Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages within the lungs that causes coughing or other breathing problems. It usually starts as a cold or flu that has spread from the nose and throat to the windpipe and airways. Viruses are the most common cause. The illness typically lasts around 2 weeks and is generally not serious, resolving on its own as mucociliary clearance works to remove debris. Damage to the airway lining from recurrent infections can contribute to chronic bronchitis in childhood.
Croup is a respiratory illness that mainly affects young children, characterized by a barking cough and stridor. It is usually caused by viruses like parainfluenza or RSV infecting the larynx and trachea, causing inflammation and swelling that narrows the airway. Symptoms range from mild cough to severe distress. Treatment involves corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, humidified air, and hospitalization for children with progressive symptoms or respiratory distress. Croup has an excellent prognosis with near complete recovery in most cases.
Bronchiolitis is a common viral infection that affects infants under 2 years old, usually caused by RSV. It involves inflammation in the small airways of the lungs. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Infants may require admission if their oxygen levels drop below 94%, respiratory rate is over 70, or they have trouble feeding. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygen, feeding support, and nebulized saline. Most infants recover in 4-5 days but cough can last 2-4 weeks.
- Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory condition in infants caused by viral infections like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It involves inflammation of the smallest air passages in the lungs called bronchioles.
- Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors for severe disease include age under 6 months, prematurity, and exposure to tobacco smoke. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and signs. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and nasal suctioning. Antibiotics and bronchodilators are not recommended. Parents should monitor for worsening symptoms.
Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children caused by viruses such as parainfluenza. It causes barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. Symptoms typically worsen at night. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and appearance of the steeple sign on chest x-ray. Treatment involves corticosteroids which reduce symptoms, and nebulized epinephrine for more severe cases. Most children recover without complications, though a small percentage require hospitalization for respiratory support.
This document discusses pneumonia in children. It provides definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment and prevention of pneumonia. Some key points:
- Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under 5 globally, accounting for 16% of deaths. It occurs most frequently in developing countries.
- Risk factors include malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, lack of immunization, indoor air pollution, parental smoking, and zinc deficiency.
- Clinical features depend on the causative agent. Bacterial pneumonia presents with high fever and chest pain while viral pneumonia shows low grade fever and respiratory distress.
- Investigations include chest X-ray
Bronchiolitis is caused by viral infections, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It involves inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and is most common in children under 1 year old. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. While most cases are mild and self-limiting, some children require hospitalization for severe respiratory distress. Treatment is supportive with oxygen supplementation as needed. Antibiotics and other medications are not effective as bronchiolitis is a viral illness.
Influenza in Children Recommendations for Prevention &Treatment Ashraf ElAdawy
1. Seasonal influenza is caused by influenza viruses that mainly affect the respiratory system. While it can affect people of all ages, children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk of serious complications.
2. Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, and C based on antigenic differences. Influenza A viruses are further subtyped by their surface proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
3. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches. While most people recover in a week, influenza can cause serious illness requiring hospitalization, especially in high-risk
This document discusses influenza in children. Key points include:
- Influenza infection disproportionately affects young children and is a significant global disease burden, especially in developing countries.
- Children under 5 years old, especially under 2, are at highest risk of complications from influenza. Other high-risk groups include those with neurological disorders, heart or lung disease, diabetes, or immunosuppression.
- Common complications in children include pneumonia, ear infections, and myositis. Testing and early treatment with oseltamivir is recommended for high-risk groups and others requiring antiviral treatment.
Croup is a respiratory illness that mainly affects young children, characterized by a barking cough and stridor. It is usually caused by viruses like parainfluenza or RSV infecting the larynx and trachea, causing inflammation and swelling that narrows the airway. Symptoms range from mild cough to severe distress. Treatment involves corticosteroids, nebulized epinephrine, humidified air, and hospitalization for children with progressive symptoms or respiratory distress. Croup has an excellent prognosis with near complete recovery in most cases.
Bronchiolitis is a common viral infection that affects infants under 2 years old, usually caused by RSV. It involves inflammation in the small airways of the lungs. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Infants may require admission if their oxygen levels drop below 94%, respiratory rate is over 70, or they have trouble feeding. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygen, feeding support, and nebulized saline. Most infants recover in 4-5 days but cough can last 2-4 weeks.
- Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory condition in infants caused by viral infections like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It involves inflammation of the smallest air passages in the lungs called bronchioles.
- Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors for severe disease include age under 6 months, prematurity, and exposure to tobacco smoke. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and signs. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and nasal suctioning. Antibiotics and bronchodilators are not recommended. Parents should monitor for worsening symptoms.
Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children caused by viruses such as parainfluenza. It causes barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. Symptoms typically worsen at night. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and appearance of the steeple sign on chest x-ray. Treatment involves corticosteroids which reduce symptoms, and nebulized epinephrine for more severe cases. Most children recover without complications, though a small percentage require hospitalization for respiratory support.
This document discusses pneumonia in children. It provides definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment and prevention of pneumonia. Some key points:
- Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under 5 globally, accounting for 16% of deaths. It occurs most frequently in developing countries.
- Risk factors include malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, lack of immunization, indoor air pollution, parental smoking, and zinc deficiency.
- Clinical features depend on the causative agent. Bacterial pneumonia presents with high fever and chest pain while viral pneumonia shows low grade fever and respiratory distress.
- Investigations include chest X-ray
Bronchiolitis is caused by viral infections, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It involves inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and is most common in children under 1 year old. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. While most cases are mild and self-limiting, some children require hospitalization for severe respiratory distress. Treatment is supportive with oxygen supplementation as needed. Antibiotics and other medications are not effective as bronchiolitis is a viral illness.
