This paper gives a new scheme of watermarking technique related to insert the mark by adding edge in HH sub-band of the host image after wavelet decomposition. Contrary to most of the watermarking algorithms in wavelet domain, our method is blind and results show that it is robust against the JPEG and GIF compression, histogram and spectrum spreading, noise adding and small rotation. Its robustness against compression is better than others watermarking algorithms reported in the literature. The algorithm is flexible because its capacity or robustness can be improved by modifying some parameters.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
SECURED COLOR IMAGE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE IN DWT-DCT DOMAIN ijcseit
The multilayer secured DWT-DCT and YIQ color space based image watermarking technique with
robustness and better correlation is presented here. The security levels are increased by using multiple pn
sequences, Arnold scrambling, DWT domain, DCT domain and color space conversions. Peak signal to
noise ratio and Normalized correlations are used as measurement metrics. The 512x512 sized color images
with different histograms are used for testing and watermark of size 64x64 is embedded in HL region of
DWT and 4x4 DCT is used. ‘Haar’ wavelet is used for decomposition and direct flexing factor is used. We
got PSNR value is 63.9988 for flexing factor k=1 for Lena image and the maximum NC 0.9781 for flexing
factor k=4 in Q color space. The comparative performance in Y, I and Q color space is presented. The
technique is robust for different attacks like scaling, compression, rotation etc.
Robust Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Wavelet TechniqueCSCJournals
In this paper, an image watermarking scheme based on multi bands wavelet transformation method is proposed. At first, the proposed scheme is tested on the spatial domain (for both a non and semi blind techniques) in order to compare its results with a frequency domain. In the frequency domain, an adaptive scheme is designed and implemented based on the bands selection criteria to embed the watermark. These criteria depend on the number of wavelet passes. In this work three methods are developed to embed the watermark (one band (LL|HH|HL|LH), two bands (LL&HH | LL&HL | LL&LH | HL&LH | HL&HH | LH&HH) and three bands (LL&HL&LH | LL&HH&HL | LL&HH&LH | LH&HH&HL) selection. The analysis results indicate that the performance of the proposed watermarking scheme for the non-blind scheme is much better than semi-blind scheme in terms of similarity of extracted watermark, while the security of semi-blind is relatively high. The results show that in frequency domain when the watermark is added to the two bands (HL and LH) for No. of pass =3 led to good correlation between original and extracted watermark around (similarity = 99%), and leads to reconstructed images of good objective quality (PSNR=24 dB) after JPEG compression attack (QF=25). The disadvantage of the scheme is the involvement of a large number of wavelet bands in the embedding process.
A Wavelet Based Hybrid SVD Algorithm for Digital Image Watermarkingsipij
In this paper we propose a hybrid image watermarking algorithm which satisfies both imperceptibility and robustness requirements. Our proposed work provide an optimum solution by using singular values of Wavelet Transformation’s HL and LH sub bands to embed watermark. Further to increase and control the strength of the watermark, we use a scale factor. An optimal watermark embedding method is developed to achieve minimum watermarking distortion. A secret embedding key is designed to securely embed the fragile watermarks so that the new method is robust to counterfeiting, even when the malicious attackers are fully aware of the watermark embedding algorithm. Experimental results are provided in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), normalized cross correlation (NCC) and gain factor to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Image operations such as JPEG compression from malicious image attacks and, thus, can be used for semi-fragile watermarking.
Enhancement of genetic image watermarking robust against cropping attackijfcstjournal
The enhancement of image watermarking algorithm robust against particular attack by using genetic
algorithm is presented here. There is a trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness in image
watermarking. To preserve both of these characteristics in digital image watermarking in a logical value,
the genetic algorithm is used. Some factors were introduced for providing robustness of image
watermarking against cropping attack such as the Centre of Interest Proximity Factor (CIPF), the
Complexity Factor (CF) and the Priority Coefficient (PC).
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
SECURED COLOR IMAGE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE IN DWT-DCT DOMAIN ijcseit
The multilayer secured DWT-DCT and YIQ color space based image watermarking technique with
robustness and better correlation is presented here. The security levels are increased by using multiple pn
sequences, Arnold scrambling, DWT domain, DCT domain and color space conversions. Peak signal to
noise ratio and Normalized correlations are used as measurement metrics. The 512x512 sized color images
with different histograms are used for testing and watermark of size 64x64 is embedded in HL region of
DWT and 4x4 DCT is used. ‘Haar’ wavelet is used for decomposition and direct flexing factor is used. We
got PSNR value is 63.9988 for flexing factor k=1 for Lena image and the maximum NC 0.9781 for flexing
factor k=4 in Q color space. The comparative performance in Y, I and Q color space is presented. The
technique is robust for different attacks like scaling, compression, rotation etc.
