation focuses on the different types of meningitis and the appropriate management options
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis METABOLIC APPROACH 3.pptxAhmadRbeeHefni
This document provides an overview of metabolic approaches to managing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It discusses the relationship between NASH, obesity, and diabetes and recommends treating comorbidities like these early. Emerging therapies discussed include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) like semaglutide and liraglutide, which can resolve NASH and improve fibrosis through effects on the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and gut. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors are also highlighted for their antioxidant effects in reducing oxidative stress in multiple organs including the liver. The document emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications like weight loss and exercise
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis METABOLIC APPROACH.pptxAhmadRbeeHefni
- Adipose tissue functions as a metabolic organ that regulates processes throughout the body through secretion of hormones and metabolites.
- In a healthy state, adipose tissue expands through hyperplasia of small adipocytes and maintains low inflammation.
- Metabolically unhealthy obesity is characterized by remodeling of adipose tissue, with increased hypertrophy of adipocytes, changing levels of secreted factors, and elevated inflammation. This stressed state of adipose tissue contributes to insulin resistance and other metabolic complications.
Doravirine/islatravir was found to be non-inferior to continuing bictegravir/F/TAF in maintaining viral suppression. Simplification to F/TDF following induction with INSTI + 2 NRTIs resulted in similar virologic suppression rates, CD4 gains, and changes in body weight compared to dolutegravir/3TC. Low-level viremia was associated with subsequent virologic failure in a dose-dependent manner. Causes of death in people with HIV have shifted from HIV/AIDS-related to non-AIDS cancers as treatment has improved and patients live longer.
Fungal infections are a serious complication after living donor liver transplantation, with an incidence of around 22%. Candida species are the most common cause, followed by Aspergillus. Risk factors for invasive fungal infections include prolonged antibiotic use, parenteral nutrition, ICU stay, and graft-related complications. Diagnosis relies on culture, antigen detection, PCR and imaging. Voriconazole is recommended for Aspergillus, while echinocandins are first-line for Candida. Fluconazole prophylaxis is commonly used but has limitations including resistance and drug interactions. Targeted prophylaxis based on risk factors may be most effective approach.
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of diarrheal diseases. It begins by stating that diarrheal diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, particularly in children under 5. For adults presenting with diarrhea, important decision points are whether to perform stool testing and initiate antibiotic therapy. Most cases of acute diarrhea in adults are infectious and resolve with symptomatic treatment alone. The document then defines different types of diarrhea by duration (acute, persistent, chronic) and presence of blood (invasive). It discusses evaluating patients and managing acute diarrhea through dietary recommendations, symptomatic therapy such as loperamide, and potentially empiric antibiotics. Chronic diarrhea has different causes that must be investigated such as infections, IBD, lactose intolerance or malabsorption
This document discusses abdominal ultrasound imaging of the liver. It describes liver anatomy including the right, left, and caudate lobes. It discusses Couinaud hepatic segmentation and identifies the 8 segments. It provides details on patient preparation, transducer selection, and normal ultrasound findings of the liver including size, contour, echogenicity, vasculature, and biliary tree. Key preparation steps include a 6 hour fast to reduce bowel gas. A curvilinear transducer between 2-7 MHz is typically used. A normal liver has homogeneous parenchyma under 20cm in size with smooth contour, similar echogenicity to kidneys, and visualization of the portal and hepatic vasculature and biliary tree.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and provides information on several key points:
- It defines antimicrobial resistance and explains why it is a global concern due to the rise of hard-to-treat infections.
- It outlines the current situation of drug resistance in several pathogens like E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, HIV, malaria, and fungi. Mechanisms of resistance include restricting antibiotic access, destroying antibiotics, and changing antibiotic targets.
- Factors contributing to resistance include inappropriate antibiotic use in humans, animals, and the environment.
- Actions to address resistance include preventing infections, improving antibiotic use, and halting resistance spread.
