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Biological and
Health Changes in
the Human Lifespan
Biological Changes
Infancy & Childhood
Infancy and Childhood`
Height and weight increase
rapidly starting in infancy
and slow steadily into
childhood.
3
Body Growth
Patterns
Humans develop in a
top to bottom
sequence, starting
with rapid growth in
the head and then
down through the
body.
Infants
Newborns lose an
average of 6% of their
body weight in the
first week of life. Then,
they grow rapidly,
gaining 3 times their
birth weight and
increasing their height
by nearly half. This
rate of growth does
not sustain past the
age of 2.
Children
Between individuals,
growth rates differ.
But in general, height
and weight increases
steadily but also slows
with each year of age.
By middle/late
childhood growth
continues slowly until
the rapid onset of
changes in
adolescence. 4
The Brain
Patterns
Brain development in
humans develop in a
bottom to top
sequence, ending with
the pre frontal cortex
in adolescence.
Infants
Brain development
occurs the most
during infancy. Faster
electrical impulses
occur along axons,
and synapses are
dramatically
increased. These
connections allow
motor control, sleep
regulation, and depth
perception to emerge.
Children
The brain and nervous
system continue
developing, with the brain
growing more rapidly
than any other part of the
body, though not as
much as in infancy.
Language development is
significant during this
time. Towards late
childhood, activity in the
prefrontal cortex
increases, leading to
better attention and self-
control. 5
Biological Changes
Adolescence
Puberty Physical Changes
Males
- Increase in penis
& testicle size
- Appearance of
straight pubic
hair
- Voice change
- First ejaculation
- Armpit hair
- Facial hair
- Peak Rate: 13.5
years
Females
- Breasts enlarge
- Pubic hair
appears
- Armpit hair
- Growth in height
- Wider hips
- First
menstruation
- Peak Rate: 11.5
years old
Puberty happens in early adolescence
Hormones
Males
- Testosterone
Associated with boys
and the development of
genitals, height, and
deep voice
Females
- Estradiol
Associated with girls and
the development of
breast, uterine, hips
Growth of pituitary gland is adolescence was linked to circulating estradiol & testosterone
Psychological Development
- Adolescents are preoccupied with their body image
- Especially during puberty
- Adolescents are more dissatisfied with their bodies in the
late adolescence stage
Brain Changes
- During adolescence,
brain is still growing
- Adolescents’ brains go
through structural
changes
- Corpus callosum
- Improves ability to
process info
- Frontal cortex
- Advances in reasoning,
decision making, adn self
control
- Limbic system
- emotions
Sleep
Too little sleep in
adolescence is linked to
- Delinquency
- Sleep disturbances
- Less effective attention
- Higher school absence
- Higher suicidal ideation
- Lower academic
achievement
- More emotional & peer
related problems
- Higher anxiety
Biological Changes
Late Adulthood
Physical Appearance
- Facial wrinkles
- Age spots
- Weight drops after 60 years of
age
- Bodies become more “sagging”
- Become shorter
- Lens of the eyes become
harder and less flexible
Most noticeable physical changes
Brain Changes
Shrinking
- Loses 5-10% of weight
- Volume decreases
Slowing
- Physical coordination
- reflexes
- Intellectual performance
- Cognitive tasks
- Reduction in acetylcholine
- Memory loss
- Reduction in dopamine
- Reduction in motor
control (Parkinson)
The Adapting Brain
- Capacity to generate new
neurons (neurogenesis)
- Dendritic growth
- Delateralization
-
Sleep
Sleep Deprivation
- Cardiovascular disease
- Shortened life span
- Cognitive impairment
- Motor impairment
- Increased risk of vehicle
crashes
- Work-related accidents
Health Changes
Infancy & Childhood
Infancy and Childhood
Biological, psychological,
and sociocultural factors
can affect the health of
infants and children.
17
Infancy
There are many preventable
childhood diseases. The
immunizations for these
should be given in the first
year of life. It is also very
important for infants to
receive stimulus in their
environment because it is
important for healthy brain
activity.
Promoting Health
Childhood
Immunizations need to
continue until 16 years of age.
Attention should also be given
to children’s environment. If
possible, caregivers should
provide a smoke-free home,
health food options, and age-
appropriate activities that
support development and
keep them safe.
