Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen accidentally discovered x-rays in November 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. He observed that a fluorescent screen near the tube glowed even when he placed objects between the tube and screen. When he placed his hand between the tube and screen, he could see the image of his bones. This established x-rays' ability to pass through objects and their use in medical imaging. Roentgen further studied x-rays' properties and named them x-rays since their nature was unknown. The first x-ray image ever taken was of Roentgen's wife Bertha's hand. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light. They can be described as either waves
A current to pressure (I/P) converter converts an analog current signal of 4-20 mA to a proportional pneumatic pressure output of 3-15 psig. It is used in pneumatic control systems to translate electrical control signals into precise, repeatable pressure values that can control pneumatic actuators. The I/P converter has a rugged zinc cast housing and requires an external power supply and compressed air source. It works using an electromagnetic force balance principle with a flapper-nozzle assembly, and has zero and span adjustments for field calibration. I/P converters are commonly used in industrial processes to control levels, flows, pressures, temperatures and other process variables.
This document describes three common temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. It explains that the Fahrenheit scale is based on human body temperature and the freezing/boiling points of water. The Celsius scale focuses on the freezing point of water being 0 degrees and the boiling point being 100 degrees. The Kelvin scale measures temperature from absolute zero, which is -273 degrees Celsius when all molecular motion stops. The document provides conversions between the different scales and instructs students to complete a lab investigating temperature measurements.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved 100 participants aged 65-80 who were given either the drug or a placebo daily for 6 months. Researchers found that those who received the drug performed significantly better on memory and problem-solving tests at the end of the study compared to those who received the placebo.
The document summarizes transmitters used in process industries. A transmitter is a transducer that converts a sensor's output into a standardized transmission signal. Common transmitter types include electronic, smart, fieldbus, and pneumatic. Pneumatic transmitters translate a measured value into an air pressure signal that is transmitted to devices for indication, recording, alarm, and control. They are safe for hazardous environments but slow. A pneumatic control system uses variable air pressure signals transmitted through pipes. A flapper nozzle amplifier converts very small displacement signals into air pressure variations used by pneumatic transmitters.
This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject Industrial Measurement and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;)
The document discusses proportional, integral electronic controllers. It provides examples of using proportional and integral control modes to solve problems related to level and temperature control. Specifically, it shows how to develop a two-position controller for pump control based on tank level measurements. It also calculates the circuit gain needed for a temperature controller to operate with a given proportional gain of 4%/% based on sensor output voltages for a 100-200°C range.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen accidentally discovered x-rays in November 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. He observed that a fluorescent screen near the tube glowed even when he placed objects between the tube and screen. When he placed his hand between the tube and screen, he could see the image of his bones. This established x-rays' ability to pass through objects and their use in medical imaging. Roentgen further studied x-rays' properties and named them x-rays since their nature was unknown. The first x-ray image ever taken was of Roentgen's wife Bertha's hand. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light. They can be described as either waves
A current to pressure (I/P) converter converts an analog current signal of 4-20 mA to a proportional pneumatic pressure output of 3-15 psig. It is used in pneumatic control systems to translate electrical control signals into precise, repeatable pressure values that can control pneumatic actuators. The I/P converter has a rugged zinc cast housing and requires an external power supply and compressed air source. It works using an electromagnetic force balance principle with a flapper-nozzle assembly, and has zero and span adjustments for field calibration. I/P converters are commonly used in industrial processes to control levels, flows, pressures, temperatures and other process variables.
This document describes three common temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. It explains that the Fahrenheit scale is based on human body temperature and the freezing/boiling points of water. The Celsius scale focuses on the freezing point of water being 0 degrees and the boiling point being 100 degrees. The Kelvin scale measures temperature from absolute zero, which is -273 degrees Celsius when all molecular motion stops. The document provides conversions between the different scales and instructs students to complete a lab investigating temperature measurements.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved 100 participants aged 65-80 who were given either the drug or a placebo daily for 6 months. Researchers found that those who received the drug performed significantly better on memory and problem-solving tests at the end of the study compared to those who received the placebo.
The document summarizes transmitters used in process industries. A transmitter is a transducer that converts a sensor's output into a standardized transmission signal. Common transmitter types include electronic, smart, fieldbus, and pneumatic. Pneumatic transmitters translate a measured value into an air pressure signal that is transmitted to devices for indication, recording, alarm, and control. They are safe for hazardous environments but slow. A pneumatic control system uses variable air pressure signals transmitted through pipes. A flapper nozzle amplifier converts very small displacement signals into air pressure variations used by pneumatic transmitters.
