A Brief Seminar with a nice design about bleeding, that prepared by 7 nursing students at the university of sulaimani.

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• Group B5:
• Peywend Ebdulla
• Shoxan Fathulla
• Razyan Mohemmed
• Gashbin Ismail
• Sumeya Adil
• Shilan Hussen
• Sara Star
University of Sulaimani/ College of Nursing

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Overview
Introduction
Symptoms
Causes
 Traumatic Bleeding
 Medical Conditions
 Medicines
Treatment

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Introduction
 Bleeding, or hemorrhage, is the name used to describe
blood loss. It can refer to blood loss inside the body,
called internal bleeding. Or it can refer to blood loss
outside of the body, called external bleeding.
 Blood loss can occur in almost any area of the body.
 Internal Bleeding: occurs when blood leaks out
through a damaged blood vessel or organ.

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Introduction
 External Bleeding happens when blood exits through a
break in the skin. Or it also happens when blood exits
through a natural opening in the body, such as the:
 mouth
 vagina
 rectum
 nose

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Symptoms
 External Bleeding
 It is no-brainer!
 Internal Bleeding: symptoms and signs of internal
bleeding depend on where the bleeding is coming
from, but may include:
 Headache
 Stiff neck
 Stroke symptoms (vision loss, weakness)
 Low blood pressure

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Causes
Traumatic Bleeding
Medical Conditions
Medicines

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 Traumatic bleeding is caused by some type of injury,
There are types of wound which may cause traumatic
bleeding, These include:
 Abrasion: also called a graze. This is caused by
transverse action of a foreign object against the skin.
And usually does not penetrate below the epidermis.
Traumatic Bleeding

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Traumatic Bleeding
 Hematoma: caused by damage to blood vessel that in
turn causes blood to collect under the skin.

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Traumatic Bleeding
 Laceration: irregular wound caused by blunt impact to
soft tissue overlying , hard tissue or tearing such as in
childbirth, in some instance, this can also be to
describe an incision.

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Medical Conditions
 There are also some medical condition that can cause
bleeding due to a medical condition is less common
that traumatic bleeding.
 Conditions that can cause bleeding include :
 Hemophilia • Leukemia
 Congenital heart failure • Endometriosis
 Thrombocytopenia • Vitamin k deficiency

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Hemophilia
 Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder in which
a person lacks or has low levels of certain proteins
called [clotting factor] and the blood doesn’t clot
properly as a result ,there are 13 types of clotting
factors.
 Types of hemophilia:
 Hemophilia A
 Hemophilia B
 Hemophilia C

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Pain In The
Joints
Blood in
Urine
Tight
Joints
Blood in Stool
Excessive
Bleeding

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Leukemia
 Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. there are
several broad categories of blood cell including RBC,
WBC, and platelets .generally leukemia refers to
cancers of the WBC.
 The types of leukemia :
 AML [acute myelogenous leukemia]
 ALL [acute lymphocytic leukemia]
 CML [chronic myelogenous leukemia]
 CLL [chronic lymphocytic leukemia]

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Congestive Heart Failure
 Heart failure, sometimes known as congestive heart
failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump
blood as well as it should.
 Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your
heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure,
heart failure can occur even with a normal ejection
fraction.

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Endometriosis
 Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which
tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus (the
endometrium) grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis
most commonly involves your ovaries, fallopian tubes
and the tissue lining your pelvis
 With endometriosis, displaced endometrial tissue breaks
down and bleeds with each menstrual cycle

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Thrombocytopenia
 Low platelet count (Thrombocytopenia) the term refer
to a relative decrease of platelet in blood.
 Signs & Symptoms:
 Bleeding form your gums or nose
 Blood in urine or stools
 Easy or excessive bruising (purpura)
 Fatigue and malaise
 Treatment
 Diagnose

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Vitamin K Deficiency
 Vitamin k is a group of lipophilic hydrophobic vitamin, fat
soluble compound necessary for the synthesis of several
proteins required for blood clotting.
 Function of vitamin k: coenzyme for the synthesis of
prothrombin and blood clotting factors in liver
 Symptoms:
 Bruising from bleeding into skin
 Nose bleeding & bleeding gums
 Bleeding in stomach
 Tarry black stool
 In infants, may result in intracranial hemorrhage
 Prevention/Treatment

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Vitamin K Deficiency
 Deficiency are rare: it is synthesized by the intestinal
bacteria
 Hypoprothrombinemia: increased blood coagulation
time
 May affect bone growth and mineralization
 Malabsorption of lipids lead to vitamin k deficiency

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 Drug induced bleeding present in many way, including
(excessive bruising, nose bleeds, heavy menses, GIT
bleeding) bleeding potential by numerous drug such
as (natural drug, anticoagulant or antiplatelet, drug
interaction…)
 People with bleeding disorder should check with their
hemophilia center or physician, the instruction before
taking any new herbal drug
Medicines

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Drug that Increase Bleeding Risk
1. Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet: these drugs are used
to prevent or treatment of deep venous thrombosis,
pulmonary embolism, and for prevention of stroke in
atrial fibrillation. Common anticoagulant or
antiplatelet include [aspirin, enoxaparin, heparin,
warfarin]
 Aspirin: frequent use aspirin can lead to increase bleeding
 Use aspirin to prevent heart attacks or strokes can lead to
increase risk of almost 50% in major bleeding episode especially
GIT bleeding

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Drug that Increase Bleeding Risk
2. Natural Medicine: certain natural medicine and
supplement have been reported to cause bleeding,
either on the own or when used in combination with
other drug for example (Amica, Ginko, Green tea,
Vitamin E …)

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Drug that Increase Bleeding Risk
3. Drug interaction: some drugs that mixed together it
can cause bleeding for example drug – drug
interaction involve antibiotic and antifungals, which
have been reported to increased bleeding used in
combination with drugs that are known to cause
bleeding.

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Treatment
 External Bleeding
 First Aid Techniques
 Epistaxis
 Internal Bleeding

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External Bleeding
 First Aid Techniques
 Apply Pressure
 Lay the casualty on their back
 Alert the emergency services (122)
 Cover the casualty
 Short video on First Aid to External Bleeding

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External Bleeding
 Epistaxis:
 Relax
 Use a tissue to catch the blood
 Use thumb and index finger to pinch together the soft
part of your nose
 Keep pinching your nose continuously for at least 5
minutes
 If your nose is still bleeding, continue squeezing the
nose for another 10 minutes
 Cauterization

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Internal Bleeding
 The organ is emptied of blood clots
 Use (ergometrine) after birth placenta
 Use (ergometrine) may effective in control of bleeding
from esophageal varies
 Use packing
 Surgical ligature(ruptured spleen)
 Medication used (hemorrhagic stroke)

27. References

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Thank You