Robust Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Wavelet TechniqueCSCJournals
In this paper, an image watermarking scheme based on multi bands wavelet transformation method is proposed. At first, the proposed scheme is tested on the spatial domain (for both a non and semi blind techniques) in order to compare its results with a frequency domain. In the frequency domain, an adaptive scheme is designed and implemented based on the bands selection criteria to embed the watermark. These criteria depend on the number of wavelet passes. In this work three methods are developed to embed the watermark (one band (LL|HH|HL|LH), two bands (LL&HH | LL&HL | LL&LH | HL&LH | HL&HH | LH&HH) and three bands (LL&HL&LH | LL&HH&HL | LL&HH&LH | LH&HH&HL) selection. The analysis results indicate that the performance of the proposed watermarking scheme for the non-blind scheme is much better than semi-blind scheme in terms of similarity of extracted watermark, while the security of semi-blind is relatively high. The results show that in frequency domain when the watermark is added to the two bands (HL and LH) for No. of pass =3 led to good correlation between original and extracted watermark around (similarity = 99%), and leads to reconstructed images of good objective quality (PSNR=24 dB) after JPEG compression attack (QF=25). The disadvantage of the scheme is the involvement of a large number of wavelet bands in the embedding process.
A Wavelet Based Hybrid SVD Algorithm for Digital Image Watermarkingsipij
In this paper we propose a hybrid image watermarking algorithm which satisfies both imperceptibility and robustness requirements. Our proposed work provide an optimum solution by using singular values of Wavelet Transformation’s HL and LH sub bands to embed watermark. Further to increase and control the strength of the watermark, we use a scale factor. An optimal watermark embedding method is developed to achieve minimum watermarking distortion. A secret embedding key is designed to securely embed the fragile watermarks so that the new method is robust to counterfeiting, even when the malicious attackers are fully aware of the watermark embedding algorithm. Experimental results are provided in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), normalized cross correlation (NCC) and gain factor to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Image operations such as JPEG compression from malicious image attacks and, thus, can be used for semi-fragile watermarking.
Enhancement of genetic image watermarking robust against cropping attackijfcstjournal
The enhancement of image watermarking algorithm robust against particular attack by using genetic
algorithm is presented here. There is a trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness in image
watermarking. To preserve both of these characteristics in digital image watermarking in a logical value,
the genetic algorithm is used. Some factors were introduced for providing robustness of image
watermarking against cropping attack such as the Centre of Interest Proximity Factor (CIPF), the
Complexity Factor (CF) and the Priority Coefficient (PC).
An efficient image compression algorithm using dct biorthogonal wavelet trans...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Recently the digital imaging applications is increasing significantly and it leads the requirement of effective image compression techniques. Image compression removes the redundant information from an image. By using it we can able to store only the necessary information which helps to reduce the transmission bandwidth, transmission time and storage size of image. This paper proposed a new image compression technique using DCT-Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform with arithmetic coding for improvement the visual quality of an image. It is a simple technique for getting better compression results. In this new algorithm firstly Biorthogonal wavelet transform is applied and then 2D DCT-Biorthogonal wavelet transform is applied on each block of the low frequency sub band. Finally, split all values from each transformed block and arithmetic coding is applied for image compression.
Keywords: Arithmetic coding, Biorthogonal wavelet Transform, DCT, Image Compression.
In Digital era sharing of images have become very
common and raises the risk of using it for unethical and
fraudulent purposes with the help of manipulation tools. Digital
image watermarking is one way to protect the digital information
(text, images, audio, and video) from fraudulent manipulations.
Digital Image Watermarking is a process of implanting data in
the original image for authentication. In this paper we are
providing one such watermarking scheme for color images. The
proposed method is designed to be robust for common attacks
with the aid of redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT)
and discrete cosine transform (DCT) properties. After applying
two levels RDWT decomposition to the blue channel of cover
image, we apply DCT to HH_LL subband i.e. 2nd level
decomposed coefficient of HH band and to the watermark.