This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject Industrial Measurement and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;)
The document discusses proportional, integral electronic controllers. It provides examples of using proportional and integral control modes to solve problems related to level and temperature control. Specifically, it shows how to develop a two-position controller for pump control based on tank level measurements. It also calculates the circuit gain needed for a temperature controller to operate with a given proportional gain of 4%/% based on sensor output voltages for a 100-200°C range.
This document discusses several types of AC bridges used to measure unknown resistances, capacitances, and inductances. The Maxwell's inductance bridge uses two known impedances on one side and two pure resistances on the other to measure an unknown impedance. The Maxwell's capacitance bridge can measure unknown inductance by compensating the positive phase angle of inductance with the negative phase angle of capacitance. The Anderson bridge precisely measures unknown inductance over a wide range by using a known capacitance and resistance.
Epoch Instruments & Controls Pvt Ltd is the faster growing company in the design of Load Cells,
Good quality of load cells are manufactured by in this company. We are also aware of Load Cell Dealer.
For more details contact to this no’s:
+91-80-2348 1364
+91-80-2328 3728
+91-80-6576 1259
+91-80- 2559 8268
Website:
http://www.epochloadcell.com/
This document discusses error detectors and two-position controllers in electronic process instrumentation. It describes how an error detector takes the difference between a process signal voltage and a setpoint voltage to calculate an error signal. It also explains how a two-position controller uses an operational amplifier comparator circuit to provide ON/OFF control output based on adjustable high and low trip points for the input voltage. The document is for an instrumentation and control course taught by Dr. S. Meenatchisundaram at MIT Manipal from August to November 2015.
This document summarizes an upcoming webinar on load cells. The webinar will cover load cell basics, components, types, strain gage technology, moment and temperature compensation, and calibration. Key topics include how load cells convert force to electrical signals using strain gages in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, common load cell designs, and factors considered in load cell design like materials and flexure geometry. Compensation techniques are discussed to reduce errors from eccentric loads and temperature variations.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high gain differential amplifiers with very high input impedance and low output impedance. Op-amps can be connected in either open-loop or closed-loop configurations, with closed-loop providing feedback to control and reduce the gain. Common op-amp circuits include inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, unity followers, summing amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. Op-amps have specifications including input offset voltage and input offset current, which can cause an output offset even when the input is zero.
This document discusses proportional, derivative, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) electronic controllers. It provides mathematical equations for proportional, derivative, and PID control modes. Examples are given to show how to calculate controller gains and design op amp circuits based on given control parameters and signal change periods. The document also provides reference information for the course on process instrumentation and control taught by Dr. S. Meenatchisundaram.
This document discusses different types of viscometers used to measure viscosity. It defines viscosity and explains that viscometers measure it under various flow conditions. The main types described are rotational, vibrational, oscillation, falling piston, falling sphere, and Saybolt viscometers. Rotational viscometers measure viscosity under different conditions for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Vibrational viscometers continuously measure viscosity in pipes and tanks, while oscillation viscometers adapt laboratory and high-pressure/temperature measurements. Falling piston viscometers use a piston-cylinder assembly to draw fluid through a gap. Falling sphere and Saybolt viscometers also measure viscosity based on fluid flow properties.
Load cells are transducers that convert an applied force into an electrical signal. There are several types of load cells including resistive, capacitive, vibrating wire, piezoelectric, hydraulic, and pneumatic. Resistive load cells use strain gauges to measure deformation from applied forces. Capacitive load cells measure deformation capacitively. Vibrating wire load cells monitor loads in structural elements. Piezoelectric load cells generate voltage when force is applied to piezoelectric materials. Hydraulic load cells use fluid pressure from piston movement to measure force. Pneumatic load cells balance applied force with counteracting air pressure.
Maxwell's Inductance Bridge is used to measure unknown inductance. It has four arms, with the first containing a series R and L, and third containing variable R and L. When an AC supply is connected to the first coil, it induces an emf in the other coils through electromagnetic induction. By balancing the bridge according to the mathematical equation Z1Z4=Z2Z3, the values of the unknown inductance L1 and resistance R1 in the first arm can be determined from the resulting real and imaginary equations, which are independent of the supply frequency.
This document provides information about the Saybolt viscometer, a device used to measure the viscosity of fluids. It defines viscosity and describes how the Saybolt viscometer works by measuring the time it takes for a fixed volume of fluid to flow through a temperature-controlled orifice. The document discusses the advantages of accurate temperature control and direct viscosity comparisons, and the disadvantages of potential inaccuracies. It also notes the Saybolt viscometer is commonly used to test petroleum products and measure viscosities in the field.