- The WHO AWaRe classification system categorizes antibiotics based
A Path to Reducing Antibiotic Resistance.pptxAhmadRbeeHefni
The document discusses emerging ExPEC (extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli) vaccine technologies. It summarizes that ExPEC vaccines target surface polysaccharides and fimbrial adhesins. Clinical trials are exploring prophylactic vaccines targeting common O-serotypes and a therapeutic vaccine targeting the FimH adhesin protein. Results from phase I/II trials of the ExPEC4V vaccine in women with recurrent UTIs and healthy adults showed it was well-tolerated and induced protective antibody responses against the targeted serotypes. Larger trials are still needed to demonstrate clinical efficacy.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
2. BRUCELLOSIS (MALTA FEVER, ROCK FEVER)
• Is one of the classical zoonoses (infections of animals
transmitted to humans). It is an important cause of fever in
many parts of the world and is often underdiagnosed because
of lack of laboratory facilities. This is increasingly recognized in
India and neighboring countries, and in some Pacific settings.
• Brucellae are Gram-negative coccobacilli. At least six species
infect a wide variety of land-based mammals and new species
have recently been described in marine mammals such as
whales and seals. Three species are responsible for most
human infections:
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
1- Brucella abortus: prevalent in cattles, usually a in Africa, the
Indian Subcontinent and temperate zones. (More insidious onset, are
more likely to affect the axial skeleton and to become chronic)
2- Brucella melitensis: whose normal ruminant host is sheep and
goats but is also found in camels, is particularly prevalent in
countries around the Mediterranean, the Middle East and Central and
South America. (More acute onset and is more likely to affect
peripheral joints as well as the vertebrae).
3- Brucella suis: whose natural host is pigs, is still a problem in the
USA. ( Acute presentation complicated by focal deep tissue
abscesses).
4. MODE OF INFECTION
• Humans acquire infection from ingesting milk or dairy products
such as laban, buttermilk and cheeses that have not been
pasteurized.
• The products of abortion and placentae from infected animals are
highly infectious and farmers and veterinarians can easily become
infected by aerosol transmission from the products of conception.
• Rarely, human brucellosis can be acquired via breast milk, sexual
transmission or transfusion of blood products.
• Veterinarians and farmers sometimes have localized skin disease
caused by direct contact with infected animal products.
• Brucellosis is not transmitted by eating the meat of infected
animals unless it is eaten raw and has been externally
5. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• The organisms are intracellular and can remain hidden in the
reticuloendothelial system so that clinical incubation periods after
infection range from several weeks to months.
• The incubation period is usually one to four weeks; occasionally, it
may be as long as several months.
• In animals, they are important causes of epididymitis, abortion and
infertility, but host animals may appear symptomless.
• Brucellosis is a systemic infection with a broad clinical spectrum,
ranging from asymptomatic disease to severe and/or fatal illness.
6. SYMPTOMS:
• The symptoms of brucellosis are of recurrent prolonged bouts of
fever. If specific treatment is not given, undulating patterns of fever
may last for several weeks, followed by an afebrile period and then
relapse.
• Approximately half of all cases are associated with focal
musculoskeletal symptoms, which may be the only clinical clue that
differentiates brucellosis from other causes of fever such as
typhoid, Q fever, malaria, etc.
• Fever is worse at night and may be associated with profuse
sweating.
• Patients are depressed, anorexic and lethargic, although the onset
7. • A small proportion present with more pronounced
neuropsychiatric disorder or low-grade meningoencephalitis
(neurobrocellosis)
• 5–10% of men have orchitis which must be distinguished from
mumps.
• Patients often have a dry cough, mimicking the presentation of
typhoid.
• Epistaxis is an unusual but well-recognized presentation
because of associated thrombocytopenia, but other features of
8. BY EXAMINATION:
• Patients look unwell and are lethargic but do not look as toxic as those
with enteric fever.
• The temperature is almost invariably raised but often returns to normal
during a 24-h cycle.
• Up to 10% have cervical or other lymphadenopathy, which must be
differentiated from glandular fever, HIV or tuberculous (TB) adenitis.
• One-quarter have mild to moderate splenomegaly.
• The chest is usually clear, even if the patient has a cough.
• Individual joints may show signs typical of septic arthritis with swelling,
heat, tenderness and effusions. There may be local tenderness, especially
on movement of vertebrae or sacroiliac joints, but deformity of the back
or long tract neurological signs are very unusual and suggest TB rather
9. • Brucellosis is rarely fatal unless complicated by endocarditis
(∼1% of cases).