Influenza in Children Recommendations for Prevention &Treatment Ashraf ElAdawy
1. Seasonal influenza is caused by influenza viruses that mainly affect the respiratory system. While it can affect people of all ages, children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk of serious complications.
2. Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, and C based on antigenic differences. Influenza A viruses are further subtyped by their surface proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
3. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches. While most people recover in a week, influenza can cause serious illness requiring hospitalization, especially in high-risk
This document discusses influenza in children. Key points include:
- Influenza infection disproportionately affects young children and is a significant global disease burden, especially in developing countries.
- Children under 5 years old, especially under 2, are at highest risk of complications from influenza. Other high-risk groups include those with neurological disorders, heart or lung disease, diabetes, or immunosuppression.
- Common complications in children include pneumonia, ear infections, and myositis. Testing and early treatment with oseltamivir is recommended for high-risk groups and others requiring antiviral treatment.
RSV bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants under 2 years old, characterized by wheezing. It is most often caused by the RSV virus. RSV spreads easily among children and causes seasonal epidemics in the winter. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include rhinorrhea, cough, wheezing and respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on supportive care and oxygen supplementation for severe or hypoxic cases. While most cases resolve without long term effects, some children may develop recurrent wheezing or asthma.
Viral bronchiolitis most commonly affects infants under 6 months and is caused primarily by respiratory syncytial virus. It is characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. While most cases are mild and self-limiting, risk factors like prematurity, congenital heart disease, and passive smoking can lead to more severe disease requiring hospitalization. Treatment is supportive with oxygen supplementation. Systemic corticosteroids and bronchodilators are not routinely recommended.
Pneumonia in children can be caused by viral or bacterial infections that lead to lung inflammation and fluid-filled alveoli. It is a common cause of death in children under 5 years old. Common bacteria that cause pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Clinically, pneumonia can be diagnosed by symptoms like fast breathing, chest indrawing, and coarse lung sounds. Chest x-rays can reveal lung infiltrates. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, and managing symptoms. Vaccines help prevent acute respiratory infections that can lead to pneumonia.
Pneumonia in children can be caused by viruses like RSV or bacteria like S. pneumoniae. Clinical features include fever, cough, respiratory distress. Chest x-ray confirms diagnosis and shows lobar consolidation in bacterial pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases. Children under 6 months, with severe distress, or not improving require hospitalization. Complications include pleural effusions, empyema, or hematologic spread causing meningitis.
- Neonatal seizures, febrile seizures, CNS infections, and strokes are common neurological conditions seen in pediatrics.
- Common etiologies of neonatal seizures include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, congenital CNS anomalies, intracranial hemorrhage, and electrolyte or metabolic abnormalities.
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam, lab studies, and neuroimaging like EEG, ultrasound, CT, or MRI depending on the situation.
- Treatment involves anticonvulsants tailored to the specific condition, with phenobarbital, phenytoin, and lorazepam as first line options for status epilepticus.
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages in the lungs that is usually caused by a viral infection such as a cold or the flu. It causes coughing and other breathing problems that typically last around two weeks. While it is usually not a serious illness, it can sometimes be caused by bacterial infections or pollution. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and listening to the lungs for abnormal sounds. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, medication, and avoiding irritants. Complications are rare in otherwise healthy children.
Respiratory disorders are the most common illnesses affecting children. They account for half of pediatric primary care visits and one-third of hospital admissions. The most frequent respiratory infections in children are caused by viruses like RSV. Bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae also commonly cause pneumonia. Conditions range from mild upper respiratory infections to serious illnesses like bronchiolitis and pneumonia that occasionally require hospitalization. Proper management depends on the specific pathogen, age of the child, and severity of symptoms.
This document discusses several common pediatric respiratory problems. It begins by outlining signs of respiratory distress and failure in children, including increased respiratory rate and heart rate, nasal flaring, recession of the chest wall, and decreased oxygen saturation despite supplemental oxygen. Specific conditions are then discussed such as croup, epiglottitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, whooping cough, inhaled foreign bodies, cystic fibrosis, and heart failure. For each condition, the causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management are summarized. The document provides an overview of approaches to evaluating and treating major respiratory issues seen in pediatric patients.
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in young children caused primarily by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It leads to inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and symptoms like wheezing. Risk factors for more severe disease include prematurity, lung or heart conditions. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and respiratory support as needed. While symptoms often improve in a few weeks, bronchiolitis is associated with increased risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma later in childhood. Prevention strategies include handwashing, avoiding tobacco smoke, and immunoprophylaxis for high-risk infants.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways and parenchyma with consolidation of the alveolar spaces
Banadir Hospital Pediatric Departments
Here are the answers to the MCQs:
1. RSV is the commonest c/of bronchiolitis - True
2. ABT is usually required in B - False
3. Most B are later associated with BA - True
4. In EBF babies B is rare - True
5. Anticholingergic nebulization is beneficial in B - False
6. B is usually a killer D - False
7. SARS/MERS is caused by RSV - False
8. Antiviral Rx is beneficial in all B cases - False
to differentiate b/w wheezing and stridor....lead to know to make clinical dx for asthma, croup, laryngomalacia, epiglottis...there many noisy breathing....our focus wheezing n stridor....
Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old worldwide. Fast breathing in a child presenting with cough or difficulty breathing is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing pneumonia. Common causative agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Treatment involves antibiotics like co-trimoxazole, but cough mixtures are ineffective and potentially harmful. Prevention through vaccination against Hib can significantly reduce risk of serious infection.