This document describes different types of pneumatic controllers - PI, PD, and PID. It explains how each type works using bellows and restrictions to achieve proportional, integral and derivative control. PI controllers use an extra bellows and restriction to provide integral action that increases output pressure over time in response to input increases. PD controllers use a restriction on the balance bellows to provide fast output response and then decrease it based on the balanced bellows. PID controllers combine all three modes into one device that can be configured to operate as any of the individual controller types through restriction settings.
This document summarizes information about low voltage polycarbonate current transformers provided by Bhairav Joshi. It describes the product range including tube, plug-in, wound primary, and ring type current transformers. It also discusses testing, manufacturing processes involving design, moulding, assembly, acceptability in meeting industry standards, typical business volumes, and packaging options.
Bulox Power Pte Ltd - design, manufacture and distribute for Oil Immersed, Cast Resin & Dry Type Transformer, Ring Main Unit, MV / LV Switchgear, Packaged & Temporary Substation, Containerized Equipment Room, Customized Power Packaged Solution and Turnkey Projects.
There are three main temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is the base unit in the International System of Units and defines absolute zero as 0 K. The Celsius scale uses 0°C for the freezing point of water and 100°C for the boiling point. The Fahrenheit scale uses 32°F and 212°F as these points. Common methods of temperature measurement include bimetallic strip thermometers, which use the differing expansion rates of two bonded metals, and liquid-in-glass thermometers, where the expansion of liquid in a glass tube indicates the temperature.
Pressure measurement and control is an integral part of many industrial process operations. Handbook outlines the basics of pressure, how it is measured, and provides good illustration and description for anyone interested in pressure measurement and control.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs can implement logic control functions through programming and are commonly used in industrial automation. The document also describes the basic components of a PLC including the processor, inputs/outputs, power supply, and communication ports. It explains how PLCs differ from computers and discusses some common PLC applications like controlling conveyor systems and gates.
This document summarizes several solid-state welding processes including cold welding, ultrasonic welding, friction welding, resistance welding, and flash welding. It provides brief descriptions of each process along with examples of applications and diagrams illustrating how each process works. The key solid-state welding processes covered are friction welding, resistance spot welding, and friction stir welding.
This document discusses several types of AC bridges used to measure unknown resistances, capacitances, and inductances. The Maxwell's inductance bridge uses two known impedances on one side and two pure resistances on the other to measure an unknown impedance. The Maxwell's capacitance bridge can measure unknown inductance by compensating the positive phase angle of inductance with the negative phase angle of capacitance. The Anderson bridge precisely measures unknown inductance over a wide range by using a known capacitance and resistance.
Epoch Instruments & Controls Pvt Ltd is the faster growing company in the design of Load Cells,
Good quality of load cells are manufactured by in this company. We are also aware of Load Cell Dealer.
For more details contact to this no’s:
+91-80-2348 1364
+91-80-2328 3728
+91-80-6576 1259
+91-80- 2559 8268
Website:
http://www.epochloadcell.com/
This document discusses error detectors and two-position controllers in electronic process instrumentation. It describes how an error detector takes the difference between a process signal voltage and a setpoint voltage to calculate an error signal. It also explains how a two-position controller uses an operational amplifier comparator circuit to provide ON/OFF control output based on adjustable high and low trip points for the input voltage. The document is for an instrumentation and control course taught by Dr. S. Meenatchisundaram at MIT Manipal from August to November 2015.
This document summarizes an upcoming webinar on load cells. The webinar will cover load cell basics, components, types, strain gage technology, moment and temperature compensation, and calibration. Key topics include how load cells convert force to electrical signals using strain gages in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, common load cell designs, and factors considered in load cell design like materials and flexure geometry. Compensation techniques are discussed to reduce errors from eccentric loads and temperature variations.
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high gain differential amplifiers with very high input impedance and low output impedance. Op-amps can be connected in either open-loop or closed-loop configurations, with closed-loop providing feedback to control and reduce the gain. Common op-amp circuits include inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, unity followers, summing amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. Op-amps have specifications including input offset voltage and input offset current, which can cause an output offset even when the input is zero.
This document discusses proportional, derivative, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) electronic controllers. It provides mathematical equations for proportional, derivative, and PID control modes. Examples are given to show how to calculate controller gains and design op amp circuits based on given control parameters and signal change periods. The document also provides reference information for the course on process instrumentation and control taught by Dr. S. Meenatchisundaram.