Divided the HH_LL sub band into 4x4 subblocks and DCT
coefficients of the last subblock of the cover image are replaced
with the DCT coefficients of watermark. Inverse DCT and
inverse RDWT is performed to get watermarked image. The
performance of the proposed technique is measured using the
parameters PSNR and NCC.
Feature Based watermarking algorithm for Image Authentication using D4 Wavele...sipij
In this paper we propose a new watermarking schema i.e. the combination of color space and wavelet transform. Watermarking is a technique that authenticates a digital picture by hiding the secret information into the image. Now, a lot of algorithms and methods have been developed for greyscale images but the particularities of color spaces have to be studied. On the other hand, the wavelet transform allows different possibilities of integrating a mark because of the uses of different parameters: the scale of decomposition, size, shape and localisation of the mark, and the used color space, etc. The RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) values of each pixel of the host color image as well as the color key image are converted to HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Value) values. Then the orthogonal D4 Wavelet transform is applied in each plate of host image and key image. Now insert the key component into appropriate blocks of host image’s different plates. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our algorithm.
4 ijaems jun-2015-5-hybrid algorithmic approach for medical image compression...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
As medical imaging facilities move towards complete filmless imaging and also generate a large volume of image data through various advance medical modalities, the ability to store, share and transfer images on a cloud-based system is essential for maximizing efficiencies. The major issue that arises in teleradiology is the difficulty of transmitting large volume of medical data with relatively low bandwidth. Image compression techniques have increased the viability by reducing the bandwidth requirement and cost-effective delivery of medical images for primary diagnosis.Wavelet transformation is widely used in the fields of image compression because they allow analysis of images at various levels of resolution and good characteristics. The algorithm what is discussed in this paper employs wavelet toolbox of MATLAB. Multilevel decomposition of the original image is performed by using Haar wavelet transform and then image is quantified and coded based on Huffman technique. The wavelet packet has been applied for reconstruction of the compressed image. The simulation results show that the algorithm has excellent effects in the image reconstruction and better compression ratio and also study shows that valuable in medical image compression on cloud platform.
A Wavelet - Based Object Watermarking System for MPEG4 VideoCSCJournals
Efficient storage, transmission and use of video information are key requirements in many multimedia applications currently being addressed by MPEG-4. To fulfill these requirements, a new approach for representing video information which relies on an object-based representation, has been adopted. Therefore, object-based watermarking schemes are needed for copyright protection. This paper presents a novel object based watermarking solution for MPEG4 video authentication using the shape adaptive-discrete wavelet transform (SA-DWT). In order to make the watermark robust and transparent, the watermark is embedded in the average of wavelet blocks using the visual model based on the human visual system. Wavelet coefficients n least significant bits (LSBs) are adjusted in concert with the average. Simulation results shows that the proposed watermarking scheme is perceptually invisible and robust against many attacks such as lossy compression (e.g. MPEG1 and MPEG2,MPEG-4,H264)
DIGITAL WATERMARKING TECHNIQUE BASED ON MULTI-RESOLUTION CURVELET TRANSFORMijfcstjournal
In this paper an efficient & robust non-blind watermarking technique based on multi-resolution geometric analysis named curvelet transform is proposed. Curvelet transform represent edges along curve much more efficiently than the wavelet transform and other traditional transforms. The proposed algorithm of embedding watermark in different scales in curvelet domain is implemented and the results are compared
using proper metric. The visual quality of watermarked image, efficiency of data hiding and the quality of extracted watermark of curvelet domain embedding techniques with wavelet Domain at different number of decomposition levels are compared. Experimental results show that embedding in curvelet domain yields best visual quality in watermarked image, the quality of extracted watermark, robustness of the watermark and the data hiding efficiency.
Digital Watermarking Technique Based on Multi-Resolution Curvelet Transform ijfcstjournal
In this paper an efficient & robust non-blind watermarking technique based on multi-resolution geometric
analysis named curvelet transform is proposed. Curvelet transform represent edges along curve much more
efficiently than the wavelet transform and other traditional transforms. The proposed algorithm of
embedding watermark in different scales in curvelet domain is implemented and the results are compared
using proper metric. The visual quality of watermarked image, efficiency of data hiding and the quality of
extracted watermark of curvelet domain embedding techniques with wavelet Domain at different number of
decomposition levels are compared. Experimental results show that embedding in curvelet domain yields
best visual quality in watermarked image, the quality of extracted watermark, robustness of the watermark
and the data hiding efficiency.
