I. Bottled water consumption has increased significantly but many question whether bottled water is safer than filtered tap water and whether the environmental impact is worth the convenience.
II. While some bottled water comes from pristine sources, over 25% in the US comes from municipal water supplies that is treated and sold at a high price without always stating the source on the label.
III. Studies have found contaminants like carcinogens and phthalates in some bottled water brands, with phthalates possibly entering during processing or being present in the original water source, though most bottled water is still considered safe.
Bottled water is one of the biggest industries on the planet. It's also one of the biggest threats to it. Most just don't know the truth of the situation. Here they are! In just a few, short slides.
According to the U.S. EPA, bottled water is not always safer than tap water. Learn more about how you can protect yourself from harmful water contaminants through reverse osmosis water filtration.
Bottled water is one of the biggest industries on the planet. It's also one of the biggest threats to it. Most just don't know the truth of the situation. Here they are! In just a few, short slides.
According to the U.S. EPA, bottled water is not always safer than tap water. Learn more about how you can protect yourself from harmful water contaminants through reverse osmosis water filtration.
The reality for companies that are trying to figure out their blogging or content strategy is that there's a lot of content to write beyond just the "buy now" page.
Bottled Water More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; String.docxhartrobert670
Bottled Water: More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; Stringent Federal, State and Industry Standards Help Ensure Safety, Quality and Good Taste
[New York] 09 Apr 2007:
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition Labeling Education Act (NLEA) and the full range of FDA protective measures designed to enforce product safety and protect consumers. States also regulate bottled water inspections, sampling, analyzing and approving bottled water sources. Testing laboratory certification is another area where states may regulate bottled water. As part of the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, IBWA members voluntarily utilize the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for a science-based approach to bottled water production and safety. FDA recognizes HACCP as a key component of food safety and consumer protection.
"While all beverages have their role in a marketplace with an abundance of drink choices," says Stephen R. Kay, IBWA Vice President of Communications, "consumers are choosing bottled water as a refreshing, hydrating beverage and as an alternative to others that may contain calories, caffeine, sugar, artificial colors, alcohol or other ingredients, which they wish to moderate or avoid. For instance, during 2006, individual ...
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards.docxAMMY30
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards should be established for bottled water? What arguments most influenced your decision? How would you explain your position to someone who disagrees with you?
The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1958, IBWA's membership includes U.S. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA is committed to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates bottled water as a packaged food product, and state governments to set stringent standards for safe, high quality bottled water products. Additionally, IBWA requires member bottlers to adhere to the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, which mandates additional standards and practices, that in some cases, are more stringent than federal and state regulations. A key feature of the IBWA Model Code is an annual unannounced plant inspection by an independent, third party organization. For more information about IBWA, bottled water and a list of member's brands, please contact IBWA Manager of Communications Tom Gardner at 703-647-4607 or
[email protected]
Full Text
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition La ...
The reality for companies that are trying to figure out their blogging or content strategy is that there's a lot of content to write beyond just the "buy now" page.
Bottled Water More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; String.docxhartrobert670
Bottled Water: More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; Stringent Federal, State and Industry Standards Help Ensure Safety, Quality and Good Taste
[New York] 09 Apr 2007:
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition Labeling Education Act (NLEA) and the full range of FDA protective measures designed to enforce product safety and protect consumers. States also regulate bottled water inspections, sampling, analyzing and approving bottled water sources. Testing laboratory certification is another area where states may regulate bottled water. As part of the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, IBWA members voluntarily utilize the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for a science-based approach to bottled water production and safety. FDA recognizes HACCP as a key component of food safety and consumer protection.
"While all beverages have their role in a marketplace with an abundance of drink choices," says Stephen R. Kay, IBWA Vice President of Communications, "consumers are choosing bottled water as a refreshing, hydrating beverage and as an alternative to others that may contain calories, caffeine, sugar, artificial colors, alcohol or other ingredients, which they wish to moderate or avoid. For instance, during 2006, individual ...
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards.docxAMMY30
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards should be established for bottled water? What arguments most influenced your decision? How would you explain your position to someone who disagrees with you?
The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1958, IBWA's membership includes U.S. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA is committed to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates bottled water as a packaged food product, and state governments to set stringent standards for safe, high quality bottled water products. Additionally, IBWA requires member bottlers to adhere to the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, which mandates additional standards and practices, that in some cases, are more stringent than federal and state regulations. A key feature of the IBWA Model Code is an annual unannounced plant inspection by an independent, third party organization. For more information about IBWA, bottled water and a list of member's brands, please contact IBWA Manager of Communications Tom Gardner at 703-647-4607 or
[email protected]
Full Text
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition La ...
Bottled water More than just a story about sales growth; Stringen.docxAASTHA76
Bottled water: More than just a story about sales growth; Stringent federal, state and industry standards help ensure safety, quality and good taste. (2007, April 9). PR Newswire. Retrieved October 8, 2009, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1251895191).