This document discusses different types of viscometers used to measure viscosity. It defines viscosity and explains that viscometers measure it under various flow conditions. The main types described are rotational, vibrational, oscillation, falling piston, falling sphere, and Saybolt viscometers. Rotational viscometers measure viscosity under different conditions for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Vibrational viscometers continuously measure viscosity in pipes and tanks, while oscillation viscometers adapt laboratory and high-pressure/temperature measurements. Falling piston viscometers use a piston-cylinder assembly to draw fluid through a gap. Falling sphere and Saybolt viscometers also measure viscosity based on fluid flow properties.
Load cells are transducers that convert an applied force into an electrical signal. There are several types of load cells including resistive, capacitive, vibrating wire, piezoelectric, hydraulic, and pneumatic. Resistive load cells use strain gauges to measure deformation from applied forces. Capacitive load cells measure deformation capacitively. Vibrating wire load cells monitor loads in structural elements. Piezoelectric load cells generate voltage when force is applied to piezoelectric materials. Hydraulic load cells use fluid pressure from piston movement to measure force. Pneumatic load cells balance applied force with counteracting air pressure.
Maxwell's Inductance Bridge is used to measure unknown inductance. It has four arms, with the first containing a series R and L, and third containing variable R and L. When an AC supply is connected to the first coil, it induces an emf in the other coils through electromagnetic induction. By balancing the bridge according to the mathematical equation Z1Z4=Z2Z3, the values of the unknown inductance L1 and resistance R1 in the first arm can be determined from the resulting real and imaginary equations, which are independent of the supply frequency.
This document provides information about the Saybolt viscometer, a device used to measure the viscosity of fluids. It defines viscosity and describes how the Saybolt viscometer works by measuring the time it takes for a fixed volume of fluid to flow through a temperature-controlled orifice. The document discusses the advantages of accurate temperature control and direct viscosity comparisons, and the disadvantages of potential inaccuracies. It also notes the Saybolt viscometer is commonly used to test petroleum products and measure viscosities in the field.
This document describes different types of pneumatic controllers - PI, PD, and PID. It explains how each type works using bellows and restrictions to achieve proportional, integral and derivative control. PI controllers use an extra bellows and restriction to provide integral action that increases output pressure over time in response to input increases. PD controllers use a restriction on the balance bellows to provide fast output response and then decrease it based on the balanced bellows. PID controllers combine all three modes into one device that can be configured to operate as any of the individual controller types through restriction settings.
This document summarizes information about low voltage polycarbonate current transformers provided by Bhairav Joshi. It describes the product range including tube, plug-in, wound primary, and ring type current transformers. It also discusses testing, manufacturing processes involving design, moulding, assembly, acceptability in meeting industry standards, typical business volumes, and packaging options.
Bulox Power Pte Ltd - design, manufacture and distribute for Oil Immersed, Cast Resin & Dry Type Transformer, Ring Main Unit, MV / LV Switchgear, Packaged & Temporary Substation, Containerized Equipment Room, Customized Power Packaged Solution and Turnkey Projects.
There are three main temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is the base unit in the International System of Units and defines absolute zero as 0 K. The Celsius scale uses 0°C for the freezing point of water and 100°C for the boiling point. The Fahrenheit scale uses 32°F and 212°F as these points. Common methods of temperature measurement include bimetallic strip thermometers, which use the differing expansion rates of two bonded metals, and liquid-in-glass thermometers, where the expansion of liquid in a glass tube indicates the temperature.
Pressure measurement and control is an integral part of many industrial process operations. Handbook outlines the basics of pressure, how it is measured, and provides good illustration and description for anyone interested in pressure measurement and control.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs can implement logic control functions through programming and are commonly used in industrial automation. The document also describes the basic components of a PLC including the processor, inputs/outputs, power supply, and communication ports. It explains how PLCs differ from computers and discusses some common PLC applications like controlling conveyor systems and gates.
This document summarizes several solid-state welding processes including cold welding, ultrasonic welding, friction welding, resistance welding, and flash welding. It provides brief descriptions of each process along with examples of applications and diagrams illustrating how each process works. The key solid-state welding processes covered are friction welding, resistance spot welding, and friction stir welding.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
Discovering the Best Indian Architects A Spotlight on Design Forum Internatio...Designforuminternational
India’s architectural landscape is a vibrant tapestry that weaves together the country's rich cultural heritage and its modern aspirations. From majestic historical structures to cutting-edge contemporary designs, the work of Indian architects is celebrated worldwide. Among the many firms shaping this dynamic field, Design Forum International stands out as a leader in innovative and sustainable architecture. This blog explores some of the best Indian architects, highlighting their contributions and showcasing the most famous architects in India.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.