Post-Segmentation Approach for Lossless Region of Interest Codingsipij
This paper presents a lossless region of interest coding technique that is suitable for interactive telemedicine over networks. The new encoding scheme allows a server to transmit only a part of a compressed image data progressively as a client requests it. This technique is different from region scalable coding in JPEG2000 since it does not define region of interest (ROI) when encoding occurs. In the proposed method, the image is fully encoded and stored in the server. It also allows a user to select a ROI after the compression is done. This feature is the main contribution of research. The proposed coding method achieves the region scalable coding by using the integer wavelet lifting, successive quantization, and partitioning that rearranges the wavelet coefficients into subsets. Each subset that represents a local area in an image is then separately coded using run-length and entropy coding. In this paper, we will show the benefits of using the proposed technique with examples and simulation results.
Novel DCT based watermarking scheme for digital imagesIDES Editor
There is an ever growing interest in copyright
protection of multimedia content, thus digital
watermarking techniques are widely practiced. Due to
the internet connectivity and digital libraries the
research interest of protecting digital content
watermarking is extensively researched. In this paper
we present a novel watermark generation scheme
based on the histogram of the image and apply it to the
original image in the transform(DCT) domain. Further
we study the performance of the watermark against
some common attacks that can take place with images.
Experimental results show that the embedded
watermark is imperceptible and image quality is not
degraded.
AN EFFICIENT M-ARY QIM DATA HIDING ALGORITHM FOR THE APPLICATION TO IMAGE ERR...IJNSA Journal
Methods like edge directed interpolation and projection onto convex sets (POCS) that are widely used for image error concealment to produce better image quality are complex in nature and also time consuming. Moreover, those methods are not suitable for real time error concealment where the decoder may not have sufficient computation power or done in online. In this paper, we propose a data-hiding scheme for error concealment of digital image. Edge direction information of a block is extracted in the encoder and is embedded imperceptibly into the host media using quantization index modulation (QIM), thus reduces work load of the decoder. The system performance in term of fidelity and computational load is improved using M-ary data modulation based on near-orthogonal QIM. The decoder extracts the embedded
features (edge information) and those features are then used for recovery of lost data. Experimental results duly support the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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An efficient image compression algorithm using dct biorthogonal wavelet trans...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Recently the digital imaging applications is increasing significantly and it leads the requirement of effective image compression techniques. Image compression removes the redundant information from an image. By using it we can able to store only the necessary information which helps to reduce the transmission bandwidth, transmission time and storage size of image. This paper proposed a new image compression technique using DCT-Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform with arithmetic coding for improvement the visual quality of an image. It is a simple technique for getting better compression results. In this new algorithm firstly Biorthogonal wavelet transform is applied and then 2D DCT-Biorthogonal wavelet transform is applied on each block of the low frequency sub band. Finally, split all values from each transformed block and arithmetic coding is applied for image compression.
Keywords: Arithmetic coding, Biorthogonal wavelet Transform, DCT, Image Compression.
In Digital era sharing of images have become very
common and raises the risk of using it for unethical and
fraudulent purposes with the help of manipulation tools. Digital
image watermarking is one way to protect the digital information
(text, images, audio, and video) from fraudulent manipulations.
Digital Image Watermarking is a process of implanting data in
the original image for authentication. In this paper we are
providing one such watermarking scheme for color images. The
proposed method is designed to be robust for common attacks
with the aid of redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT)
and discrete cosine transform (DCT) properties. After applying
two levels RDWT decomposition to the blue channel of cover
image, we apply DCT to HH_LL subband i.e. 2nd level
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Divided the HH_LL sub band into 4x4 subblocks and DCT
coefficients of the last subblock of the cover image are replaced
with the DCT coefficients of watermark. Inverse DCT and
inverse RDWT is performed to get watermarked image. The
performance of the proposed technique is measured using the
parameters PSNR and NCC.
Feature Based watermarking algorithm for Image Authentication using D4 Wavele...sipij
In this paper we propose a new watermarking schema i.e. the combination of color space and wavelet transform. Watermarking is a technique that authenticates a digital picture by hiding the secret information into the image. Now, a lot of algorithms and methods have been developed for greyscale images but the particularities of color spaces have to be studied. On the other hand, the wavelet transform allows different possibilities of integrating a mark because of the uses of different parameters: the scale of decomposition, size, shape and localisation of the mark, and the used color space, etc. The RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) values of each pixel of the host color image as well as the color key image are converted to HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Value) values. Then the orthogonal D4 Wavelet transform is applied in each plate of host image and key image. Now insert the key component into appropriate blocks of host image’s different plates. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our algorithm.