Bronchiectasis in children is an irreversible dilation of the airways caused by destructive changes to the airway walls. It has many causes including cystic fibrosis, infections, immunodeficiencies, and anatomical defects. The pathology involves a vicious cycle of impaired mucus clearance leading to recurrent infections, inflammation, and further airway damage. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis is made through imaging like HRCT that shows changes to airway contours. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques and controlling infections with antibiotics. Management of underlying conditions and lung transplantation may be needed in severe cases.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. The air sacs in the lungs (called alveoli) fill up with pus and other fluid, which makes it hard for oxygen to reach the bloodstream.
Someone with pneumonia may have a fever, cough, or trouble breathing.
This document discusses paediatric asthma, including its various types, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, investigations, management, and assessment in children. It describes how asthma is common in infancy and can be transient early wheezing or persist into childhood. The diagnosis is made based on a history of recurrent wheezing and reversible airflow obstruction. Investigations include assessing symptoms, triggers, lung function tests, and ruling out other conditions. Management involves reliever medications for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to prevent exacerbations. Assessment of asthma in children evaluates severity, control, and monitors for growth, lung function, and appropriate treatment use.
Upper respiratory infections in childrenKhaled Saad
Upper respiratory infections are very common in children and are usually caused by viruses. The most frequent types are the common cold, acute pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis, and ear infections. Cough associated with an upper respiratory infection can last 1-3 weeks on average and 10% of children may still be coughing after 4 weeks. Recurrent infections are also common in children due to their developing immune systems. Accurate diagnosis of conditions like sinusitis and ear infections can be challenging but is important for guiding appropriate treatment.
The document discusses epiglottitis, which is inflammation of the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage in the throat that prevents food from entering the trachea and lungs. Epiglottitis is often caused by bacteria like H. influenzae type B and can block airflow to the lungs, making it potentially life-threatening. Symptoms include fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing, and anxiety. Diagnosis involves laryngoscopy and x-rays. Treatment secures the airway through intubation and provides IV antibiotics and fluids. Prevention involves Hib vaccination for children and general hygiene practices.
This document provides an outline and overview of tuberculosis in children. It discusses key points such as risk factors including household contact with TB cases, age less than 5 years, HIV infection, and malnutrition. The causative agent is typically Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is transmitted through inhalation of droplets. Clinical signs can include fever, weight loss, and cough. Diagnosis involves history, examination, tuberculin skin testing, and bacteriological confirmation when possible. Management consists of pharmacological treatment with first-line antitubercular medications for 6-12 months. Nursing care focuses on administration of medications, monitoring for side effects, education, and isolation to prevent transmission.
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in children under 2 years old caused by viruses like respiratory syncytial virus. It presents with symptoms of cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors include premature birth, exposure to tobacco smoke and attendance at daycare. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids and respiratory support if severe. Prevention focuses on handwashing and palivizumab prophylaxis in high risk infants to reduce spread of the virus. Prognosis is generally good even in high risk groups though complications can include respiratory failure.
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in children under 2 years old caused by viruses like respiratory syncytial virus. It typically causes symptoms like cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. While generally mild and self-limiting, it can require hospitalization in some cases. Treatment focuses on supportive care with oxygen, fluids, and respiratory support if severe. Prevention efforts target handwashing and palivizumab prophylaxis in high-risk infants to reduce spread and complications of the infection.
RSV bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants under 2 years old, characterized by wheezing. It is most often caused by the RSV virus. RSV spreads easily among children and causes seasonal epidemics in the winter. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include rhinorrhea, cough, wheezing and respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on supportive care and oxygen supplementation for severe or hypoxic cases. While most cases resolve without long term effects, some children may develop recurrent wheezing or asthma.
Viral bronchiolitis most commonly affects infants under 6 months and is caused primarily by respiratory syncytial virus. It is characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. While most cases are mild and self-limiting, risk factors like prematurity, congenital heart disease, and passive smoking can lead to more severe disease requiring hospitalization. Treatment is supportive with oxygen supplementation. Systemic corticosteroids and bronchodilators are not routinely recommended.
Pneumonia in children can be caused by viral or bacterial infections that lead to lung inflammation and fluid-filled alveoli. It is a common cause of death in children under 5 years old. Common bacteria that cause pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Clinically, pneumonia can be diagnosed by symptoms like fast breathing, chest indrawing, and coarse lung sounds. Chest x-rays can reveal lung infiltrates. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, and managing symptoms. Vaccines help prevent acute respiratory infections that can lead to pneumonia.
Pneumonia in children can be caused by viruses like RSV or bacteria like S. pneumoniae. Clinical features include fever, cough, respiratory distress. Chest x-ray confirms diagnosis and shows lobar consolidation in bacterial pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases. Children under 6 months, with severe distress, or not improving require hospitalization. Complications include pleural effusions, empyema, or hematologic spread causing meningitis.
- Neonatal seizures, febrile seizures, CNS infections, and strokes are common neurological conditions seen in pediatrics.
- Common etiologies of neonatal seizures include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, congenital CNS anomalies, intracranial hemorrhage, and electrolyte or metabolic abnormalities.
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam, lab studies, and neuroimaging like EEG, ultrasound, CT, or MRI depending on the situation.
- Treatment involves anticonvulsants tailored to the specific condition, with phenobarbital, phenytoin, and lorazepam as first line options for status epilepticus.
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages in the lungs that is usually caused by a viral infection such as a cold or the flu. It causes coughing and other breathing problems that typically last around two weeks. While it is usually not a serious illness, it can sometimes be caused by bacterial infections or pollution. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and listening to the lungs for abnormal sounds. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, medication, and avoiding irritants. Complications are rare in otherwise healthy children.
Respiratory disorders are the most common illnesses affecting children. They account for half of pediatric primary care visits and one-third of hospital admissions. The most frequent respiratory infections in children are caused by viruses like RSV. Bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae also commonly cause pneumonia. Conditions range from mild upper respiratory infections to serious illnesses like bronchiolitis and pneumonia that occasionally require hospitalization. Proper management depends on the specific pathogen, age of the child, and severity of symptoms.
