1. The document lists the names of group members for an online class and provides an icebreaker discussion prompt about how to respond if finding a partner cheating or a dog barking aggressively.
2. The welcome section outlines the learning objectives of understanding behaviorism principles and applying rewards effectively in the learning process.
3. The module discusses the contributions of Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner to behaviorism including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and the laws of effect and exercise.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Running head DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1Discipli.docxsusanschei
Running head: DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Junius Applewhite
PSY 620
Professor: Jeral Kirwan
January 22, 2018
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Introduction
Every human being in the world since birth until the time of death spends a huge amount
of time learning new things. People also learn how to improve what they already know or
learned in the past. Even though other forms of animals learn too, human beings are more
advanced in learning because they actually study the diverse means of learning, refining and
classifying material through Learning and Cognition discipline. Generally, this paper highlights
some constructs or categories that build some of the most current works in learning and
cognition. Besides focusing on these constructs, this paper will highlight any ethical concerns
that may be in existence. Among the constructs that will be featured in this paper is Operant
conditioning, Classical conditioning, Behaviorism and Social learning theory
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning method that was developed by B. F. Skinner and that
occurs through punishments and rewards for behavior. There is a link created between behaviors
and consequences in operant conditioning. Practically, operant conditioning is a reversible
behavior study maintained through schedules of reinforcements (Saul, 2015). According to
operant conditioning, learning of a behavior cannot be achieved just through motivations and
internal thoughts. Skinner believed that a behavior’s external causes should be the only
considerations. Skinner’s theory of ‘operant’ only considers external factors that have effect on
a behavior as well as its consequences. Under operant conditioning, there are reinforcements and
punishments which both have effects on behavior.
- 2 -
1
1. since birth
from birth [Jeral Kirwan]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Reinforcement involves a process where a behavior’s frequency or rate is increased
through presenting a stimulus soon after the behavior display. The event that leads to
enhancement of probability of a behavior being repeated is known as a reinforcer. Reinforcers
are in two categories which include positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers. Positive
reinforcers are encouraging or favorable stimuli given after a behavior display. They strengthen
the chances of a behavior through provision of an extra thing. For instance, a student rewarded
for passing an exam is likely to work hard again and pass more exams so that he can get more
rewards. On the other hand, negative reinforce is the removal of unfavorable stimuli after a
behavior display. With the removal of unfavorable stimuli, the response o ...
This PPT shows conceptualisation of behaviourist perspectives of psychopathology. through social learning theory, reinforcements and little albert experiment.
Behaviorist Theory by Pavlov and Skinner.pptxSamruddhi Chepe
Behaviourism focuses on one particular view of learning: a change in external behaviour achieved through using reinforcement and repetition (Rote learning) to shape behavior of learners. Skinner found that behaviors could be shaped when the use of reinforcement was implemented. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior. Pavlov's theory of behaviorism is rooted in the idea that behavior is the result of conditioning. He believed that behavior is learned through the process of classical conditioning, where behavior is shaped through the association of stimuli in the environment. Pavlov's major legacy to behavior therapy was his discovery of "experimental neuroses", Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[2][3][4][5] Considered the father of Behaviorism, he was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[6]
Considering free will to be an illusion, Skinner saw human action as dependent on consequences of previous actions, a theory he would articulate as the principle of reinforcement: If the consequences to an action are bad, there is a high chance the action will not be repeated; if the consequences are good, the probability of the action being repeated becomes stronger.[7]
Skinner developed behavior analysis, especially the philosophy of radical behaviorism,[8] and founded the experimental analysis of behavior, a school of experimental research psychology. He also used operant conditioning to strengthen behavior, considering the rate of response to be the most effective measure of response strength. To study operant conditioning, he invented the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner box).
Various views on Human Learning - All 5 Theories Merged.pdfSamruddhi Chepe
Module 2:Various views on human learning (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to -
- compare various views on human learning
- consider various roles of learner and teacher for planning of various learning
situations
Contents
1. Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations (15)
Behaviourist (conditioning by Pavlov and Skinner in brief),
Cognitivist ( views of Bruner and Ausubel)
Course 4
Learning and Teaching
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 23
Information-processing view(Atkinson Shifrin)
Humanist( Carl Rogers)
Social-constructivist ( Views of Piaget and Lev Vygotski)
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Behaviorism school of thought in psychologyNadeemShoukat3
Ishallah this video help you to comprehend about behaviorism school of thought, its major thinker, major experiment, advantages and disadvantages and much more
Running head DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1Discipli.docxsusanschei
Running head: DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Junius Applewhite
PSY 620
Professor: Jeral Kirwan
January 22, 2018
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Discipline-Based Literature Review
Introduction
Every human being in the world since birth until the time of death spends a huge amount
of time learning new things. People also learn how to improve what they already know or
learned in the past. Even though other forms of animals learn too, human beings are more
advanced in learning because they actually study the diverse means of learning, refining and
classifying material through Learning and Cognition discipline. Generally, this paper highlights
some constructs or categories that build some of the most current works in learning and
cognition. Besides focusing on these constructs, this paper will highlight any ethical concerns
that may be in existence. Among the constructs that will be featured in this paper is Operant
conditioning, Classical conditioning, Behaviorism and Social learning theory
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning method that was developed by B. F. Skinner and that
occurs through punishments and rewards for behavior. There is a link created between behaviors
and consequences in operant conditioning. Practically, operant conditioning is a reversible
behavior study maintained through schedules of reinforcements (Saul, 2015). According to
operant conditioning, learning of a behavior cannot be achieved just through motivations and
internal thoughts. Skinner believed that a behavior’s external causes should be the only
considerations. Skinner’s theory of ‘operant’ only considers external factors that have effect on
a behavior as well as its consequences. Under operant conditioning, there are reinforcements and
punishments which both have effects on behavior.