4 ijaems jun-2015-5-hybrid algorithmic approach for medical image compression...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
As medical imaging facilities move towards complete filmless imaging and also generate a large volume of image data through various advance medical modalities, the ability to store, share and transfer images on a cloud-based system is essential for maximizing efficiencies. The major issue that arises in teleradiology is the difficulty of transmitting large volume of medical data with relatively low bandwidth. Image compression techniques have increased the viability by reducing the bandwidth requirement and cost-effective delivery of medical images for primary diagnosis.Wavelet transformation is widely used in the fields of image compression because they allow analysis of images at various levels of resolution and good characteristics. The algorithm what is discussed in this paper employs wavelet toolbox of MATLAB. Multilevel decomposition of the original image is performed by using Haar wavelet transform and then image is quantified and coded based on Huffman technique. The wavelet packet has been applied for reconstruction of the compressed image. The simulation results show that the algorithm has excellent effects in the image reconstruction and better compression ratio and also study shows that valuable in medical image compression on cloud platform.
A Wavelet - Based Object Watermarking System for MPEG4 VideoCSCJournals
Efficient storage, transmission and use of video information are key requirements in many multimedia applications currently being addressed by MPEG-4. To fulfill these requirements, a new approach for representing video information which relies on an object-based representation, has been adopted. Therefore, object-based watermarking schemes are needed for copyright protection. This paper presents a novel object based watermarking solution for MPEG4 video authentication using the shape adaptive-discrete wavelet transform (SA-DWT). In order to make the watermark robust and transparent, the watermark is embedded in the average of wavelet blocks using the visual model based on the human visual system. Wavelet coefficients n least significant bits (LSBs) are adjusted in concert with the average. Simulation results shows that the proposed watermarking scheme is perceptually invisible and robust against many attacks such as lossy compression (e.g. MPEG1 and MPEG2,MPEG-4,H264)
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using proper metric. The visual quality of watermarked image, efficiency of data hiding and the quality of extracted watermark of curvelet domain embedding techniques with wavelet Domain at different number of decomposition levels are compared. Experimental results show that embedding in curvelet domain yields best visual quality in watermarked image, the quality of extracted watermark, robustness of the watermark and the data hiding efficiency.
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using proper metric. The visual quality of watermarked image, efficiency of data hiding and the quality of
extracted watermark of curvelet domain embedding techniques with wavelet Domain at different number of
decomposition levels are compared. Experimental results show that embedding in curvelet domain yields
best visual quality in watermarked image, the quality of extracted watermark, robustness of the watermark
and the data hiding efficiency.
Post-Segmentation Approach for Lossless Region of Interest Codingsipij
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There is an ever growing interest in copyright
protection of multimedia content, thus digital
watermarking techniques are widely practiced. Due to
the internet connectivity and digital libraries the
research interest of protecting digital content
watermarking is extensively researched. In this paper
we present a novel watermark generation scheme
based on the histogram of the image and apply it to the
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we study the performance of the watermark against
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Blind and Robust Images Watermarking Based on Wavelet and Edge Insertion
1. International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security (IJCIS), Vol.3, No. 3, September 2013
DOI:10.5121/ijcis.2013.3303 23
BLIND AND ROBUST IMAGES WATERMARKING
BASED ON WAVELET AND EDGE INSERTION
Henri Bruno Razafindradina1
and Attoumani Mohamed Karim2
1
Higher Institute of Technology, Diego Suarez - Madagascar
2
Department of Studies and Projects at the Comoros ICT Regulation Authority, Comoros
ABSTRACT
This paper gives a new scheme of watermarking technique related to insert the mark by adding edge in HH
sub-band of the host image after wavelet decomposition. Contrary to most of the watermarking algorithms
in wavelet domain, our method is blind and results show that it is robust against the JPEG and GIF
compression, histogram and spectrum spreading, noise adding and small rotation. Its robustness against
compression is better than others watermarking algorithms reported in the literature. The algorithm is
flexible because its capacity or robustness can be improved by modifying some parameters.