This document discusses several common pediatric respiratory problems. It begins by outlining signs of respiratory distress and failure in children, including increased respiratory rate and heart rate, nasal flaring, recession of the chest wall, and decreased oxygen saturation despite supplemental oxygen. Specific conditions are then discussed such as croup, epiglottitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, whooping cough, inhaled foreign bodies, cystic fibrosis, and heart failure. For each condition, the causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management are summarized. The document provides an overview of approaches to evaluating and treating major respiratory issues seen in pediatric patients.
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in young children caused primarily by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It leads to inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and symptoms like wheezing. Risk factors for more severe disease include prematurity, lung or heart conditions. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and respiratory support as needed. While symptoms often improve in a few weeks, bronchiolitis is associated with increased risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma later in childhood. Prevention strategies include handwashing, avoiding tobacco smoke, and immunoprophylaxis for high-risk infants.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways and parenchyma with consolidation of the alveolar spaces
Banadir Hospital Pediatric Departments
Here are the answers to the MCQs:
1. RSV is the commonest c/of bronchiolitis - True
2. ABT is usually required in B - False
3. Most B are later associated with BA - True
4. In EBF babies B is rare - True
5. Anticholingergic nebulization is beneficial in B - False
6. B is usually a killer D - False
7. SARS/MERS is caused by RSV - False
8. Antiviral Rx is beneficial in all B cases - False
to differentiate b/w wheezing and stridor....lead to know to make clinical dx for asthma, croup, laryngomalacia, epiglottis...there many noisy breathing....our focus wheezing n stridor....
Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old worldwide. Fast breathing in a child presenting with cough or difficulty breathing is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing pneumonia. Common causative agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Treatment involves antibiotics like co-trimoxazole, but cough mixtures are ineffective and potentially harmful. Prevention through vaccination against Hib can significantly reduce risk of serious infection.
Bronchiectasis in children is an irreversible dilation of the airways caused by destructive changes to the airway walls. It has many causes including cystic fibrosis, infections, immunodeficiencies, and anatomical defects. The pathology involves a vicious cycle of impaired mucus clearance leading to recurrent infections, inflammation, and further airway damage. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis is made through imaging like HRCT that shows changes to airway contours. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques and controlling infections with antibiotics. Management of underlying conditions and lung transplantation may be needed in severe cases.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. The air sacs in the lungs (called alveoli) fill up with pus and other fluid, which makes it hard for oxygen to reach the bloodstream.
Someone with pneumonia may have a fever, cough, or trouble breathing.
This document discusses paediatric asthma, including its various types, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, investigations, management, and assessment in children. It describes how asthma is common in infancy and can be transient early wheezing or persist into childhood. The diagnosis is made based on a history of recurrent wheezing and reversible airflow obstruction. Investigations include assessing symptoms, triggers, lung function tests, and ruling out other conditions. Management involves reliever medications for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to prevent exacerbations. Assessment of asthma in children evaluates severity, control, and monitors for growth, lung function, and appropriate treatment use.
Upper respiratory infections in childrenKhaled Saad
Upper respiratory infections are very common in children and are usually caused by viruses. The most frequent types are the common cold, acute pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis, and ear infections. Cough associated with an upper respiratory infection can last 1-3 weeks on average and 10% of children may still be coughing after 4 weeks. Recurrent infections are also common in children due to their developing immune systems. Accurate diagnosis of conditions like sinusitis and ear infections can be challenging but is important for guiding appropriate treatment.
The document discusses epiglottitis, which is inflammation of the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage in the throat that prevents food from entering the trachea and lungs. Epiglottitis is often caused by bacteria like H. influenzae type B and can block airflow to the lungs, making it potentially life-threatening. Symptoms include fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing, and anxiety. Diagnosis involves laryngoscopy and x-rays. Treatment secures the airway through intubation and provides IV antibiotics and fluids. Prevention involves Hib vaccination for children and general hygiene practices.
This document provides an outline and overview of tuberculosis in children. It discusses key points such as risk factors including household contact with TB cases, age less than 5 years, HIV infection, and malnutrition. The causative agent is typically Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is transmitted through inhalation of droplets. Clinical signs can include fever, weight loss, and cough. Diagnosis involves history, examination, tuberculin skin testing, and bacteriological confirmation when possible. Management consists of pharmacological treatment with first-line antitubercular medications for 6-12 months. Nursing care focuses on administration of medications, monitoring for side effects, education, and isolation to prevent transmission.
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in children under 2 years old caused by viruses like respiratory syncytial virus. It presents with symptoms of cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors include premature birth, exposure to tobacco smoke and attendance at daycare. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids and respiratory support if severe. Prevention focuses on handwashing and palivizumab prophylaxis in high risk infants to reduce spread of the virus. Prognosis is generally good even in high risk groups though complications can include respiratory failure.
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in children under 2 years old caused by viruses like respiratory syncytial virus. It typically causes symptoms like cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. While generally mild and self-limiting, it can require hospitalization in some cases. Treatment focuses on supportive care with oxygen, fluids, and respiratory support if severe. Prevention efforts target handwashing and palivizumab prophylaxis in high-risk infants to reduce spread and complications of the infection.
Bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection that causes inflammation in the small airways of infants and young children under 2 years old. The most common cause is respiratory syncytial virus. Clinical features include nasal congestion, cough, wheezing, and respiratory distress. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and physical exam findings. Management involves supportive care like nasal suctioning and supplemental oxygen. Severe cases may require respiratory support such as high-flow nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation. Antibiotics are not recommended as bronchiolitis is almost always viral in origin.