- 2 -
1
1. since birth
from birth [Jeral Kirwan]
DISCIPLINE-BASED LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Reinforcement involves a process where a behavior’s frequency or rate is increased
through presenting a stimulus soon after the behavior display. The event that leads to
enhancement of probability of a behavior being repeated is known as a reinforcer. Reinforcers
are in two categories which include positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers. Positive
reinforcers are encouraging or favorable stimuli given after a behavior display. They strengthen
the chances of a behavior through provision of an extra thing. For instance, a student rewarded
for passing an exam is likely to work hard again and pass more exams so that he can get more
rewards. On the other hand, negative reinforce is the removal of unfavorable stimuli after a
behavior display. With the removal of unfavorable stimuli, the response o ...
This PPT shows conceptualisation of behaviourist perspectives of psychopathology. through social learning theory, reinforcements and little albert experiment.
Behaviorist Theory by Pavlov and Skinner.pptxSamruddhi Chepe
Behaviourism focuses on one particular view of learning: a change in external behaviour achieved through using reinforcement and repetition (Rote learning) to shape behavior of learners. Skinner found that behaviors could be shaped when the use of reinforcement was implemented. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior. Pavlov's theory of behaviorism is rooted in the idea that behavior is the result of conditioning. He believed that behavior is learned through the process of classical conditioning, where behavior is shaped through the association of stimuli in the environment. Pavlov's major legacy to behavior therapy was his discovery of "experimental neuroses", Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[2][3][4][5] Considered the father of Behaviorism, he was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[6]
Considering free will to be an illusion, Skinner saw human action as dependent on consequences of previous actions, a theory he would articulate as the principle of reinforcement: If the consequences to an action are bad, there is a high chance the action will not be repeated; if the consequences are good, the probability of the action being repeated becomes stronger.[7]
Skinner developed behavior analysis, especially the philosophy of radical behaviorism,[8] and founded the experimental analysis of behavior, a school of experimental research psychology. He also used operant conditioning to strengthen behavior, considering the rate of response to be the most effective measure of response strength. To study operant conditioning, he invented the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner box).
Various views on Human Learning - All 5 Theories Merged.pdfSamruddhi Chepe
Module 2:Various views on human learning (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to -
- compare various views on human learning
- consider various roles of learner and teacher for planning of various learning
situations
Contents
1. Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations (15)
Behaviourist (conditioning by Pavlov and Skinner in brief),
Cognitivist ( views of Bruner and Ausubel)
Course 4
Learning and Teaching
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 23
Information-processing view(Atkinson Shifrin)
Humanist( Carl Rogers)
Social-constructivist ( Views of Piaget and Lev Vygotski)
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3. • A dog barks aggressively towards
you and is ready to bite anytime.
Would you rather hit the dog, run, or let
it bite you?
4. 2. You found your lover on the act of
cheating on you.
Would you rather
hit them brutally and leave,
break up with him/her and be drunk,
leave quietly and be a better person
6. • Explain the basic principles of
behaviorism.
• Make a simple plan applying the
primary laws of learning.
• Determine how to use rewards in the
learning process more effectively.
In this module, challenge yourself to attain the
following learning outcomes:
8. • Russian physiologist
• Known for his work in classical
conditioning (stimulus substitution).
• The experiment: meat, a dog and a bell
9. BELL
(NEUTRAL STIMULUS)
BELL
(NEUTRAL STIMULUS)
STEP 1 – BEFORE CONDITIONING
STEP 2 – DURING CONDITIONING
BELL
(NEUTRAL
STIMULUS)
PAIRED WITH
MEAT
(UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS)
MEAT
(UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS)
STAGE 3 – AFTER CONDITIONING
BELL
(CONDITIONED STIMULUS)
BELL
(CONDITIONED STIMULUS)
10. Once the dog has learned to salivate at the sound of the
bell, it will salivate at other similar sounds.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
If you stop pairing the bell with the food, salivation will
eventually cease in response to the bell.
EXTINCTION
Pavlov's findings:
Responses can be recovered after an elapsed time, but will
soon extinguish again if the dog is not presented with food.