18
Health Changes
Adolescence
Health, Illness, &
Disease
- Adolescence is critical in
health because many health
habits are being formed
- Family, peers, and school
influences the health of
adolescence
Nutrition & Eating
Behavior
Key problems in adolescence:
- Nutrition
- Overweight
Anorexia
- An eating disorder that
involves being thin & starving
Bulimia Nervosa
- Eating disorder in which the
individual binges and then
purges
Exercise
Most adolescents are not getting
enough exercise
- Adolescents become less
active
- Adolescent boys are more
likely than girls to engage in
vigorous exercise
Substance Use
- Adolescents in the US have
the highest drug rates
compared to any country
- Alcohol
- Cigarette smoking
- Most likely to begin in
grades 7 through 9
- A study found that low
parental knowledge of
adolescents’ peer relation
predicted substance use in
adolescence
Health Changes
Late Adulthood
Circulatory System
Men
- 57% hypertension
- 32% stroke
Women
- 60% hypertension
- 31% stroke
Hypertension becomes problematic and likelihood of stroke increases.
Consistent blood pressure above 120/80 should be treated to reduce risk of heart attack,
stroke, or kidney disease.
Chronic illness
Female
Chronic Disorders
- Arthritis
- Hypertension
- Sinus problems
Male
Chronic Disorders
- Hypertension
- Arthritis
- Hearing impairments
- Heart disease
Chronic Disorders
- Cardiovascular disease
- Leading cause of death
- Osteoporosis
- Dementia
- Alzheimer Disease
- Parkinson Disease
- Stress
Treatment
- Alternative Home and Community care
- Nursing home
- Extended Care Facility
- Home Health Care
- Elder Care Centers
- Preventive Medicine Clinics
- Less Expensive than hospitals and nursing
homes
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Obesity
- Overweight and obesity are linked to increase risk of
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
- Overweight and obesity are associated with mental health problems
Calorie Restriction and Longevity
- Chronic problems (cardiovascular, kidney, and liver disease) appear due to calorie restriction
Vitamins and Aging
- Antioxidants (vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene) help slow aging and improve health
- Antioxidants act like a fire extinguisher and help neutralize free-radical activity
Exercise
Produce physical and psychological gains
- Reduce risks for obesity
- Cardiovascular disease
- Diabetes
- Improve flexibility
- Strengthen muscles and bones
- Aerobic exercise
- Stimulates heart and lung function
References
Santrock, J. W. (2016). A topical approach to life-span development. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Slentz, K. (2001). Early childhood development and its variations.
Mahwah, N.J.: Routledge.
Later Adulthood - IResearchNet. (2017, April 10). Psychology.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/developmental-
psychology/social-development/later-adulthood/

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Biological and Health Changes in the Human Lifespan

  • 1. Biological and Health Changes in the Human Lifespan
  • 3. Infancy and Childhood` Height and weight increase rapidly starting in infancy and slow steadily into childhood. 3
  • 4. Body Growth Patterns Humans develop in a top to bottom sequence, starting with rapid growth in the head and then down through the body. Infants Newborns lose an average of 6% of their body weight in the first week of life. Then, they grow rapidly, gaining 3 times their birth weight and increasing their height by nearly half. This rate of growth does not sustain past the age of 2. Children Between individuals, growth rates differ. But in general, height and weight increases steadily but also slows with each year of age. By middle/late childhood growth continues slowly until the rapid onset of changes in adolescence. 4
  • 5. The Brain Patterns Brain development in humans develop in a bottom to top sequence, ending with the pre frontal cortex in adolescence. Infants Brain development occurs the most during infancy. Faster electrical impulses occur along axons, and synapses are dramatically increased. These connections allow motor control, sleep regulation, and depth perception to emerge. Children The brain and nervous system continue developing, with the brain growing more rapidly than any other part of the body, though not as much as in infancy. Language development is significant during this time. Towards late childhood, activity in the prefrontal cortex increases, leading to better attention and self- control. 5
  • 7. Puberty Physical Changes Males - Increase in penis & testicle size - Appearance of straight pubic hair - Voice change - First ejaculation - Armpit hair - Facial hair - Peak Rate: 13.5 years Females - Breasts enlarge - Pubic hair appears - Armpit hair - Growth in height - Wider hips - First menstruation - Peak Rate: 11.5 years old Puberty happens in early adolescence
  • 8. Hormones Males - Testosterone Associated with boys and the development of genitals, height, and deep voice Females - Estradiol Associated with girls and the development of breast, uterine, hips Growth of pituitary gland is adolescence was linked to circulating estradiol & testosterone