This document discusses bronchiolitis, a common lower respiratory tract infection in young children caused by viruses like RSV. It describes two cases of infants presenting with symptoms of bronchiolitis like nasal congestion, cough, poor feeding and respiratory distress. It covers assessing severity, investigations, management including oxygen, nutrition, monitoring and intensive care if needed. While bronchodilators and corticosteroids are often used, the document notes clinical trials have not found clear benefits for their use in viral bronchiolitis. Mild cases can be managed at home without specific therapy, while moderate to severe cases require admission.
This document provides guidance on managing common childhood diseases. It discusses acute airway obstruction including croup, epiglottitis, and recurrent croup. It also covers acute respiratory infections like the common cold and pertussis. Guidance is provided on evaluating and treating pneumonia, tonsillitis, and gastrointestinal infections in children under 5 years old. Clinical signs, manifestations, diagnostics, and management approaches are outlined for each condition.
This document discusses cough and its evaluation and management. It defines cough as a protective reflex that clears secretions from the airways. It notes that cough can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration. Common causes include infection, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. A thorough history, physical exam, and initial tests like chest x-ray are important for evaluating cough. Further tests may be needed to identify specific causes and guide treatment. Upper airway cough syndrome is a common cause of chronic cough.
Bronchiolitis is a common viral infection in infants characterized by inflammation and congestion of the small airways. The most common cause is RSV. Symptoms include wheezing, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and exam findings. Treatment is supportive with oxygen and fluids. Most cases are mild and self-limiting but some infants may require hospitalization for respiratory support. Antibiotics are not effective as this is primarily a viral illness.
Bronchitis and bronchiolitis are acute infections of the bronchial tubes. Bronchitis typically affects larger airways while bronchiolitis primarily impacts smaller airways called bronchioles. The most common cause is viral infection, especially respiratory syncytial virus. Clinical features include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing. Treatment focuses on supportive care like hydration and oxygen supplementation. Severe cases requiring hospitalization involve respiratory distress, apnea or hypoxemia.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways and lung tissue. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens. Symptoms may include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. Treatment involves supportive care and antibiotics depending on the suspected cause and severity of illness. Chest x-rays are sometimes needed to identify the location and extent of lung involvement and check for complications.
Community acquired pneumonia is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. In India, acute respiratory infections account for 24% of the disease burden and 13% of deaths in children under 5 years of age. Pneumonia is commonly caused by pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical features include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and fast breathing. Chest x-rays are not always needed for diagnosis. Severity is assessed using WHO criteria to determine appropriate treatment setting and antibiotics. Supportive care includes oxygen and fluids. Antibiotics are typically given for 5-7 days but longer for severe or staphylococcal pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways and lung tissue. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens. Symptoms may include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. Treatment involves supportive care and antibiotics depending on the suspected cause and severity of illness. Chest x-rays are sometimes needed to identify the location and extent of lung involvement and check for complications.
The document defines a wheeze as a high-pitched sound caused by narrowed airways, discusses the differential diagnosis and symptoms of conditions that can cause wheezing like bronchiolitis, asthma, and pneumonia. It also provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bronchiolitis in infants, noting that the mainstay of treatment is supportive care while reserving medications for severe cases.
Bronchiolitis is an acute viral infection that causes inflammation in the small airways of the lungs. It most commonly affects infants under 2 years old during winter months. Respiratory syncytial virus is the primary cause. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, rapid breathing, and nasal congestion. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and respiratory support. Bronchodilators and corticosteroids may help but have uncertain efficacy. Ribavirin is used in severe cases but its effectiveness is debated. Most cases resolve without long term effects, but bronchiolitis can worsen underlying heart or lung conditions.
This document discusses acute bronchiolitis, a common lower respiratory infection in infants under 1 year of age. It is typically caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Clinical features include nasal congestion, cough, wheezing and respiratory distress. Diagnosis is usually made clinically based on age and symptoms. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, hydration and respiratory monitoring. Hospitalization may be required for moderate or severe cases. The infection usually resolves on its own with supportive care.
Bronchiolitis is commonly caused by viral infections in young children under 2 years old, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It involves inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) causing wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms typically last 2-5 days but wheezing may persist over a week. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and monitoring for deterioration. Antibiotics are not effective as it is primarily a viral illness. Hospitalization may be required for severe cases or young infants. While symptoms are usually self-limited, bronchiolitis can increase the risk of subsequent wheezing and asthma.
This document provides information on acute respiratory infections including pneumonia, viral bronchiolitis, viral croup, and pertussis. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and management guidelines for each condition. For pneumonia, it outlines the definitions, common causes, symptoms and signs, criteria for hospitalization, and appropriate antibiotic treatment. Viral bronchiolitis is commonly caused by RSV and presents with tachypnea, wheezing, and respiratory distress in infants. Viral croup presents with a barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress that varies in severity. Pertussis causes paroxysmal coughing fits accompanied by a whoop.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by bacteria or viruses that enter the lungs. When pathogens enter the alveoli, or air sacs, white blood cells rush to fight the infection, filling the sacs with fluid and pus. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause. Risk factors include old age, smoking, lung diseases, and weakened immunity. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough with colored mucus, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum or blood. Antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia while rest and fluids help viral cases. Vaccines can prevent pneumococcal pneumonia.
1. Bronchiolitis is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants and young children, causing inflammation in the small airways.
2. It typically presents with cough, wheezing, nasal congestion and difficulty breathing. Chest radiographs may show hyperinflation of the lungs.
3. Treatment is supportive with oxygen and monitoring since most cases resolve on their own. Hospitalization is needed for moderate to severe distress, hypoxemia or apnea. While recurrence is common, bronchiolitis often improves within a week.
