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Lavoisier was an 18th century French chemist and biologist who made many important scientific contributions. Some of his key experiments examined the nature of combustion and revealed the role of oxygen in both animal respiration and plant respiration. He conducted studies measuring the oxygen consumed by animals and humans at rest and during exercise. Lavoisier is considered the "father of modern chemistry" and one of the main figures of the chemical revolution due to establishing that matter is neither created nor destroyed during chemical reactions.
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1. The document discusses the history and key developments in microbiology, including early pioneers like Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch.
2. It describes experiments by Pasteur that disproved spontaneous generation and Koch's work establishing his postulates for linking microbes to diseases.
3. Modern microbiology is focused on molecular biology techniques like PCR and recombinant DNA to detect and analyze microbes based on their genetics. Major discoveries include identification of pathogens, development of vaccines and antibiotics, and determining the structure of DNA.
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several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simple chemical processes from
inorganic substances. Alexander Oparin Contributions include the \'theory of the origin of life
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atmosphere was reducing and containing reduced H2, H2O, NH3, CH4, and CO2, but no free O
Sidney Fox Contributions include the discoveries on the origins of life by exploring the synthesis
of amino acids from inorganic molecules etc., John Ussher Contributions include the strong
suggestions to the long-running theological debate on the age of the Earth Carlos Linnaeus
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several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simple chemical processes from
inorganic substances. Alexander Oparin Contributions include the \'theory of the origin of life
on Earth\' . According to the theory, life evolved in the oceans during a period when the
atmosphere was reducing and containing reduced H2, H2O, NH3, CH4, and CO2, but no free O
Sidney Fox Contributions include the discoveries on the origins of life by exploring the synthesis
of amino acids from inorganic molecules etc., John Ussher Contributions include the strong
suggestions to the long-running theological debate on the age of the Earth Carlos Linnaeus
Contributions include the formalisations of the modern system of naming organisms Jean
Baptiste Lamark Proposed a full-blown theory of evolution.
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This document provides an introduction to life science concepts that will be covered in the module. It outlines five key learning objectives, including identifying organisms and conditions that enable their existence, explaining evolution based on evidence, describing classic experiments that model early life conditions, describing unifying themes in life science studies, and showing connections between living things. The document then provides examples of content that will be discussed to meet these objectives, such as a description of the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak, the process of genetic reassortment in viruses, definitions of pandemics, and examples of evolution at work.
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2. Experiments have shown that conditions on early Earth could have led to the formation of organic molecules like amino acids from inorganic starting materials. Fossils of early life like stromatolites provide further evidence for when life began.
3. Multicellular life evolved from unicellular eukaryotes over time through cell specialization and the formation of colonies. Evidence from layered fossil records shows how different life forms evolved and adapted over billions of years.
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This document discusses several theories of evolution and the origin of life on Earth. It explains that evolutionary biology studies the history of life forms, and that the Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago with life emerging around 4 billion years ago. Early Earth had no atmosphere but released gases covered the surface. The document also summarizes theories such as panspermia, spontaneous generation, biogenesis, special creation, and chemical evolution. It describes the conditions on early Earth and Miller and Urey's famous experiment where they simulated these conditions and produced amino acids.
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Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdLAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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