  • 9. Psychological Development - Adolescents are preoccupied with their body image - Especially during puberty - Adolescents are more dissatisfied with their bodies in the late adolescence stage
  • 10. Brain Changes - During adolescence, brain is still growing - Adolescents’ brains go through structural changes - Corpus callosum - Improves ability to process info - Frontal cortex - Advances in reasoning, decision making, adn self control - Limbic system - emotions
  • 11. Sleep Too little sleep in adolescence is linked to - Delinquency - Sleep disturbances - Less effective attention - Higher school absence - Higher suicidal ideation - Lower academic achievement - More emotional & peer related problems - Higher anxiety
  • 13. Physical Appearance - Facial wrinkles - Age spots - Weight drops after 60 years of age - Bodies become more “sagging” - Become shorter - Lens of the eyes become harder and less flexible Most noticeable physical changes
  • 14. Brain Changes Shrinking - Loses 5-10% of weight - Volume decreases Slowing - Physical coordination - reflexes - Intellectual performance - Cognitive tasks - Reduction in acetylcholine - Memory loss - Reduction in dopamine - Reduction in motor control (Parkinson) The Adapting Brain - Capacity to generate new neurons (neurogenesis) - Dendritic growth - Delateralization -
  • 15. Sleep Sleep Deprivation - Cardiovascular disease - Shortened life span - Cognitive impairment - Motor impairment - Increased risk of vehicle crashes - Work-related accidents
  • 17. Infancy and Childhood Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors can affect the health of infants and children. 17
  • 18. Infancy There are many preventable childhood diseases. The immunizations for these should be given in the first year of life. It is also very important for infants to receive stimulus in their environment because it is important for healthy brain activity. Promoting Health Childhood Immunizations need to continue until 16 years of age. Attention should also be given to children’s environment. If possible, caregivers should provide a smoke-free home, health food options, and age- appropriate activities that support development and keep them safe. 18
  • 20. Health, Illness, & Disease - Adolescence is critical in health because many health habits are being formed - Family, peers, and school influences the health of adolescence
  • 21. Nutrition & Eating Behavior Key problems in adolescence: - Nutrition - Overweight Anorexia - An eating disorder that involves being thin & starving Bulimia Nervosa - Eating disorder in which the individual binges and then purges
  • 22. Exercise Most adolescents are not getting enough exercise - Adolescents become less active - Adolescent boys are more likely than girls to engage in vigorous exercise
  • 23. Substance Use - Adolescents in the US have the highest drug rates compared to any country - Alcohol - Cigarette smoking - Most likely to begin in grades 7 through 9 - A study found that low parental knowledge of adolescents’ peer relation predicted substance use in adolescence
  • 25. Circulatory System Men - 57% hypertension - 32% stroke Women - 60% hypertension - 31% stroke Hypertension becomes problematic and likelihood of stroke increases. Consistent blood pressure above 120/80 should be treated to reduce risk of heart attack, stroke, or kidney disease.
  • 26. Chronic illness Female Chronic Disorders - Arthritis - Hypertension - Sinus problems Male Chronic Disorders - Hypertension - Arthritis - Hearing impairments - Heart disease Chronic Disorders - Cardiovascular disease - Leading cause of death - Osteoporosis - Dementia - Alzheimer Disease - Parkinson Disease - Stress
  • 27. Treatment - Alternative Home and Community care - Nursing home - Extended Care Facility - Home Health Care - Elder Care Centers - Preventive Medicine Clinics - Less Expensive than hospitals and nursing homes
  • 28. Nutrition and Eating Behavior Obesity - Overweight and obesity are linked to increase risk of - Hypertension - Diabetes - Cardiovascular disease - Overweight and obesity are associated with mental health problems Calorie Restriction and Longevity - Chronic problems (cardiovascular, kidney, and liver disease) appear due to calorie restriction Vitamins and Aging - Antioxidants (vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene) help slow aging and improve health - Antioxidants act like a fire extinguisher and help neutralize free-radical activity
  • 29. Exercise Produce physical and psychological gains - Reduce risks for obesity - Cardiovascular disease - Diabetes - Improve flexibility - Strengthen muscles and bones - Aerobic exercise - Stimulates heart and lung function
  • 30. References Santrock, J. W. (2016). A topical approach to life-span development. New York: McGraw-Hill. Slentz, K. (2001). Early childhood development and its variations. Mahwah, N.J.: Routledge. Later Adulthood - IResearchNet. (2017, April 10). Psychology. http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/developmental- psychology/social-development/later-adulthood/