Role Of Bacteria And Fungi Environmental Microbiology

1. SUBMITTED TO
MADE BY-
DR.RACHNA SINGH
SHAISTA KHAN
ASSISTAANT PROFESSOR
MSc.(MB)-2nd SEM.
AIB. ENROL.NO-
A07199319007
BIODETERIORATION OF PAPER
AND LEATHER

2. DEFINITION OF
BIODETERIORATION-
 The breakdown of materials by micro and or
macroorganisms.
 OR
 Undesirable change in the properties of materials
caused by vital activities by organisms.
 OR
 Biodeterioration is the chemical or physical
alteration of a product that decreases its
usefulness for its intended purpose, caused by
micro or macroorganism or their enzymes.

3. BIODETERIORATION OF
PAPER-

4. CONTD…

5. CONTD..
 These are derived from the stem of wood or wood-
pulp and contain a great amount of polymers and
non- fibrous materials other than cellulose, as well as
impurities.
 Modern papers are thus more vulnerable to
microorganisms attack than older ones.
 Biodeterioration is very high in tropical hot and humid
climate like INDIA.
 The biological agents causing biodeterioration are
divided into-
 Microorganisms-fungus or moulds, bacteria, etc.
 Insects
 Rodents.

6. Nature of biodeterioration on
the paper-
 Cellulolytic strains damaging the chemical
structure of paper and non- cellulolytic ones with
non-specific actions.
 FUNGI- Mildewing cause alterations on paper
producing various kinds of stains, either round or
irregular in shape and coloured .These stains are
either due to the presence of pigment mycelium
or to the release of coloured metabolites.
 FOXING- It is a color changes appeared in the
paper. It appears as rust coloured marks of
different shapes, frequently as spots on the
paper.
 CONSOLIDATION- Flooded or heavily moistened
papers-bacteria and fungal sps. Degrading the

7. Factors attracts or induce
biological deterioration of paper-
 Poor housekeeping.
 Stagnant air.
 Humidity.
 Darkness and Dinginess.
Chemical treatment-
 Periodic use of insecticidal powder of solution
like Lindane at the dark corner walls, beneath
the racks and almirahs is a good
precautionary measure to prevent insects.

8. Contd..
 A simple practice is to keep napthalene bricks on
the shelves as it repels the insects from coming
to the book racks.
 The foundation of all the new library buildings
should be given anti-insect treatment.

9. BIODETERIORATION OF
LEATHER-

10. CONTD..
 Leather is prepared by the tanning process.
 It convert animal hides and skins into leather.
(The term hide is used for the skin of large
animals like cow or horses, while the term skin is
used for small animals like sheep)
 Biodeterioration depens-
 Nature of raw materials.
 Processing and maintenance.
 Deterioration of leather proteinaceous material is
prone to attack, especially during early stage.
 Lipolytic and proteolytic microbes damages the
leather.

11. Contd..
 This is seriously occur where storage condition is
very poor.
 Bacteria such as bacillus (eg. B. mesenthericus),
pseudomonas, bacteriodes and sarcina under
aerobic conditions can attack partially
decomposed collagen.
 Fungi such as Cladosporium, fusarium,
Aspergillus, etc.

12. As a result of biodeterioration-
 Loses its original properties.
 Becomes hard and brittle.
 Deformation of the structure.
 The microbial attack also causes variegated
spots, white films and fading of the texts.
 Leathers are also susceptible to attack by insects.
 Dermestidae and Tineidae are the main families
that can selectively attack either collagenous or
keratinous materials.
 Rarely cellulose and proteinaceous feeders
cause damage to leather materials.

13. Contd..
 The insect damage appars as superficial erosion,
deep erosion, holes or loss of material.
PREVENTION-
 Incorporating the biocide promopol i.e. 2-
bromo-nitropropane.
 Avoiding moisture conditions.

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