Abstract
The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1958, IBWA's membership includes U.S. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA is committed to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates bottled water as a packaged food product, and state governments to set stringent standards for safe, high quality bottled water products. Additionally, IBWA requires member bottlers to adhere to the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, which mandates additional standards and practices, that in some cases, are more stringent than federal and state regulations. A key feature of the IBWA Model Code is an annual unannounced plant inspection by an independent, third party organization. For more information about IBWA, bottled water and a list of member's brands, please contact IBWA Manager of Communications Tom Gardner at 703-647-4607 or [email protected]
Full Text
·
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bott ...
Industrial Ecology and Systems Approach &DETICS SRL
LCA is a quantitative tool for analyzing consumption of resources (renewable & non-renewable) and emission of wastes to the environment (air, water, land) in a system, or in a subsystem
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
1. ZZZE1012
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NEW REASONS TO RETHINK WHAT YOU DRINK
by Christine E. Boyle
Remember boiling tap water for drinking? Who has the time now? Instead, bottled water is
everywhere, in offices, airplanes, stores, homes and restaurants throughout Asia. We consumed
over 49 billion liters of the stuff in 2007, an eight percent increase from 2002. It’s refreshing,5
calorie-free, convenient to carry around, tastier than some tap water and a lot healthier than
sugary sodas. But more and more people are questioning whether the water, and the package it
comes in, is safe, or at least safer than filtered tap water – and if the convenience is worth the
environmental impact.
Evocative names and labels depicting pastoral scenes have convinced us that the liquid is the10
purest drink around. But given the lack of labeling requirements for bottled water, how much do
consumers really know about what’s in the bottle? “The public should not assume that water
purchased in a bottle is better regulated, more pure, or safer than most tap water. Water utilities
are required to tell the public more about their tap water than bottled water companies are,” says
Mac Wu, a bottled water expert at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a nonprofit15
organization in the US devoted to protecting health and the environment.
Yes, some bottled water comes from sparkling springs and other pristine sources. But in the US
alone, more than 25 percent of it comes from a municipal supply. The water is treated, purified
and sold to us, often at a thousandfold increase in price. Most people are surprised to learn that
they are drinking glorified tap water, but bottlers aren’t required to list the source on the label.20
According to the Asian Bottled Water Association, water from municipal supply that has been
subjected to distillation, deionization or reverse osmosis does not have to state on its label that it
is from a community water system. However, there are some brands like Nestle Pure Life that
indicates whether the water comes from public, private or deep well sources.
The controversy isn’t simply about tap versus bottled water. Most people drink both, knowing25
the importance of plenty of water. What they may not know is that some bottled water may not
be as pure as they expect. In 1999, NRDC tested more than 1000 bottles of water from 103
brands. This happens to be the most recent major report on bottled water safety. While noting
that most bottled water is safe, the organization found that at least one sample of a third of the
brands contained bacterial or chemical contaminants, including carcinogens, in levels exceeding30
industry standards.
The NRDC found that samples of two brands were contaminated with phthalates, in one case
exceeding Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for tap water. These chemicals,
used to make plastic softer, are found in cosmetics and fragrances, shower curtains, even baby
toys, and are under increasing scrutiny. They are endocrine disrupters, which means they block35
or mimic hormones, affecting the body’s normal functions. The effects of exposure to the
widespread chemicals may add up. When exposed to high levels of phthalates during critical
developmental periods, male fetuses can have malformed reproductive organs, including
undescended testicles. Some experts link phthalates to low sperm counts. Water bottles do not
contain the chemical, which means the phthalates detected by the NRDC probably got into the40
water during processing at the bottling plant, or were present in the original water source
(phthalates have been found in some tap water). Despite the concerns over water-safety
regulations, demand for bottled water continues to grow globally.
I
II
III
IV
V
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The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires bottlers to regularly test for
contaminants, but the agency considers bottled water a low-risk product. So plants may not be45
inspected every year. According to one official, it’s the manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure
that the product complies with laws and regulations. Some bottlers turn to NSF International, a
trade group that conducts yearly unannounced inspections of plants, looking at the source of the
water and the treatment process, and testing for contaminants. Other companies belong to the
International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) which also performs annual unannounced tests50
to ensure the plant is up to FDA standards. IBWA has its own regulations, some of which are
stricter than the FDA’s. Bottlers don’t have to let consumers know if their product becomes
contaminated, but sometimes they pull their products from stores. In fact, between 1990 and
2007, this happened about 100 times, says Peter Gleick of the Pacific Institute in Oakland,
California. Among the reasons for recall are contamination with mould, benzene, coliform,55
microbes, and even crickets.
Most bottled water comes in polyethylene terephthalate bottles, indicated by a number 1 PET or
PETE on the bottle’s bottom. (No, it’s not the same phthalate mentioned earlier). The bottles are
generally safe says Ken Smith, PhD, immediate past chair of the American Chemical Society’s
division of environmental chemistry. Nevertheless scientists say when stored in hot or warm60
temperatures, the plastic may leach chemicals into the water.
High temperatures in your storage space aren’t the only potential risk. So are the other things you
keep there. Experts advise against storing water in the garage, near gas fumes, pesticides and
other chemicals that could, at the very least, affect the smell and taste of the water. It’s not just
where you store your water, but what you do with it as you carry it with you. Many people sip65
from a bottle that’s been sitting in a hot car, a potentially dangerous move. “Are there hazards
associated with these chemicals?” asks James Kapin, a chemical safety consultant in San Diego.
