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Viruses are causative agents of several types of human cancer. Approximately 20% of all cancers are associated with infectious agents, and 15% of all cancers are caused by oncoviruses. While viruses can contribute to cancer development, not all virally infected individuals develop cancer, as there is no single mechanism by which viruses cause tumors. Common oncogenic viruses are able to infect host cells without killing them and establish long-term, persistent infections while evading the host immune system.
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Viruses and cancer
Certain viruses are linked to increased cancer risk by disrupting cell signaling, weakening the immune system, or causing chronic inflammation. Between 30-50% of cancers are preventable through vaccination or avoiding risk factors. Viruses linked to cancer include HPV (cervical, other anogenital cancers), HBV and HCV (hepatocellular carcinoma), EBV (Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma), HIV (Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphomas), HTLV-1 (adult T-cell leukemia), KSHV (Kaposi's sarcoma), and MCPyV (Merkel cell carcinoma). Oropharyngeal cancer rates are rising due to HPV transmission during oral
cancer ,virus ,bacteria.pptx
The document discusses how certain viruses and bacteria can lead to and stimulate cancer in humans. It provides details on specific infections like HPV, HBV, HIV, EBV, and H. pylori bacteria that are known risk factors for cancers like cervical cancer, liver cancer, and stomach cancer. The infections can increase cancer risk through direct effects on genes, long-term inflammation, or by weakening the immune system. Vaccines exist for some viruses to help prevent associated cancers.
Infectious disease control as part of prevention of cancer in developing coun...
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1. Several cancers are caused by infectious agents, particularly viruses like HPV, Hepatitis B and C, and HIV.
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This document discusses cancers that are more common among people living with HIV/AIDS compared to the general population. It notes that HIV weakens the immune system, making people more susceptible to infections that can lead to cancer. It highlights that HIV-positive individuals are at higher risk for cancers caused by viruses like Kaposi Sarcoma herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis B and C. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has reduced rates of Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma but not cervical cancer. Regular cancer screening is important for HIV-positive people according to guidelines.
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Durgesh Sirohi presented on the role of viruses in cancer. He discussed that certain viruses like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human T-lymphotropic virus can directly or indirectly contribute to the development of cancer. These viruses can integrate into host cell DNA and disrupt normal cell cycle controls, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. While viral infections play a role, most virus-associated cancers also require additional genetic changes in the host cells over long latency periods before cancer develops.
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Viruses can cause cancer through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Directly, some viruses encode oncogenic proteins that inactivate tumor suppressor genes like p53, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Indirectly, chronic viral infections cause inflammation and oxidative stress that damage DNA over many years and increase cancer risk. Several viruses are known human carcinogens, including hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus, which are associated with liver cancer, cervical cancer, lymphomas, sarcomas, and other cancers.
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Patients with HIV have a substantially increased risk of developing cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and cervical cancer, which are considered AIDS-defining malignancies. They also have increased risk of other cancers like Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, and anal cancer, known as non-AIDS defining malignancies. The risk of these cancers is higher with low CD4 counts and many are caused by viruses like KSHV, EBV, HPV, HCV, and HBV. Cancer is a leading cause of death in HIV patients where antiretroviral treatment is available, and HIV-associated cancers remain a major public health issue in places like sub-Saharan Africa.
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Infections and cancer
Oncoviruses like EBV, HBV, HCV, HHV-8, and HPV can cause cancer through several mechanisms. They establish long-term, persistent infections which allow them to integrate into the host cell genome. This can disrupt tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, activating them into oncogenes. Oncoproteins also interfere with apoptosis and evade immune detection. However, viral infection alone is usually not sufficient to cause cancer, requiring additional genetic changes over many years. While infections contribute significantly to cancer worldwide, not all infected individuals develop tumors due to biological complexities in viral carcinogenesis.
microorganisms-09-02538.pdf
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
Hpv Cause For Disease
HPV is one of the most common viruses transmitted through sexual activity. It can cause cervical cancer by inserting its DNA into host cells. For decades, the cause of cervical cancer was unknown, but research in the 1930s first linked viruses to wart growth in rabbits. Later work in the 1990s definitively confirmed HPV as the necessary cause of cervical cancer through case-control and cohort studies showing those with HPV had a much higher risk. Specific HPV strains like types 16 and 18 are strongly associated with cervical cancer development.
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The presentation describes about Oncoviruses or the cancer causing viruses with emphasis on HPV ( Human papillomavirus ) responsible for Cervical Cancer.