KEYWORDS
Watermarking, Wavelet, Edge, Multimedia, Copyright
1. INTRODUCTION
Watermarking is a technique which consists in inserting a robust and imperceptible brand in a
host image, in order to protect it against illegal copying. The watermarking algorithms must be
imperceptible to the naked eye, robust against attacks, blind which means : the original image is
not necessary for the detection and extraction of the brand. The wavelet decomposition is much
used in compression, denoising and image watermarking. It has shown its efficiency in
compression with the birth of the JPEG2000 standard. About the use of wavelet watermarking,
compared to other techniques such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT - Fast Fourier Transform), the
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT - Discrete Cosine Transform), Spread Spectrum (CDMA - Code
Division Multiple Access), the number of publications in the field of wavelet transform (DWT -
Discrete Wavelet Transform) does not cease to increase. Watermarking scheme such as the
insertion by adding the wavelet coefficients of the brand in the high and low frequency bands of
the image host [1] [2], based on the Delaunay triangulation [3] algorithm, resist several types of
attacks. Several attempts have even been made to combine DWT with other transformed, can be
cited : the Ganic and Al [4] algorithm that inserts the singular values of the brand in those of the
host image, video watermarking proposed by Fan [5] which spreads the bits of the mark before its
insertion, Jiansheng [6] method that inserts the DCT of the mark in the HH band of the host
image after decomposition and finally other hybrid methods [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] based
on mixed transform techniques. Certainly, these techniques are
efficient, but most of them are not blind.
In this paper, we present a new robust and blind watermarking method that change the
coefficients of the HH band by adding edges. The extraction of the brand consists in detecting the
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edges in the same band. The basics of the wavelet transform are first described, then we will
detail the proposed method and the results will be discussed.
2. THE WAVELET TRANSFORM
The Wavelet Transform is a multi-resolution description of an image. It decomposes an image
into several sub-bands in three different directions : horizontal, vertical and diagonal.
It consists to decompose an image into low and high frequencies using respectively low-pass and
high-pass filters [15] :
and (1)
where H(ω) and G(ω) must be orthogonal :
(2)
The obtained coefficients are :
(3)
The reconstruction IDWT of the original signal is the reverse process of DWT. It is summarized
by the following formula:
(4)
The result is an approximation image having a halved resolution and three detail images which
give the errors between the original image and the approximation image. This transformation is
repeated as many times as necessary to obtain the desired number of sub-bands. After a few levels
of decomposition, the low frequencies are concentrated on the top left corner of the transform and
look like a compressed version of the original image.
3. PROPOSED WATERMARKING SCHEME
3.1. Our Approach
Despite the complexity of the computation of the wavelet coefficients, the DWT is much closer to
the human visual system [14] that the DCT or DFT. In the watermarking insertion part, the first
stage is to decompose the image into four frequency bands denoted LL, HL, LH and HH.
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25
Figure 1. One level decomposition with DWT
The proposed algorithm (second stage) inserts a bit of the brand by adding a block of size N × N
in the HH band (high frequency) : the first block (a) shows a bit “1” and the other block ( b)
represents a bit “0” or vice versa.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Block representing bits to be inserted
These two blocks (a) and (b) can be modeled as edges : the first is a rising and the second is a
falling edge. Therefore, their gradient (formula 5) along the horizontal axis is a peak for (a) and
a hollow for (b).
(5)
The following figure shows the appearance of gradients obtained by differentiating the two
blocks in Figure 2.
Figure 3. Respective gradients of the rising edges (a) and falling (b)
Adding marks inserts rising or falling edges in the image. The extraction of the mark detects the
presence of these edges in the image.
The following figure shows the proposed method :
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Figure 4. Insertion method
3.2. Insertion Algorithm
To insert a bit, selecting a block noted blocHH of the same size than the mark in the HH band and
then adding two blocks. The insertion algorithm is summarized as follows :
1. Compute the wavelet transform of the image I (we denote this transform IDWT).
2. Add brand in blocHH block by applying the formula :
If (Bit_Of_The_Mark = 1) then
blocHH = blocHH + λ × rising edge
Else
blocHH = blocHH + λ × falling edge
End If
3.Finally, the inverse transformation is applied to the IDWT image to form the watermarked
image.
Where λ is a factor to adjust the robustness and imperceptibility of the technique. In this
algorithm, the edges are matrix formed by -1 (black) and 1 (white).
