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Brands and Branding:
Research Findings and
Future Priorities
Kevin Lane Keller & Donald R. Lehmann
(Marketing Science – December 2006)
Developed By Sajid Hussain
Main Points of the Paper
2
1. Brand Positioning
• Brand Experience
• Brand Relationship
2. Building Brand Equity
• Designing Brand Elements
• Integrating Marketing Channels
3. Measuring Brand Equity
• Customer Based, Company Based, Financial Based
4. Brand Growth
• New Product/Brand Extension
• Co-Branding/Brand Alliance
Brand
3
A brand is a distinguish symbol, mark, logo,
name, word, sentence or a combination of these
items that companies use to distinguish their
product from others in the market.
Product VS Brand
4
Brands
5
1. Brand Positioning
6
Brand`s positioning is the place in the
consumers mind that you want your brand to
own.
1. Brand Positioning
7
1. Brand Positioning
8
• A Brand must have…
1. Brand Positioning
9
Tangibles
• Features, price,
packaging etc.
Intangibles
• History, Heritage,
Experiences
40% 60%
1. Brand Positioning
10
1. Brand Positioning
11
1. Brand Positioning
( Brand Experience – CEM )
12
• Sense experiences involving sensory perception
• Feel experiences - emotions
• Think experiences - cognitive
• Act experiences involving physical behavior - Lifestyle
• Relate experiences that result from connecting with a
reference group or culture.
1. Brand Positioning
13
1. Brand Positioning
14
1. Brand Positioning
15
1. Brand Positioning
16
1. Brand Positioning
( Brand Relationships by Fournier et al. 1998)
17
2. Building Brand Equity
18
Commercial value that derives from consumer perception of the
brand name of a particular product or service, rather than from the
product or service itself
A brand's power derived from the goodwill and name recognition
that it has earned over time, which translates into higher sales
2. Building Brand Equity
19
Designing Brand elements for Brand Equity:
1. Memorability & Meaningfulness
2. Aesthetic Appeal
3. Transferability ( Geographical & Cultural)
4. Adaptability & Flexibility over time
5. Legal protection & Defensibility
2. Building Brand Equity
20
2. Building Brand Equity
21
Integrating Marketing Channels:
Advertising ( Print & TV), Trade Shows, Sponsorship, Public
Relation, Direct Marketing, Internet mails, telephone etc.
3. Measuring Brand Equity
22
• Customer Based
• ( Experience, Attachment, Loyalty)
• Company Based
• ( Growth, Distribution Channels)
• Financial Based
• ( Sales, Profit, Assets, )
4. Brand Growth
23
New Product/ Brand
Extension
Brand
Alliance
Co-
Branding
4. Brand Extension
24
4. Brand Alliance
25
Co Branding
26
Conclusion – Future Priorities
27
• Branding will be a fertile area for research for years
to come.
• Need to explore the financial, legal, and social
impacts of brands
• Brand equity measure can be related to stock price
and value
Brands and Branding:
Research Findings and
Future Priorities
Developed By Sajid Hussain

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