2. Case Scenario
Parents brought a 3 year old girl to emergency room with
history of bruising on her lower limbs and chest for the last 4
days. The bruises were not painful but were increasing in
number every day. No active bleeding seen. Child otherwise
very active and playful.
What further history you would like to obtain from parents?
What else you will be searching in your examination?
What investigations you will order?
3. History
•Patient ID,
•PRESENTING COMPLAINT
– NATURE OF BLEED
Onset – Acute
bleeds >> Acquired disorder
– Bleeding since
birth >> Congenital disorder
Site – Superficial: skin,
mucosa
(nasal,gingival) >> Platelet
– Deep: joint,
muscle >> Coagulopathy
Other types of bleed
– Hematemesis,Hematuria,
Hematochezia, Melena,
epistaxis
Preceding/Precipitating
event - Trauma, surgery,
dental procedure
Duration and frequency –
bleeding that stops and recur
quickly → Coagulopathy
• Associated symptoms
• nausea, vomiting, headache,
weakness
• postural giddiness, pallor,
fatigue, chest pain,, palpitations,
joint swelling
• Review of systems
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
• Previously Diagnosed Bleeding
disorder (eg Hemophilia, ITP)
• Liver disease
• Renal disease
• Malignancies(leukemia,
neuroblastoma)
• Infections
• Connective tissue disorders
Autoimmune
Previous admissions,
surgeries and blood
transfusion
4. History
Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal Hx
Postcircumcision bleeding
Birth cephalohematoma
Umbilical stump bleeding or delayed stump separation
Nutritional Hx
Protein malnutrition
Vitamin C deficiency, or scurvy
Vitamin K deficiency >>bacterial overgrowth, celiac disease, chronic
pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease.
Developmental Hx
gross motor (to corroborate the described mechanism of injury)
5. History
FAMILY HISTORY
• consanguinity >> autosomal recessive inherited bleeding
disorder
• Known bleeding disorder or other heritable medical disorder
that may predispose to bruising (eg, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome,
osteogenesis imperfecta).
• Male relatives affected (Hemophilia, X-linked Recessive trait)
• Female relatives - Menstrual and Obstetric Hx
• males and females affected >>an autosomal disorder such as
von Willebrand factor deficiency
• autosomal dominant traits such as hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia
Social Hx
• child’s behavior and the family’s methods of discipline
11. Platelet
Its called thrombocyte from megakaryocte
Life span 8- 10 days
One third of them sequestered in spleen
production control by thromboprotein
Normal Range150-400 X 109/L
Less than 150X 109/L , thrombocytopenia.
12. Causes of Thrombocytopenia
Decrease
platelet
production
Increase
platelet
consumpti
on
Splenic
Sequestratio
n
Dilution
-Bone marrow
failure
-Aplastic
syndrome
-cyanotic
congenital heart
D
_Infection(HIV,C
MV, Episten Barr
viruse
-Drug(heparin-
Anti-biotic –
quinidine)
-Idiopathic
thrombocytopen
ic purpura (ITP)
-Neonatal
alloimmune
thrombocytopen
ia (NAIT)
-SLE
-Disseminated
intravascular
coagulation
(DIC)
-Sepsis
-Increase
pooling in
spleen
Hypersplenism
Infection
Inflammatio
n
Congestion
Red cell
disorders
Storage
diseases
-Massive Blood
transfusion
13. manifestations of
thrombocytopenia
Petechiae
Bruises or purpura
Bleeding of mucous membranes: epistaxis,
gingival bleeding
Acute gastrointestinal bleeding
Hematuria
Acute CNS hemorrhage: the rarest but MOST
FEARED consequence of low platelets
14. Degree of trauma and bleeding
Platelet Count Risk of bleeding Example
Less than 80×10^9 Primary hemostasis
impaired
After Major trauma,
Surgery
Less than 50×10^9 Spontaneous bleeding
mostly in Skin
Petechiae ,purpura
Less than 20×10^9 Noticeable hemorrhage
Seen in skin and
mucosa
Epistaxis
Gingival bleeding
15. Immune Thrombocytopenic (ITP)
isolated thrombocytopenia with normal bone
marrow and in the absence of other causes of
thrombocytopenia.
Usually follow an acute viral infection
IgG,IgM that bind platelet membrane, result in
Fc receptor mediated splenic destruction
16. signs, symptoms, and
precipitating factors
Abrupt onset, Purpura
Epistaxis
Bruising tendency
Gingival bleeding
Recent live virus immunization
Recent viral illness mainly after1-4 week
Normal RBC,WBC count
Sever type of thrombocytopenia
Adenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly is unusual
17. Diagnosis
Usually based on clinical presentation
Platelet Count low
Atypical finding-Do Bone marrow Examination(
Increase megakaryocyte, Normal
Erythroid,myloid element).
In ITP shows increased megakaryocytes and
normal erythroid and amyloid elements.
(WBC,RBC,Hb) Normal
Normal pt aptt time
19. Treatment
Optimal treatment is Controversial
80% of children will have spontaneous
resolution(few weeks).
child with mild bleeding(bruising,petechia) no
treatment required.
Severe and moderate bleeding with platelet
count less 10,000mm
Treatment option
20. Prednisone for 2 weeks
IVIG for(1-2 Days)expensive,
Platelet transfusion: Actively bleeding patients
with thrombocytopenia central nervous
system bleeding
Splenectomy (life threating condition/not
responding to other medication)
Decrease
clearance of
sensitized
platelet
22. Hemophilia
an inherited (genetic) disorder
blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks
sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting
factors).
you may bleed for a longer time after an injury
than you would if your blood clotted normally.