3.3. Extraction Algorithm
The following figure illustrates the extraction of the mark :
Figure 5. Extraction scheme of the brand
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The first step isolates all blocks of N × N HH band. The next is to compute the gradient of each
block. The mark is detected by determining the sign of sum of the gradient coefficients. The
following algorithm summarizes the extraction process :
1. Compute the wavelet transform of the watermarked image.
2. Compute the gradient of each blocHH block (there GHH this gradient)
If (Sum_Of_GHH_Coefficients > 0) then
Bit_Of_The_Mark = 1
Else
If (Sum_Of_GHH_Coefficients < 0)
Bit_Of_The_Mark = 0
End If
End If
4. RESULTS
The method was tested with “lena, mandrill and plane” images that have 512 × 512 pixels. The
mark contains 1024 bits. The size of the block to be inserted is 8 × 8. We made several tests by
changing the value of λ and λ = 20 gave an interesting result with a good compromise
robustness / imperceptibility.
The following figures show respectively the original image (a), the inserted mark (b), the
watermarked image (c) and the difference (d) between the original and the watermarked images :
(a) (b) (c)
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(d)
Figure 6. Original image (a), brand (b) watermarked image (c) difference (d)
The watermark is imperceptible because the average PSNR measured between the two images
(Original and Watermarked) is 26 dB. Figure (d) also illustrates the invisibility of the mark.
The robustness of the technique was evaluated by attacking the watermarked image with filtering
(median filter), addition of Gaussian noise and salt-pepper (different values of the noise standard
deviation σ are shown in Table 1), JPEG compression (Quality Factor QF%), GIF color reducing
and rotation (low rotation). The following table shows the extracted marks and
means of obtained Bit Error Rate (BER) :
Table 1. Reconstructed marks for each type of attacks
Noise (Salt and pepper 0.05) Noise (Salt and pepper 0.1) Noise (Salt and pepper 0.2)
BER = 0.0283 BER = 0.0740 BER = 0.2021
Noise (Gaussien 0.01) Noise (Gaussien 0.05) Noise (Gaussien 0.1)
BER = 0.0088 BER = 0.1152 BER = 0.2012
Median Filtrer (3x3) Median Filtrer (5x5) Median Filtrer (7x7)
BER = 0.0430 BER = 0.3154 BER = 0.2961
JPEG (QF 10%) JPEG (QF 50%) JPEG (QF 90%)
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BER = 0 BER = 0 BER = 0
GIF Compression Histogram Equalization Rotation 0.25/-.025
BER = 0 BER = 0 BER = 0.4414
5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, we propose a new watermarking method “robust and blind” based on edge insertion.
The image of Table 1 shows that our technique resists to several types of attacks : GIF and JPEG
compression, noise addition, histogram equalization and rotation. Robustness against rotation is
very limited, indeed to an angle greater than 0.25, the method is not more robust. Compared to
the Kuraz [9] method and those described by Kumsawat [8] and Fang [10], ours, which gives a
BER = 0 for all quality factors, provides better robustness to JPEG compression. As described by
Oliveria et al. [15] “an algorithm that is resistant to all kinds of attacks does not exist”, our
algorithm can't solve all the problems in image watermarking field because it also has its limits
(unrobustness with high rotation). But, the method can be improved by adjusting the technical
parameters such as λ or size blocHH :
By increasing λ, we can improve the robustness of the method, but the imperceptibility of
the mark is no longer respected.
Capacity (number of bits that can be inserted in the host image) of our technique can be
improved by reducing the size of blocHH. For example, the capacity could be doubled by
halving the number of rows in the block, but this operation would reduce greatly the
robustness of the method.The Sharkas et al. [16] method is also a good solution by
inserting a portion of the mark in another part which will be added to the image host.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank IST-D (Institut Supérieur de Technologie d'Antsiranana) for its
Sponsor and Financial Support.
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Authors
Henri Bruno Razafindradina was born in Fianarantsoa, Madagascar, on 1978. He
received, respectively, his M.S degree and Ph.D in Computer Science and Information
Engineering in 2005 and 2008. He served since 2010 as a lecturer at the Higher
Institute of Technology Diego Suarez, became an assistant reviewer in 2011. His
current research interests include images compression, multimedia, computer vision,
information hiding.
Karim Attoumani Mohamed is the Technical Assistant in Telecoms and Responsible
of Procurement Management at the Project Implementation Unit (ABGE) for
Comoros. He was the Head of the Department of Studies and Projects at the Comoros
ICT Regulation Authority. He is interested in Image Processing, ICT and Internet
governance