Hepatitis B Virus
This document summarizes information about Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It defines hepatitis and the different types. HBV is described as a serious virus that infects the liver and can cause lifelong infection. Humans are the reservoir for HBV. The virus is spherical and has an outer envelope and inner nucleocapsid core. HBV is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. Symptoms can include jaundice and fatigue. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are chronically infected. Prevention includes vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment for exposed newborns.
HPV, Cervical cancer prevention and screening
This document discusses guidelines for human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer prevention and screening. It covers HPV types and infection, how HPV infection can lead to cancer, and risk factors. It discusses three main approaches to cervical cancer prevention - primary prevention through HPV vaccination, secondary prevention via screening and treatment of precancerous lesions, and tertiary prevention. The document provides details on HPV vaccines, screening recommendations, challenges to vaccination, and treatment options.
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This document summarizes key information about sexually transmitted diseases. It begins with an introduction that defines sexually transmitted diseases and how they are transmitted between people through intimate contact and sharing of bodily fluids. It then lists and describes three major sexually transmitted diseases - HIV/AIDS, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Hepatitis B. For each disease, it discusses the causative virus or bacteria, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention methods. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of screening, treatment, and awareness of sexually transmitted diseases.
HIV associated cancers and related diseases, NEJM 2018
This document summarizes HIV-associated cancers. It discusses how the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in the 1990s led to a decrease in AIDS-defining cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma and aggressive B-cell lymphomas, but also an increase in non-AIDS defining cancers as the population of people living with HIV aged. It focuses on Kaposi's sarcoma, describing its epidemiology and pathogenesis associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, clinical manifestations, staging, and treatments including the importance of antiretroviral therapy and systemic therapies for advanced disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B AND C
The document provides information about hepatitis B and C, including:
- Hepatitis B and C are major global health problems, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, especially from infected mothers to babies during childbirth or from shared needles.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe liver damage. While most adults recover from hepatitis B, chronic infection is more common in children and can lead to serious complications like liver cancer.
All about the Human Papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic but persistent infections can cause various cancers like cervical cancer. HPV is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. While vaccination can prevent HPV infection, screening is still important for cervical cancer prevention as HPV vaccines do not protect against all cancer-causing HPV types. Current guidelines recommend cervical cancer screening every 3-5 years depending on age and test type for average-risk individuals.
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Outbreak of hepatitis b, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of pakistan
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What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? Infections and Prevention | The Lifescien...
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ONCOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
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brain death.pdf
- 1. INFECTION AND CANCER Saurabh Singh Group 414 b / 12
- 2. CANCER Cancer is a complex group of diseases with multiple eventual causes. The impacts of cancer are multiple and far reaching, affecting people of both gender, and all ages.
- 3. Approximately 20% of all cancers are associated with infectious agents , and 15% of all cancers are caused by oncoviruses .
- 5. "Infections are one of the biggest and preventable causes of cancer worldwide,”
- 7. ETIOLOGY The etiology of cancer is multifactorial, with genetic, environmental, medical, and lifestyle factors interacting to produce a given malignancy.
- 8. CARCINOGENESIS The process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetics , epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division.
- 9. INFECTIOUS AGENTS Such as Hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Human papillomavirus (HPV) Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) Schistosoma haematobium contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers .
- 10. WHAT ARE COMMON FEATURES AMONG ONCOGENIC VIRUSES Most oncogenic viruses often contribute to cancer development in similar ways •These viruses have the ability to infect, but not kill their host cells. •They establish persistent and long-term infections. •They have evolved strategies that enable them to evade mechanisms of viral clearance by the host immune system.
- 11. Why not all virally infected individuals develop cancer? “There is no single mechanism by which viruses cause tumors”
- 13. VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN CANCERS Infectious Agent Associated Cancers Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Burkitt lymphoma- Hodgkin lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatocellular carcinoma Human papillomavirus types (HPV)16, 18 Genital tumors Oropharyngeal cancer Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV 1) AID-related malignancies Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV1) Adult T-cell leukemia Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/ human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV 8) Kaposi sarcoma Markel cell virus Markel cell carcinoma
- 14. OTHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN CANCERS Infectious Agent Associated Cancers Helicobacter pylori Gastric cancer Streptococcus bovis Colorectal cancer Liver flukes Cholangiocarcinoma Schistosomes Bladder cancer
- 15. Multiple tools to fight infections, such as vaccination, safe injection practices, screening of blood transfusion, safe sex practices, antimicrobial treatments can have beneficial effects on the future burden of cancer related-infections. PREVENTION SOLUTION
- 16. SUMMARY Viruses are causative agent of several type of human cancer . Tumor viruses established persistent infection in hosts, with long latent period before tumor appearance. Viral infections tend to be more chronic than bacterial infections, thus viruses have a more prominent role in the development of cancer.
- 17. THANK YOU