Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
TraitBank is the structured data service of the Encyclopedia
of Life. Launched in 2014, it currently hosts 9 million
data records for 1.7 million taxa, including trait records
(eg: cell size, life history traits) and other attributes including
administrative ones (eg: IUCN status, type specimen
repository). Marine datasets include verbal localities
from WoRMS, habitat categories from AlgaeBase, water
temperature ranges based on known occurrence records
from OBIS, and literature derived datasets including cell
masses of phytoplankton and tissue mineralization types
of algae and invertebrates. Hosted records include all
available metadata, including detailed attribution, url of
data source if online; organism information including sex
and life stage; date, locality and method information for
field studies, and any other fields provided by the source.
TraitBank is not a repository. Most hosted records are
deposited with a scholarly publication, or an institutional
or aggregator database. Presence in TraitBank makes
individual records findable by EOL search (http://eol.org/
data_search) or web search engine. Search results on EOL
are available by CSV download and records are available
to semantic web applications via a JSON-LD web service,
including all metadata. Fresh Data is a data search service
in development primarily for the Citizen Science community,
funded by NSF. Interested occurrence data providers
will register to be indexed. Their data will be deposited at
GBIF, using the IPT, if possible, and in TraitBank otherwise
(eg: presence/absence or abundance data, if GBIF
cannot accommodate them). Searchers can query the
index for recent records by time, location and taxonomic
group. Registered researchers will also be able to save and
publish their data queries, which will alert them if new
data appears matching their criteria, and alert the data
provider that their data was delivered to a subscriber.
Introduction to the work of the Digital Repository of Ireland, and discussion of the pros and cons of sharing data, and open access. Delivered at the Royal Irish Academy on 7 May 2013, as part of the Open Access to Humanities Data symposium.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
TraitBank is the structured data service of the Encyclopedia
of Life. Launched in 2014, it currently hosts 9 million
data records for 1.7 million taxa, including trait records
(eg: cell size, life history traits) and other attributes including
administrative ones (eg: IUCN status, type specimen
repository). Marine datasets include verbal localities
from WoRMS, habitat categories from AlgaeBase, water
temperature ranges based on known occurrence records
from OBIS, and literature derived datasets including cell
masses of phytoplankton and tissue mineralization types
of algae and invertebrates. Hosted records include all
available metadata, including detailed attribution, url of
data source if online; organism information including sex
and life stage; date, locality and method information for
field studies, and any other fields provided by the source.
TraitBank is not a repository. Most hosted records are
deposited with a scholarly publication, or an institutional
or aggregator database. Presence in TraitBank makes
individual records findable by EOL search (http://eol.org/
data_search) or web search engine. Search results on EOL
are available by CSV download and records are available
to semantic web applications via a JSON-LD web service,
including all metadata. Fresh Data is a data search service
in development primarily for the Citizen Science community,
funded by NSF. Interested occurrence data providers
will register to be indexed. Their data will be deposited at
GBIF, using the IPT, if possible, and in TraitBank otherwise
(eg: presence/absence or abundance data, if GBIF
cannot accommodate them). Searchers can query the
index for recent records by time, location and taxonomic
group. Registered researchers will also be able to save and
publish their data queries, which will alert them if new
data appears matching their criteria, and alert the data
provider that their data was delivered to a subscriber.
Introduction to the work of the Digital Repository of Ireland, and discussion of the pros and cons of sharing data, and open access. Delivered at the Royal Irish Academy on 7 May 2013, as part of the Open Access to Humanities Data symposium.
Dynamic changes in motivation in collaborative citizen science projectsDana Rotman
Online citizen science projects engage volunteers in collecting, analyzing, and curating scientific data. Existing projects have demonstrated the value of using volunteers to collect data, but few projects have reached the full collaborative potential of scientists and volunteers. Understanding the shared and unique motivations of these two groups can help designers establish the technical and social infrastructures needed to promote effective partnerships. We present findings from a study of the motivational factors affecting participation in ecological citizen science projects. We show that volunteers are motivated by a complex framework of factors that dynamically change throughout their cycle of work on scientific projects; this motivational framework is strongly affected by personal interests as well as external factors such as attribution and acknowledgment. Identifying the pivotal points of motivational shift and addressing them in the design of citizen-science systems will facilitate improved collaboration between scientists and volunteers.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/classmanagement
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Biodiversity Informatics: An Interdisciplinary ChallengeBryan Heidorn
"Impacto de la Informática en el Conocimiento de la Biodiversidad: Actualidad y Futuro” at Universidad Nacional de Colombia on August 12, 2011. https://sites.google.com/site/simposioinformaticaicn/home
This is a citizen science overview particularly aimed at graduate students enrolled in a new course at Arizona State University, aptly titled "Citizen Science." The author of this presentation, and course instructor, Darlene Cavalier, will talk students through its nuances and intersections with science, technology, and society.