This document discusses lower respiratory tract infections, specifically pneumonia. It defines pneumonia as an inflammation of the lung tissue caused by infectious agents. It identifies common bacterial, viral, and other causes. It describes the pathology and pathogenesis of different types of pneumonia including bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia. It also discusses clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, medical management, nursing assessments, interventions, and prevention of pneumonia.
Similar to Bronchiolitis and bronchitis in children (20)
The document discusses the t-test, including:
1. It was introduced in 1908 by William Gosset under the pseudonym "Student" to test hypotheses about population means using small samples with unknown standard deviations.
2. The t-test has assumptions such as normality and equal variances that must be met.
3. There are different types of t-tests for different study designs: single sample t-test, independent samples t-test, and paired t-test.
4. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate and interpret t-tests.
This document provides information on Behcet's syndrome and Sjogren's syndrome. It discusses the diagnostic criteria for Behcet's syndrome according to the 1990 International Study Group. It describes the common oral, skin, eye, neurological, and other manifestations of Behcet's syndrome. It also discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management of Sjogren's syndrome.
Disorders of surfactant metabolism involve mutations in genes encoding surfactant proteins or related proteins, leading to insufficient pulmonary surfactant. The major types are caused by mutations in SFTPB (surfactant protein B), SFTPC (surfactant protein C), and ABCA3 (a phospholipid transporter). SFTPB mutations cause severe respiratory distress in newborns. SFTPC and ABCA3 mutations vary in age of onset from newborns to adults. Diagnosis involves genetic testing for these mutations based on age of onset and family history. Treatment is largely supportive except for lung transplantation in the most severe cases.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord. It describes the spinal cord's location and segments. It details the spinal cord's gray matter, white matter tracts including the corticospinal, spinothalamic, and spinocerebellar tracts. Clinical presentations of spinal cord disorders and various compressive and non-compressive myelopathies are summarized.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The basal ganglia regulate movement through direct and indirect pathways involving the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. Dopamine from the substantia nigra influences these pathways. Damage to basal ganglia structures can cause tremors, chorea, dystonia and other abnormal involuntary movements. Disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease arise from basal ganglia dysfunction. The basal ganglia also play roles in psychiatric conditions.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord. It describes the spinal cord's location and segments. The spinal cord contains gray matter containing neuron cell bodies and white matter containing myelinated axons. The white matter is divided into tracts that transmit sensory information ascending to the brain and motor signals descending from the brain. The document outlines various spinal cord syndromes and compressive myelopathies, their clinical presentations and causes.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
5. BRONCHIOLITIS
Common viral Respiratory
illness in children
Substantial burden of illness
all over world
Most common and serious
lower respiratory tract
syndrome
Associated with
considerable morbidity
6. • Generally self limiting
• Most commonly due to Respiratory Syncytial
virus Infection
7. DEFINITION
Clinical Syndrome
Acute onset of resp. symptoms ‐ <
2 yrs age
Initial symptoms – Upper
Respiratory Tract viral infections
Fever, coryza, progresses in 4‐6
days to
Lower Respiratory Tract
involvement ‐ Cough and wheezing
9. Infants < 6 months
are at highest
risk of clinically
significant disease
2% to 3% of
children require
hospital admission
Commonly in late autumn and
early spring
10. RISK FACTORS
• Infants in day care
• Exposure to passive smoke
• Crowding in the
household
• Environmental and
genetic factors do
contribute to severity of
disease
• Age less than 03 months
• Premature delivery
12. ETIOLOGY
M. pneumonia – though isolated not
recognized as etiological agent
Others
Influenza, Parainfluenza Adenovirus, Coronavirus, Rhinovirus
Most common – Respiratory syncytial virus
Viral
13. Pathology
RSV infection results in loss of
epithelia cilia and sloughing of
epithelial cells in airway
Leads to collection of
desquamated airway
epithelial cells,
polymorphoneuclear cells and
Lympocytes within the airways
14. Also airway mucosal oedema
Airway obstruction in acute brochiolitis –
sloughed epithelial cells, neutrophils,
lymphocytes
Complete plugging of some airway
Partial plugging of other
Leading to Localized ateclasis of some units
and over distension of other
17. CLINICAL
FEATURES
Quite variable
Initially Present
like URTI
Cough or Cold
with or without
fever
Nasal obstruction
with or without
rhinorrhea
Later disturbing
cough,
Tachypnea,
respiratory
distress
Poor feeding after
the initial onset of
symptoms
Fever ‐ higher
18. O/E Nasal flaring, tachypnea,
Expanded chest, audible wheeze
Auscultation ‐ rales or rhonchi & poor
air entry, prolonged expiratory phase
Other features ‐ Conjunctivitis, rhinitis
& otitis media
Once hypoxia sets in – Lethary, seizure,
and death may occur
20. Mild Moderate Severe
Ability to
feed
Ability to feed
normally
appear short
of breath
during feeds
May be reluctant
or unable to feed
Respiratory
effort
Little or no
respiratory
distress
Moderate
distress with
some chest wall
retractions and
nasal flaring
Severe distress with
marked chest wall
retractions, nasal
flaring and grunting,
May have frequent or
prolonged Apneic
episodes
Oxygen
saturation
Saturation SaO2
more than 92%
Saturation SaO2
less than 92%,
correctable
with oxygen
Saturation SaO2 less
than 92%, May or
May not be
correctable with
oxygen
21. INVESTIGATIONS
Bronchiolitis is a clinical diagnosis
Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) for RSV and
viral culture
Complete blood count
Electrolytes – especially if needing IV fluids
Blood culture – if temperature > 38.5°C
Arterial blood gas analysis
CXR
22. CHEST X‐RAY
• Need not to be done routinely
• Hyperinflation,
• Patchy infiltrates
• Typically migratory
• Attributed to Postobstructive atelectasis
23. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical diagnosis
Infant with short
prodromal of upper RTI
Clinical finding
• audible wheezing
• wheezing with crackles
• respiratory distress with chest
recession
25. MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES
Mainstay of therapy-Supportive care
Moderately ill infants ‐ require
supplementary oxygen
IVF in young infants ‐ tachypnea, partial
nasal obstruction & feeding difficulties.