• Risk factors → occupational disease, common in
1. Farmers
2. Meat handlers
3. Veterinary services
10. THE PATTERN OF PRESENTATION
• Varies with the age of the patient and the infecting species;
• Brucella abortus
More insidious onset
More likely to become chronic
More likely to affect the axial skeleton
- B. melitensis
More acute onset
More severe disease
More likely to affect peripheral joints as well as the vertebrae
- B. suis
Acute presentation complicated by focal deep tissue abscesses
11. PRESENTATION
1- Acute brucellosis:
Outcome
Acute disease lasts for weeks, leading to chronic, relapsing infection that
may last for years
A substantial minority will only have self-limiting disease
Children Often present with fever and a single affected joint typically
the hip or knee (may be mistaken for rheumatic fever or septic arthritis)
12. 2- Chronic brucellosis
- Onset is insidious
- There is a story of recurrent flu with lassitude, malaise, headache, sweating,
low backache and depression
- Temperature may be normal
- The appearance may reflect a serious disease or may be normal
- Moderate splenomegaly may be present
13. COMPLICATIONS
• [May occur with acute or chronic disease and may be the presenting feature]
1. Bone and joints:
Osteoarticular complications are the most common focal forms of the disease
Reported in 10-80% of cases depending on the ages of the patients & Brucella spp.
- Sacroiliitis occurs in young patients → local tenderness on movement of the sacroiliac
joints
- Spondylitis
Occurring in old persons (average age is 40 yr), May affect single or multiple sites
Usually in the lumbar spine (L 4) → local tenderness
Causing bone necrosis with new bone formation (sclerosis), and can destruct vertebra
and disc.
- Paravertebral, epidural, or psoas abscesses may occur
14. - Arthritis
Usually involves large weight-bearing joints (hips and knees), may be acute or chronic
Reactive → commonly polyarticular, migratory resembles rheumatic fever or
Septic → usually monoarticular
Signs of arthritis include swelling, hotness, tenderness and effusions of the affected joint
- Osteomyelitis: rare, affecting long bones as femur, tibia and humorous
- Deformity of the back or long tract neurological signs are very unusual and suggest TB rather
than brucellosis .
15. 2- NEURO-PSYCHIATRIC:
- Depression and mental inattention are common symptoms ± psychosis.
- Neurologic syndromes in brucellosis (Neurobrucellosis) occurs in about 5% of
cases and include:
Meningitis, meningoencephalitis
Myelitis, radiculoneuronitis
Brain abscess, epidural abscess
Granuloma
Demyelinating and meningovascular syndromes.
- Acute or chronic meningitis is the most frequent nervous system complication.
16. 3- CARDIOVASCULAR:
- Endocarditis occurs in 1- 2% of cases esp. with B. melitensis, but it
accounts for the majority of brucellosis-related deaths (valve destruction and
heart failure).
- Pericarditis, myocarditis are also reported.
17. 4- GENITOURINARY:
- Interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis & IgA nephropathy
have been reported.
- Epididymoorchitis occurs in 5-10% of men with brucellosis (must be
distinguished from mumps).
- Unilateral or bilateral epididymoorchitis common in children
- Prostatitis and seminal vesiculitis common in adults
18. 5- GASTROINTESTINAL:
- Hepatitis with mild jaundice (non-specific or granulomatous disease)
- Hepatosplenic abscesses are rare
- Mesenteric lymphadenitis with abscess formation
- Ulceration, bleeding & perforation.
- Acute ileitis, colitis and spontaneous peritonitis
- Lesions ranging from small, almost insignificant aggregates of mononuclear cells
surrounding foci of necrosis, to a diffuse nonspecific inflammation resembling viral
hepatitis.
- Acute cholecystitis or Gall stones.
19. OTHER COMPLICATIONS
Cutaneous
- Petechiae, purpura, and vasculitis are reported in 5% of patients.
Pulmonary: rare
- Airborne transmission of brucellosis is a problem in abattoirs and laboratories.
- Complications range from flu-like symptoms to bronchitis, pneumonia, lung nodules,
abscess, military lesions, hilar adenopathy, pleural effusion or empyema.
Hematologic:
- Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and clotting disorders.
- Granulomas are found in the bone marrow in as many as 75% of cases.
20. Ocular:
- Iridocyclitis, nummular keratitis, multifocal choroiditis & optic neuritis and uveitis have been reportd.