“Absolutely.” Experts have raised a warning flag about a few specific chemicals. Antimony is a
potentially toxic material used in making PET. Last year, scientists in Germany found that the
longer a bottle of water sits around (in a store, in your home), the more antimony it develops.70
High concentrations of antimony can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. In the study, levels
found were below those set as safe by the EPA, but it’s a topic that needs more research.
The potential health risks are important to understand, but bottled water also affects the health of
the planet. While we struggle to cut down on our consumption of fossil fuels, bottled water
increases it. Virgin petroleum is used to make PET, and the more bottles we use, the more virgin75
petroleum will be needed to create new bottles. Fossil fuels are burned to fill the bottles and
distribute them. Stephen Kay of IBWA points out that it’s not just bottled water, but juices, soda
and other beverages packed in plastic that add to this waste. Some brands of water come from
islands and countries thousands of kilometers away, and shipping bottles can cause carbon
pollution to spill into the water and spew into the air.80
Then there’s the waste of water itself, says Todd Jarvis, PhD, Associate Director of the Institute
for Water and Watersheds at Oregon State University. According to his calculations, it takes
about 273 billion liters of water a year, worldwide, just to make the empty bottles. Treating and
filtering tap water for bottling creates even more waste. By some estimates, it takes about two
liters of water to make every liter you see on store shelves. Although recycling of plastics, glass,85
and paper in many Asian countries is low compared to Europe and North America, national
VII
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recycling campaigns in Singapore, Japan, Thailand, and Hong Kong are making recycling more
convenient for residents. But without a recycling culture in place, items like plastic bottles end
up in incinerators, or in landfills where they could sit for thousands of years. Nestle Water,
Danone and other bottlers are trying to be greener by introducing lighter-weight bottles that use90
up to 30 percent less plastic. It’s a good start, but more needs to be done – by them, and by us.
(1,308 words)
Adapted from:
Reader’s Digest Asia
March 2009
A. VOCABULARY (5 Marks)
1. Match the following words with their respective meanings as used in the article. The first one
has been done for you.
o. consumed (Line 4) ___b__
a. bottled (Line 11) ______
b. pristine (Line 17) _____
c. bottling (Line 41) _____
d. unannounced (Line 48) _____
e. shipping (Line 79) _____
a. ships
b. drink
c. clean
d. important
e. transporting
f. water container
g. putting in bottles
h. provided in bottles
i. without advanced notice
4. ZZZE1012
4
(5 x ½ m = 2½ marks)
2. Find a word in the text that has the same meaning as each of the following expressions. The
paragraph numbers help you know where to look
a. Make a guess that something is true (Para II) ____________________
b. Factories that supply drinking water (Para III) ____________________
c. Buildings for manufacturing purposes (Para VI) ____________________
d. Things that can cause danger (Para VIII) ____________________
e. More environmentally friendly (Para X) ____________________
(5 x ½ m = 2½ marks)
B. REFERENCE (5 Marks)
What do the following words/phrase refer to?
1. the liquid (Line 10) _________________________________________________________
2. They (Line 35) _________________________________________________________
3. this (Line 54) _________________________________________________________
4. it (Line 75) _________________________________________________________
5. they (Line 89) _________________________________________________________
(5 x 1m = 5 marks)
C. COMPREHENSION (40 Marks)
Answer the following questions based on the article.
1. a. What are all the possible sources of water that are sold in bottles?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
b. Are bottled water companies required to state where their water came from? Circle A or B.
A. Yes B. No
(1 mark)
5. ZZZE1012
5
c. Quote from the article to support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
2. a. There are stricter rules for bottled water than for tap water. Is this true or false?
A. True B. False
(1 mark)
b. Quote from the article to support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
3. What does the writer mean by “glorified tap water” (Line 20)?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
4. Find the words/phrases in paragraphs II and III that refer to tap water sources.
i. ____________________________________________________________________________
ii. ___________________________________________________________________________
iii. ___________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
5. a. Explain how phthalates cause harm to humans.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. ZZZE1012
6
______________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
b. Where did the phthalates in bottled water come from?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
6. a. List all the contaminants that have been found in bottled water.
i. ____________________________________________________________________________
ii. ___________________________________________________________________________
iii. ___________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)
b. When a company finds that some of its bottled water is contaminated, are they required to
tell the public about this? Circle A or B.
A. Yes B. No
(1 mark)
c. Quote from the article to support your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
7. a. In your own words, explain what is meant by “pull their products from stores” (Line 53).
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
b. Why did they “pull their products from stores”?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
7. ZZZE1012
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8. a. What kind of plastic are water bottles made of?
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
b. What is the problem with this plastic?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
9. a. Explain how antimony gets into bottled water.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
b. What are the effects of antimony on humans?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
10. What is the main idea of paragraph IX?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
11. List five reasons why bottled water is harmful to the environment.
i. ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
ii. ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
iii. ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________