1. BIOINFORMATICS
A tool to determine
evolutionary
relationship
Presented by:
Binaya Khadka (B13)
Suyog Thapa (B34)
2. Introduction
◎Interdisciplinary field that combines computer
science, mathematics, and biology to analyze
and interpret biological data.
◎Involves the development and application of
computational methods, algorithms, and tools to
store and understand biological data
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3. Historical Overview
Founder of Bioinformatics : Professor Margaret Dayhoff (1925-1983)
• Emergence of Molecular Biology (1950s-1960s)
• Development of Sequence Databases
(1970s-1980s)
• Rise of Genomics and
Development of Computational Tools (1990s)
• Next Generation Sequencing and Integration of Data Science and Machine Learning (2010s
– present)
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HGP
4. Bioinformatics and Evolutionary relationship
Evolutionary relationships refer to the way that different species are related to
each other through a common ancestor.
How Bioinformatics helps in determining evolutionary relationship?
Bioinformatics tools help us to
compare genetic and genomic data
from different species and
identify similarities and
differences in their DNA sequences
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5. DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing allows us to read the
order of nucleotides within a DNA
molecule.
It provides a means to read and analyze
genetic information encoded in
organism’s DNA.
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6. Contd…
◎Sanger sequencing:
Also known as dideoxy sequencing
Involves electrophoresis and DNA replication using modified nucleotides that terminate the chain
elongation process.
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8. Sequence Alignment
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Multiple sequence alignment may refer to the process or the result of sequence
alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA.
-Importance of aligning DNA or protein sequences is to highlight the similarities and
differences among the sequences.
- MSA tools (ClustalW, MUSCLE): Aligning sequences to identify conserved regions
and variations
10. Study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities (species, individual or
genes)
Field of biology that focuses on reconstructing and studying the evolutionary history
and relationships of organisms using genetic, morphological, and other relevant
data.
Phylogenetics
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11. There are two main types of phylogenetic analysis:
◎ Molecular
◎ Morphological
Molecular phylogenetics is based on comparing DNA or protein sequences, while
morphological phylogenetics is based on comparing physical traits of organisms.
The steps involved in phylogenetic analysis include selecting a set of organisms to
study, collecting data (e.g., DNA or morphological data), performing sequence
alignment, constructing a phylogenetic tree, and interpreting the results.
Phylogenetic Analysis
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12. A diagram with branches that displays the evolutionary relationships between
different biological species.
Phylogenetic tree
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16. Comparative Genomics
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Comparative genomics is a field of study that involves comparing and analyzing the
genome sequences of different organisms to understand their evolutionary relationships,
genetic variations, and functional elements.
Helps in deciphering the genetic basis of traits, understanding evolutionary events, and
studying the organization and evolution of genomes across species.
Whole-genome alignment tools (GSAlign, LASTZ)
17. Molecular evolution
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Process of change in sequence composition of cellular molecules(DNA,RNA and
proteins) across generations.
It encompasses various methods and approaches,
including comparative genomics, phylogenetics
and population genetics.
-Substitution models (Jukes-Cantor, Kimura):
Estimating rates of DNA/protein evolution
- Detecting positive selection using tools like PAML
18. Implications for various fields
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• Drug Discovery and Development
• Agriculture and Crop Improvement
• Biotechnology and Industrial Applications
19. Challenges and Future directions
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Some Limitations in bioinformatics:
Data Quality and Standards
Big Data Management
Privacy and Security
Reproducibility and Data Sharing
Future direction / Ongoing advancement in bioinformatics:
Multi-omics Integration
Integration of Clinical and Genomic Data
Machine learning and artificial intelligence