Role of bronchodilators – Controversial.
• – Can have a trial with nebulised salbutamol,
Nebulised epinephrine or hpertonic saline
26. Viral Bronchiolitis
Mild Bronchiolitis Moderate Bronchiolitis Severe Bronchiolitis
Don’t need
investigations
HOME TREATMENT
ADMIT
Humidified oxygen to
maintain SaO2 above 95%,
IV Fluids, observer for
Deterioration
ADMIT
ICU CARE O2 to
maintain SaO2 above
95%, IV Fluids,
Cardiorespiratory
monitoring, ABG, CXR
assess need for
ventilatory
support/ICU care
IMPROVEMENT
Decrease O2 re-establish
feeding, discharge when
SaO2 above 95%
DETERIORATION
Treat as severe
bronchiolitis
27. OXYGEN
Drug of
Choice in
Bronchiolitis
is Oxygen
Humidified
oxygen ideal
• if SaO2 <94%, or
• in combination of clinically
significant respiratory
distress, RR > 60/min,
feeding difficulty
Supplemental
oxygen
28. • Maintain SaO2 above 95%
• Use nasal prongs / face mask /
hood / head box
• Hypoxemia with or without
distress, despite high O2 flow,
require ventilator support
29. FLUID
THERAPY
• Indications
• Moderate to severe
Bronchiolitis
or
• Severe respiratory distress
–
• Nasal flaring,
tachypnea (>60/min),
apneic episodes,
marked retractions,
tiring during feeds etc
30. • Normal maintenance volumes
• N/2 or N/4 dextrose saline
• Fluid volumes increased up to
20%
• if frequent or persistent
fever (>38.5°C) and/or
• markedly increased
respiratory effort
• Monitor serum electrolytes
31. • Sedation should be avoided
• Further compromise respiratory drive
of the child
• Antibiotic
• No role
• Aerosolized Ribavirin
• Neither prevent the need of
mechanical ventilation nor reduces
the length of hospital stay
• No role of steroids (oral or
parenteral or inhaled)
32. ICU
MANAGEMENT
Persistent desaturation despite oxygen
ABG evidence of respiratory failure– i.e. pO2 < 80mm Hg; pCO2 >
50mm Hg; pH < 7
Apneic episodes
associated with
desaturation
or > 15 seconds
duration
or frequent recurrent
brief episodes
Progression to severe respiratory
distress, especially in at‐risk Group
Needed in the following category :
33. CPAP
Continuous Positive airway
pressure
May benefit infants with
bronchiolitis by stenting
open the smaller airways
during all phases of
respiration
Prevents air trapping &
obstructive disease
34. Other
Nonstandard
therapies
Antirespiratory syncytial virus
preparation
• RSV-Immune globulin intravenous IGIV
• Palivizumab (RSV specific humanized
monoclonal antibody)
Heliox
• Mixture of Helium and oxygen
– 80:20%
• Flow through airways with less
turbulence and resistance
• Not recommended for routine use
35. DISCHARGE
Minimal respiratory distress
SaO2 > 90% in room air (Except in chronic
lung disease, heart disease, or other risk
factors)
Did not require supplemental O2 for 10 hrs.
Minimal or no chest recession
Able to take oral feeds
36. COMPLICATIONS
Respiratory complications ‐
most frequent
• Respiratory failure
• Apnea
• Pneumothorax
Infectious complications ‐
second most common
Cardiovascular involvement,
Electrolyte imbalance
37. PROGNOSIS
Generally self limiting condition
2% to 3% of children require hospitalization
Need for supplemental O2 based on SaO2 on
admission and predict length of hospital stay
Beware of rapid deterioration in high risk
group
Death is uncommon even in high risk group
Fatality rate highest – less than 03 months
age
38. PREVENTION
RSV is highly contagious
Spreads via inhalation or
direct transfer
Simple hand washing
Isolation of RSV infected
cases
40. Acute bronchitis is swelling and irritation in
child's air passages.
This irritation may cause him to cough or
have other breathing problems.
Acute bronchitis often starts because of
another illness, such as a cold or the flu.
The illness spreads from your child's nose
and throat to his windpipe and airways
Acute bronchitis lasts about 2 weeks and is
usually not a serious illness.
41.
42. Acute bronchitis leads to the hacking cough and phlegm production
that often follows upper respiratory tract infection. This occurs
because of the inflammatory response of the mucous membranes
within the lungs' bronchial passages. Viruses, acting alone or
together, account for most of these infections.
• Mucociliary clearance is an important primary innate defense
mechanism that protects the lungs from the harmful effects of
inhaled pollutants, allergens, and pathogens
• The mucociliary apparatus consists of 3 functional compartments:
the cilia, a protective mucus layer, and an airway surface liquid
(ASL) layer, which work together to remove inhaled particles from
the lung
43. Cont..
insult to the airway epithelium, such as recurrent aspiration or repeated viral infection, may contribute to
chronic bronchitis in childhood. Following damage to the airway lining, chronic infection with commonly
isolated airwayorganismsmay occur.
The most common bacterial pathogen that causes lower respiratory tractinfections in children ofall age groups
is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis may be
significant pathogens in preschoolers (age < 5 y), whereas Mycoplasma pneumoniae may be significant in
school-aged children (ages 6-18 y).