23. Types of hemophilia
Types Hemophilia A Hemophilia B
inheritance X-linked X-linked
Factor Deficiency factor8 factor9
Bleeding site Muscle, joints ,surgical Muscle, joints ,surgical
Prothrombin time Normal Normal
Activated partial
thromboplastin time
prolong prolong
25. Clinical Manifestation
Bleeding In soft Tissue ,GI ,Hip ,Joint, elbow ,
and ankle Joint.
Spontaneous joint bleeding occur when child
begin to walk
Intracranial hemorrhage uncommon(important
cause of death)
Petechiae usually do not occur in patients with
hemophilia
26. Musculoskeletal (joints) - Tingling, cracking, warmth, pain,
stiffness, refusal to use the joint (young children)
Central nervous system (CNS) - Headache, stiff neck,
vomiting, lethargy, irritability, spinal cord syndromes
Gastrointestinal (GI) - Hematemesis, melena, frank red
blood per rectum, abdominal pain
Genitourinary - Hematuria, renal colic, post-circumcision
bleeding
Other - Epistaxis, oral mucosal hemorrhage, hemoptysis,
dyspnea (hematoma leading to airway obstruction)
contusions, excessive bleeding with routine dental procedures
27. Severity, Factor Activity, and
Hemorrhage Type
Classification Factor Activity% Cause of
hemorrhage
Mild 5-40% Major trauma,
surgery
Moderate 1-5% Mild to moderate
trauma
Severe < 𝟏 Spontaneous
28. Diagnosis
CBC(normal platelet count)
Coagulation Study:(aPTT) is prolonged,
the bleeding time and prothrombin time are
normal
Factor 8,9 assay:levels are compared with a
normal pooled-plasma standard
Mixing study
30. Management
Prevention of trauma is important
Should avoid Aspirin and other NSAID
Iv infusion whenever there is any bleeding
recombinant FVIII concentrate for haemophilia A
recombinant FIX concentrate for haemophilia B
Highly purified, virally inactivated plasma-derived
products should be used if recombinant products are
unavailable
31. Von Willebrand Disease
VWF found in( Endothelia cell,
Megakaryocyte).
Two Rules :Carrier Molecule for factor 8
Promote platelet Adhesion
An Inherited bleeding disorder
Women are worse affected than men
3types ( 1,2,3)
Either Qualitative or Quantitative Disorder
32. Type1 Type2 Type3
Quantitative
partial Deficiency
70-80%
-Mild clinical
symptoms
-Autosomal
Dominant
Functional
abnormality
15-20 %
-Mild-Moderate
-Autosomal
Recessive/Dominan
t
- 4 subtypes (2A
,2B,2M,2N)
Complete
Deficiency
Most Sever Type
-Autosomal
Recessive
-Similar to
hemophilia A
33. Manifestations
Wide variation in Clinical Manifestation (even
in the same family).
Many children are asymptomatic .
Increased or easy bruising
Recurrent Epistaxis.
Post-operative bleeding( Tonsillectomy –dental
Extraction )
34. Laboratory finding
Factor 8 levels are low.
The APTT may be prolonged .
VWF levels are low .
Platelet count is normal (except in type 2B)
35. Management
DDAVP (Desmopressin Acetate)
-synthetic form of vasopressin
Stimulate release of VWF from cells after 30min (for type1) .
Purified plasma-derived concentrates
of vWF/FVIII are used for treatment of bleeds and for
surgical prophylaxis when DDAVP is ineffective or contraindicated
Prophylactic (antifibronolytics ), before
dental Extraction .
36. A five-year-old child who is not
clinically ill but presents with
moderate mucocutaneous purpura in
the wake of a viral infection
37. A male infant who is starting to
walk and presents with a
painful swollen joint after a fall
Editor's Notes
Index child or family members
Spontaneous, easy or excessive bruising
Mucocutaneous bleeding (eg, gingival bleeding)
Epistaxis that is spontaneous, lasts >10 min or requires medical treatment
Bleeding from minor wounds that lasts >15 min or recurs within seven days
Prolonged bleeding after surgical procedures
Bruises with palpable lumps beneath them
Joint swelling with minor injury
Blood in the stool or urine
Menorrhagia
Unexplained anemia
History of blood transfusion
developmental history
with attention to gross motor abilities (to corroborate the described mechanism of injury), should also be included.
Bone marrow failure:chemotheray , some agent may selct platetl other than other
Deep tissue bleeding, including in internal organs, muscle, joints or not commonly associated with thrombocytopenia. These manifestations are seen in defects of secondary hemostasis, i.e. coagulation disorders
live virus immunization
OPV,MMR,BCG
Atypical clinical featuresanaemia, neutropenia, hepatosplenomegaly or marked lymphadenopathy
to exclude acute leukaemia or aplastic anemia
Extrinsic
1. Tissue Damage2. When Tissue Factor (TF) released activates Clot Factor 7(VII)3. Together form complex (Factor 7, Tissue form complex)4. Common pathway
Intrinsic*
Collagen exposed2. Activate platelets & Factor 12(XII)3. Factor 12 activates 11 (XI)4. 11 activates 95. Ca++ activates 8
Common pathway
pathway begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway activate Factor X, forming the enzyme prothrombinase