ROM, CMOS, and BIOS are types of computer memory. ROM is read-only memory that is programmed during manufacturing. There are five types of ROM with nonvolatile storage: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory. The BIOS is stored in a ROM chip and initializes hardware at startup, launches the operating system, and has configurable settings in CMOS RAM. Flash memory is now commonly used for the BIOS as it can be rewritten without removing the chip from the device.

1. ROM CMOS and BIOS
Chapter 9
ROM – Read Only Memory
CMOS – Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
BIOS – Basic Input Output System

2. Read-only memory (ROM), also known as firmware, is
an integrated circuit programmed with specific data when
it is manufactured
ROM Types
There are five basic ROM types:
•ROM
•PROM
•EPROM
•EEPROM
•Flash memory

3. The five types of ROM are all types of memory with two things
in common:
•Data stored in these chips is nonvolatile -- it is not lost when
power is removed.
•Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or requires
a special operation to change
These chip “remember” their information even is the the
electrical power is removed.

4. ROM chip works necessitates the programming of perfect
and complete data when the chip is created. You cannot
reprogram or rewrite a standard ROM chip.
Creating the original template for a ROM chip is often a laborious process full of
trial and error. Once the template is completed, the actual chips can cost as little
as a few cents each. They use very little power, are extremely reliable.
ROM uses a diode to connect
the lines if the value is 1. If
the value is 0, then the lines
are not connected at all.

5. Creating ROM chips totally from scratch is time-consuming and very
expensive in small quantities. For this reason, mainly, developers created
a type of ROM known as programmable read-only memory (PROM).
Blank PROM chips can be bought inexpensively and coded by anyone with
a special tool called a programmer.
PROMs can only be programmed once. The PROM chip has a fuse
connecting every row and column at every intersection. This fused is
“burned” to create the PROM code.

6. EPROM
Working with ROMs and PROMs can be a wasteful business.
Even though they are inexpensive per chip, the cost can add
up over time.
Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
addresses this issue. EPROM chips can be rewritten many
times.
Erasing an EPROM requires a special tool that emits a certain
frequency of ultraviolet (UV) light.

7. EPROMs are configured using an EPROM programmer that
provides voltage at specified levels depending on the type of
EPROM used.
In an EPROM, the cell at each intersection has two transistors.
The two transistors are separated from each other by a thin
oxide layer.
One of the transistors is known as the floating gate and the
other as the control gate.

8. To rewrite an
EPROM, you must
erase it first
The EPROM must be
removed from the
device it is in and
placed under the UV
light of the EPROM
eraser for several
minutes
Acronym for erasable programmable read-only memory, and
pronounced ee-prom, EPROM is a special type of memory that
retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light.

9. EEPROMs and Flash Memory
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
(EEPROM) chips remove the biggest drawbacks of EPROMs.
In EEPROMs:
•The chip does not have to removed to be rewritten.
•The entire chip does not have to be completely erased to
change a specific portion of it.
•Changing the contents does not require additional dedicated
equipment.

10. EEPROMs are changed 1 byte at a time, which makes them
versatile but slow. In fact, EEPROM chips are too slow to use
in many products that make quick changes to the data stored
on the chip.
Manufacturers responded to this limitation with Flash
memory, a type of EEPROM that uses in-circuit wiring to
erase by applying an electrical field to the entire chip or to
predetermined sections of the chip called blocks.
Flash memory works much faster than traditional
EEPROMs because it writes data in chunks, usually 512
bytes in size, instead of 1 byte at a time

11. few examples of Flash memory:
•Your computer's BIOS chip
•CompactFlash (most often found in digital cameras)
•SmartMedia (most often found in digital cameras)
•Memory Stick (most often found in digital cameras)
•PCMCIA Type I and Type II memory cards (used as solid-
state disks in laptops)
•Memory cards for video game consoles
http://www.howstuffworks.com/flash-memory4.htm

12. Basic Input Output Systems
One of the most common uses of Flash memory is for
the basic input/output system of your computer,
commonly known as the BIOS (pronounced "bye-
ose").
On virtually every computer available, the BIOS
makes sure all the other chips, hard drives, ports and
CPU function together.
The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the
computer (it is often called a ROM BIOS).

13. The BIOS software has a number of different roles,
but its most important role is to load the operating
system.
Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS performs
include the following:
The BIOS performs a Power On Self Test (POST)
•The BIOS activates other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the
computer.
•The BIOS provides a set of low-level routines that manage things like the
keyboard, the screen, the serial and parallel ports, etc., especially when
the computer is booting.
•The BIOS manages a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc.

14. BIOS does several things. In its usual sequence, the BIOS:
•Checks the CMOS Setup for custom settings
•Loads the interrupt handlers and device
drivers
•Initializes registers and power management
•Performs the power-on self-test (POST)
•Displays system settings
•Determines which devices are bootable
•Initiates the bootstrap sequence

15. The first thing the BIOS does is check the information stored
in a tiny (64 bytes) amount of RAM located on a
complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip.
The CMOS Setup provides detailed information particular to
your system and can be altered as your system changes.
To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key or
combination of keys during the initial startup sequence.
Most systems use "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "Ctrl-Esc" or
"Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to enter setup.
Normally there is a line of text at the bottom of the display
that tells you "Press ___ to Enter Setup."

16. •System Time/Date" - Allows you to set the system time and date
•"Boot Sequence" - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating
system
•"Plug and Play" - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices. This
should be set to "Yes" if your computer and operating system both support
it.
•"Mouse/Keyboard" - "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard" and
"Auto-Detect Mouse" are some of the most common options.
•"Drive Configuration" - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives
•"Memory" - Allows you to direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory
addresses
•"Security" - Set a password for accessing the computer
•"Power Management" - Allows you to select whether to use power
management. You can also set the amount of time for standby and
suspend.
•"Exit" - You always have a choice to save your changes, discard your
changes or restore default settings.

17. When you are finished with your changes, you should
choose "Save Changes" and exit. The BIOS will then restart
your computer so that the new settings take effect.
The BIOS uses CMOS technology to save any changes
made to the computer's settings.
With this technology, a small lithium or Nicad battery can
supply enough power to keep the data for years.
In fact, some of the newer chips have a 10-year tiny lithium battery built right into the CMOS
chip!

18. Major BIOS manufacturers include:
•American Megatrends Inc. (AMI)
•Microid Research (MR BIOS)
•Phoenix Technologies
•Acerlabs
•Winbond
The following slides show a sample BIOS screens.