The Evolution of e-Research: Machines, Methods and MusicDavid De Roure
David De Roure's Inaugural Lecture on 28th October at Oxford e-Research Centre, University of Oxford, UK
10 years ago we saw a few early adopters of e-Science technology; now we see acceleration of research through broader adoption and sharing of tools, techniques and artefacts, both for 'big science' and the 'long tail scientist'.
Will this incremental trend continue or are we seeing glimpses of a phase change ahead, where researchers harness these emerging digital capabilities to address research questions in ways that simply were not possible before?
This talk will describe three generations of e-Research, using the myExperiment social website as a lens to glimpse future research practice, and focusing on a web-scale computational musicology project as an illustration of 3rd generation thinking.
Also available from http://wiki.myexperiment.org/index.php/Presentations
Dynamic changes in motivation in collaborative citizen science projectsDana Rotman
Online citizen science projects engage volunteers in collecting, analyzing, and curating scientific data. Existing projects have demonstrated the value of using volunteers to collect data, but few projects have reached the full collaborative potential of scientists and volunteers. Understanding the shared and unique motivations of these two groups can help designers establish the technical and social infrastructures needed to promote effective partnerships. We present findings from a study of the motivational factors affecting participation in ecological citizen science projects. We show that volunteers are motivated by a complex framework of factors that dynamically change throughout their cycle of work on scientific projects; this motivational framework is strongly affected by personal interests as well as external factors such as attribution and acknowledgment. Identifying the pivotal points of motivational shift and addressing them in the design of citizen-science systems will facilitate improved collaboration between scientists and volunteers.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/classmanagement
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Biodiversity Informatics: An Interdisciplinary ChallengeBryan Heidorn
"Impacto de la Informática en el Conocimiento de la Biodiversidad: Actualidad y Futuro” at Universidad Nacional de Colombia on August 12, 2011. https://sites.google.com/site/simposioinformaticaicn/home
This is a citizen science overview particularly aimed at graduate students enrolled in a new course at Arizona State University, aptly titled "Citizen Science." The author of this presentation, and course instructor, Darlene Cavalier, will talk students through its nuances and intersections with science, technology, and society.
The Evolution of e-Research: Machines, Methods and MusicDavid De Roure
David De Roure's Inaugural Lecture on 28th October at Oxford e-Research Centre, University of Oxford, UK
10 years ago we saw a few early adopters of e-Science technology; now we see acceleration of research through broader adoption and sharing of tools, techniques and artefacts, both for 'big science' and the 'long tail scientist'.
Will this incremental trend continue or are we seeing glimpses of a phase change ahead, where researchers harness these emerging digital capabilities to address research questions in ways that simply were not possible before?
This talk will describe three generations of e-Research, using the myExperiment social website as a lens to glimpse future research practice, and focusing on a web-scale computational musicology project as an illustration of 3rd generation thinking.
Also available from http://wiki.myexperiment.org/index.php/Presentations
Can machines understand the scientific literaturepetermurrayrust
With over 5000 scientific articles per day we need machines to help us understand the content. This material is to be used at an interactive session for the Science Society at Trinity College Cambridge UK
A Novel Leaf-fragment Dataset and ResNet for Small-scale Image AnalysisA. Hasib Uddin
This paper introduces a dataset of leaf vein images from four
different species (two from Monocotyledons and two from Dicotyledons).
Then multiple instances of the dataset containing 64x64, 32x32, 16x16, 8x8,
and 4x4 pixel single-channel center-focused images were created, and a
new Residual Neural Network (ResNet) based model has applied on each of
the instances for cotyledon (seed leaf or embryonic leaf) group
identification. Additionally, the same procedures were followed for plant
species classification. The aim was to make use of only the vein patterns for
the task. The results show that despite the difficulties of recognizing
patterns from small-scale images, it is likely to efficiently categorize seed
types and plant species by properly deploying residual blocks in neural
network models. Also, the applied ResNet was compared against
ResNet-152 V2 on the 64x64 pixel image set in terms of species
classification.
On Tuesday 18 September 2007, Ben Shneiderman gave a talk at the Centre for HCI Design, City University London, on the topic of information visualisation for high-dimensional spaces. Over 100 people from industry and academia attended the talk.