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
11. The dog could learn to discriminate between similar bells
(stimuli) and discern which bell would result in the
presentation of food and which would not.
DISCRIMINATION
Once the dog has been conditioned to associate the bell with
food, another unconditioned stimulus, such as a light may be
flashed at the same time that the bell is rung. Eventually, the
dog will salivate at the flash of the light without the sound of
the bell.
HIGH-ORDER CONDITIONING
Pavlov's findings:
12. • Connectionism Theory gave us the original
S-R framework of behavioral psychology.
• Wrote the book "Educational Psychology"
• "Learning is the result of associations
forming between stimuli (S) and response
(R)".
13. Connection between S and R is strengthened
when the consequence is positive (reward),
and weakened when the consequence is
negative
He came up with three laws:
LAW OF EFFECT
LAW OF
EXERCISE
The more ans S-R bond is practiced, the
stronger it will become.
14. He came up with three laws:
LAW OF
READINESS
- The more readiness the learner has to
respond to the stimulus, the stronger will
be the bond between them.
-When a person is ready to respond to
the stimulus and is not made to respond,
it becomes “annoying” to the person.
15. Derived from Thorndike's
Connectionism
Transfer of learning occurs
because of previously
encountered situations.
Principle 03
Learning requires both
practice and rewards
(laws of effect/exercise).
Principle 01
A series of S-R connections can be
chained together if they belong to the
same action sequence (law of readiness).
Principle 02
Intelligence is a function of
the number of connections
learned.
Principle 04
16. • First American Psychologist to work with
Pavlov's idea.
• Interested in animal studies, then later
become involved in human behavior
research.
• He is often called as the father of
Behaviorism
17. • Watson applied conditioning in his
experiment concerning Albert, a young
child and a white rat.
THIS MAY HELP UNDERSTAND THE FEARS,
PHOBIAS AND PREJUDICES THAT PEOPLE
DEVELOP.
18. • An American psychologist known
for his impact on behaviorism.
• A behaviorist who developed the theory of
Operant Conditioning.
The idea of behavior is determined by its
consequences, by reinforcements or
punishments, which is more likely to that
the behavior will occur again.
33. (Houston-AP) January 5, 2007 -
Investigators say a ten-year-old Texas boy
apparently was mimicking Saddam
Hussein's execution when he hanged
himself from a bunk bed.
Webster police say Sergio Pelico was found
dead in his apartment bedroom after
watching a news report on the former Iraqi
leader's death.
34. Police say Sergio tied a slipknot around his
neck while on a bunk bed. Investigators think
the boy was "experimenting." An autopsy is
pending.
The boy's uncle says Sergio asked him about
the execution, and that he responded by
saying Saddam died because he was "real
bad."
35. The uncle wonders why television
networks showed Saddam with the noose
around his neck.
Family members are trying to raise
enough money to send Sergio's body to
Guatemala for burial.
https://www.wistv.com/story/5895934/texas-boy-hangs-himself-after-seeing-saddam-on-television/
36. 1. What do authorities say might be the reason
why Sergio hanged himself?
2. Comment on the opinion of the clinical
psychologist
3. What do you think is the effect of television on
the behavior of young people (preschool to
college)?
37. • Social learning theory focuses on the
learning that occurs within a social
context.
• Among others, Albert Bandura is
considered the leading proponent of
this theory.
38. 1. People can learn by observing the behaviors
of others and the outcomes of those behavior.
2. Learning can occur without a change of
behavior.
3. Cognition plays a role in learning.
4. Social learning theory can be considered a
transition between behaviorist learning
theories and cognitive learning theories.
39. • The observer is reinforced by the model.
2. The observer is reinfoced by a third person
.
3. The imitated behavior itself leads to
reinforcing consequences.
4. Consequences of the model's behavior
affect the observer's behavior vicariously.
Possible ways that the environment reinforces modeling:
40. 1. Contemporary theory proposes that both
reinforcement and punishment have indirect effects
on learning.
2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the
extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior that
has been learned.
3. The expectation of reinforcement influences
cognitive processes that promote learning.
41. 1. Learning without performance:
distinction between learning through
observation and the actual imitation of
what has been learned.
42. 2. Cognitive processing during learning:
Social learning theorists contend that
attention is a critical factor in learning.
43. 3. Expectations: As a result of being
reinforced, people form expectations about
the consequences that future behaviors
are likely to bring.
44. 4. Reciprocal causation: Bandura proposed
that behavior can influence both the
environment and the person.
45. 5. Modeling: There are different types of
models.
• Live Model - an actual person
demonstrating the behavior.
• Symbolic model - can be a
person or action portrayed in
some other medium.
46.
47. 1.Attention – The person must first pay
attention to the model.
2. Retention – The observer must be able to
remember the behavior that has been
observed.
- Rehearsal
48. 3. Motor reproduction - The ability to
replicate the behavior that the model has
just demonstrated.
4. Motivation - Learners must want to
demonstrate what they have learned.