44. Cont.. Children with tracheostomies are often colonized
with an array of flora, including alpha- hemolytic
streptococci and gamma-hemolytic streptococci.
With acute exacerbations of tracheobronchitis in
these patients, pathogenic flora may include
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (including
methicillin-resistant strains), among other
pathogens. Children predisposed to oropharyngeal
aspiration, particularly those with compromised
protective airway mechanisms, may become
infected with oral anaerobic strains of streptococci.
45.
46. Infection: Acute bronchitis is most often caused by a type of germ called a virus. It may also be
caused by other germs, such as bacteria, yeast, or a fungus.
Viral :Adenovirus, Influenza, Parainfluenza, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rhinovirus, Human
bocavirus, Coxsackievirus, Herpes simplex virus
Bacterial :S pneumoniae, M catarrhalis, H influenzae , Chlamydia
pneumoniae , Mycoplasma species
Polluted air: Acute bronchitis can be caused when your child breathes air that has chemical
fumes, dust, or pollution.
Cigarette smoke: If you smoke around your child, he may be at higher risk for acute bronchitis.
Medical problems: Your child may be more likely to get bronchitis if he has other medical
problems. Examples include asthma, frequent swollen tonsils, allergies, or heart problems.
Premature birth: Babies who are premature (born too early) may be at higher risk for
bronchitis.
47. • retrosternal pain during deep
breathing or coughing.
• Generally, the clinical course of
acute bronchitis is self-limited,
with complete healing and full
return to function typically seen
within 10-14 days following
symptom onset.
• constant cough. The cough
may last up to a month.
Cough may be dry, or cough
up with mucus. Mucus may
be green, yellow, white, or
• have streaks of blood in it.
Chest pain may appear when
he coughs or takes a deep
breath,fever, body aches, and
chills.
• sore throat and a runny or stuffy
nose,short of breath and wheezes
(makes a high-pitched noise) when
• breathing.
48. Caption: Acute bronchitis.
Bronchoscope view of the two
bronchi at the bottom of the
windpipe (trachea) of a patient
with acute bronchitis. The
mucosal lining of these airways
is inflamed and coated with a
thick secretion called sputum.
49. • Lungs may sound
normal.
• Crackles, rhonchi,
or large airway
wheezing, if any,
tend to be
scattered and
bilateral.
• The pharynx may
be injected.
50. • History of :
• Retained foreign body
• Bronchopulmonary allergy
• Immunosuppression
• Previous infections
51. • serum C-reactive protein screen,
• respiratory culture,
• serum cold agglutinin
• Obtain a blood or sputum culture if antibiotic therapy is under
consideration.
• test nasopharyngeal, using antigen or polymerase
chain reaction testing
• for Chlamydia species and respiratory
• syncytial, parainfluenza, and influenza viruses or viral culture.
• Gram stain, chlamydial and viral antigen assays, and
bacterial and viral cultures.
52. • Asthma Testing. clinical response to daily high-dose oral corticosteroids
• ,Evidence of reversible airflow obstruction revealed by pulmonary
function testing.
• Cystic Fibrosis Testing. A negative sweat test result excludecystic
fibrosis.
• Immunodeficiency . measurement of total serum immunoglobulins,
• immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, and specific antibody production is
recommended.
• Chest Radiography. Chest films generally appear normal in patients with
uncomplicated bronchitis. Focal consolidation is not usually present.
• Pulmonary Function . show airflow obstruction that is reversible
with bronchodilators
• Bronchoscopy. diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is suggested if the
airways appear erythematous and friable.
53. Medical therapy generally targets symptoms and includes use of
analgesics and antipyretics. Antitussives and expectorants are
often prescribed
The prototype antitussive, codeine, has been successful in some
chronic-cough and induced-cough models, such asguaifenesin
or dextromethorphan.
Bronchodilators ,albuterol may be worthwhile, as it may provide
significant relief of symptoms for some patients.
Antibiotics. When bacterial etiology is suspected or as
prophylaxis to secondary infections.
Antivirals. When viral etiology is suspected.
Corticoids inhalative
55. Referral to a pediatric pulmonologist may be
helpful for patients experiencing persistent or
recurrent symptoms and whose histories
suggest the possibility of tracheobronchial
foreign body aspiration, cystic
fibrosis, immunodeficiency, or persistent
asthma for which appropriate first-line
symptom or controller therapies have failed.
56. • Complications are
extremely rare and
should prompt
evaluation for anomalies
of the respiratory tract,
including immune
deficiencies.
Complications may
include the following:
• Bronchiectasis
• Bronchopneumonia
• Acute respiratory failure
57. Instruct older patients regarding the need for immunization against
pertussis, diphtheria, and influenza, which reduces the risk of bronchitis
due to the causative organisms.
• Instruct these patients to avoid passive environmental tobacco
smoke; to avoid air pollutants, such as wood smoke, solvents, and
cleaners; and to obtain medical attention for prolonged respiratory
infections.
• Instruct parents that children may attend school or daycare without
restrictions except during episodes of acute bronchitis with fever.
Also instruct parents that children may return to school or daycare
when signs of infection have decreased, appetite returns, and
alertness, strength, and a feeling of well-being allow.
58. • Acute bronchitis is almost always a self-limited process in
the otherwise healthy child.
• However, it frequently results in absenteeism from
• school and, in older patients, work.
• Chronic bronchitis is manageable with proper treatment
and avoidance of known triggers (eg, tobacco smoke).
• Proper management of any underlying disease
• process, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis,
immunodeficiency, heart
• failure, bronchiectasis, or tuberculosis, is also key.
• These patients need careful periodic monitoring to minimize
further lung damage and progression to chronic irreversible lung
disease.