http://hcid.soi.cty.ac.uk/
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Biotracker Presentation-Technology Mediated Social Participation
1. Melding human and machine capabilities to document the world’s living organisms University of Maryland TMSP series March 7, 2011
2. Project Team ArijitBiswas (CS, Doctoral student); Anne Bowser (iSchool, Masters student); Jen Hammock (EOL); Derek Hansen (iSchool); David Jacobs (CS, UMIACS); Darcy Lewis (iSchool, doctoral student); Cyndy Parr (EOL); Jenny Preece (iSchool); Dana Rotman (iSchool, Doctoral student); Erin Stewart (iSchool Masters student); Eric (CS, Undergrad student)
3. What we will talk about… Research aims Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Scientists, citizen scientists, enthusiasts Identifying leaves: Machine vision approach Odd Leaf Out Field Mission Games Questions and Discussion
13. The Encyclopedia of Life Imagine an electronic page for each species of organism on Earth.
14. EOL is a content curation community Content providers Databases Journals LifeDesks Public contributions Curating Commenting Tagging http://www.eol.org
17. Over 2 million data objects and >1 million pages with links to research literature
18. Traffic in past year: 1.7 million unique users, 6.2 million page viewsEOL statistics
19. Scientists and volunteers "Scientists often have an aversion to what nonscientists say about science” (Salk, 1986) Collaboration is based on several factors: Shared vocabulary, practices, and meanings Mutual recognition of knowledge, competency, and prestige Motivation to collaborate
20. Motivations for participation Participation in social activities stems from personal and collective reasons Collectivism Principalism Egoism Altruism Batson, Ahmad, Tsang, 2002
21. Pilot study – scientists’ motivational factors Faculty/ research position
22. Pilot study – volunteers’ motivational factors Years of experience
23. Second research question How can a socially intelligent system be used to direct human effort and expertise to the most valuable collection and classification tasks?
24. Mobile devices for plant species ID Build new digital collections Image-based search to assist in identification Make this available on mobile devices Use this platform to build user communities Collaboration with dozens of people at Columbia University, the Smithsonian NMNH, and UMD.
25. New images For EOL, people using mobile devices, highest quality images of live specimens. For Botanists: digitize 90,000+ Type Specimens at Smithsonian And for machines, images that capture leaf diversity
26. Computer Vision for species ID Use a photo to search a data set of known species. Goal is to assist the user, not make identification fully automatic. Take a photo of a leaf on a plain background.
27. 2. Automatic segmentation and stem removal Segmentation relies on value and saturation of pixels, EM algorithm, domain knowledge.
36. Biotracker field missions Developing mobile-social games that motivate citizens to collect and validate useful scientific data Smart Phone as Data Collection Tool Inspirations Geocaching Letterboxing BioBlitz SFZero Project Noah Biotracker Missions
37. Biotracker field missions Next steps - prototyping and user testing Low fidelity prototypes Field testing at UMD
The United Nations has declared 2010 the International Year of Biodiversity in recognition of the importance of biological diversity and the looming biodiversity crisis. Biological diversity provides ecosystem services critical to our planet. As much as 90% of the needs of the world’s poorest people depend directly on biodiversity for food, fuel, medicine, etc. [1]. Each species represents a volume in a “living library,” as each has evolved solutions to nature’s challenges, solutions that can benefit human society. For example, the genomics revolution and half of our synthetic drugs were made possible by understanding the characteristics of particular species [2]. Yet the rate of species loss is currently 100 to 1,000 times estimates of historical extinction rates, and these rates are increasing with climate change [2]. Recent assessments indicate that, for example, nearly 25% of mammals and one-third of amphibians are endangered or threatened [3].Scientists alone cannot end the biodiversity crisis. Progress in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity will depend on the interface of science with both policy and the public. This is not only because the public must appreciate and understand biodiversity in order to be motivated to conserve it. There are nearly 2 million known species and potentially millions more are still undocumented. Without help, professional biologists will be unable to describe many of these species before they disappear from the planet, especially those in biodiversity-rich but economically poorer countries [4].Public participation can address the biodiversity crisis in several areas. One area is assembling existing knowledge on the 1.9 million species known to science. Doing so can accelerate the pace of research and new species description by making freely available, searchable, and re-usable the information currently in libraries or in local databases inaccessible to most of the world’s scientists. Addressing this need is the primary mission of the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, http://www.eol.org), an international project headquartered at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. In addition to mash-ups of existing scientific databases, we are combining a crowd-sourcing approach with expert review to achieve a high-quality central clearinghouse for species information.
Most citizen science . . .Is driven by scientistsIs analyzed by scientistsWorks best for charismatic speciesWorks best for simple observations or classificationRequires training – so sustained engagement desirableBioblitz is a 24-hour inventory of species in a particular location
So, the approach of EOL is rather different than many other sites. EOL is a giant mashup that creates pages, that are then available for curators (mostly credentialed scientists) to assess and rate, or for anybody to provide comments or tags.
Research QuestionsHow can we motivate users to continue to play when we are dealing with imperfect data that will sometimes provide two “correct” answers?What useful data for algorithm refinement can a game of tagging the least-similar image provide?How can data provided by novices users be employed to enhance the work of experts?ImplicationsImproving machine vision algorithms based on human performance.Minimizing the number of data sets that must be hand-verified by scientists and expertsProviding insight on what image factors provide for the best human identification of leavesProviding information on the extent that other game motivation techniques1 work for scientific identification games