Pregnancy → abortion.
21. DIAGNOSIS
1- CBC
- Shows low WBCs with lymphopenia and mild thrombocytopenia and anemia
2- ALT, AST, ALP → mild elevation is common
3- Culture [the most reliable method for confirming diagnosis]
- Blood culture
+ ve in 2/3 of cases of B. melitensis & < 1/3 of B. abortus cases
Most of the positives ocuuring between days 7 and 21, but may take up to 6 weeks if modern
culture systems not used
Laboratory staff must be told that brucellosis is a possibility, both to be aware of the hazard
of aerosol spread and to prolong the culture period
- Single bone marrow culture
Has a better yield than 3 sets of blood cultures
Occasionally useful in case of –ve blood culture (preceding antibiotics)
22. • Serological tests are still based on the old (Wright’s) standard
agglutination test (SAT). Brucella antigen supplied with the kit is
added to successive dilutions of patient serum, and if visible
agglutination occurs the test is positive. These tests are notoriously
affected by the ‘prozone phenomenon’, which causes false-negative
results. This occurs because patients with brucellosis have
immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, which interfere with
agglutination at low dilutions, and the blocking effect is only
overcome at increasing serum dilutions. Thus, the result might be
negative at dilutions of 1/40, 1/80, 1/160 and 1/320 and positive
only at 1/640. Many inexperienced laboratories will only dilute serum
to 1/160 and therefore miss the true positives.
23. • As with all serological tests, a fourfold rise in titre between acute and
convalescent samples (10–14 days later) is strongly suggestive of
brucellosis, but this result is too delayed to guide the immediate
management of patients with fever.
• In endemic areas, many patients have had previous exposure to brucellosis
and have low titres of antibodies already, so the diagnostic ‘cut-offs’ for a
single sample to be positive have to be set higher, typically at 1/160 or
1/320. In a non-endemic area, or for an expatriate who has recently been
exposed for the first time in an endemic area, a titre of 1/80 would be
strongly predictive of brucellosis. About 10% of blood culture-positive
patients have negative serological results at first presentation, so a negative
result does not entirely rule out brucellosis.
25. TREATMENT
• Three questions guide management, once a presumptive or definite
diagnosis has been made.
1 Is the disease acute (duration <1 month) or relapsing or chronic (>6
months)?
2 Is there focal disease of bone or joints?
3 Has tuberculosis definitely been excluded?
• Adults with acute non-focal disease should be treated for a minimum
of 6 weeks. Patients with focal disease and/or chronic disease require
3 months of treatment.
26. - Combination of 2 antibiotics is the preferred regimen
- Triple therapy is indicated in complicated cases
- In patients in whom TB has not been excluded Use antimicrobials to which
only brucellosis responds (i.e. don't use streptomycin or rifampicin)
27. THE GOLD STANDARD REGIMEN
• oral tetracycline for 6–12 weeks plus 1g/day streptomycin
intramuscularly for 2–3 weeks is the gold standard.
• The preferred form of tetracycline is now 100 mg doxycycline
twice daily as it is easier to take and less likely to cause renal
toxicity.
• Modern aminoglycosides such as gentamicin (5 mg/kg/day for
10–14 days) can be substituted for streptomycin.
• Relapse rate after this regimen only 5%
28. ALTERNATIVE REGIMENS
- Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily + rifampicin 600 mg once daily before breakfast [Relapse rate after
this regimen > 10%]
- Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily + Co-trimoxazole 3 tab. Twice daily + folic acid daily [can cause
anemia and drug rashes]
- Rifampicin can interact with the contraceptive pill and therefore other forms of contraception may be
necessary.
- Children < 12 yrs
- Rifampicin + Co-trimoxazole
29. Pregnancy
- Rifampicin alone or
- Rifampicin + Co-trimoxazole 2 tab. Twice daily [in the 1st trimester, avoid co-trimoxazole
or add folic acid supplements]
- Doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation
Complicated cases [spondylitis, endocarditis, meningitis]
- Doxycycline + rifampicin + gentamicin
- Ceftriaxone may be added
- Patients with endocarditis often need valve replacement
30. - Acute cases → 2 drugs for 6 weeks
- Chronic or relapsing cases → 2 drugs for 3 months
- Complicated cases → 3 drugs for 3 months