Biofilm is resistant to various chemicals. Chlorine Dioxide is the best treatment option because of its fast disinfection rate and low does requirement. Chlorine Dioxide is also approved for Drinking Water Treatment.
Biofilm is a complex matrix of microorganisms that adheres to surfaces and is difficult to remove. It forms in water systems where surfaces are in permanent contact with water, such as pipes, tanks, and filters. Chlorine is commonly used to control biofilm but is ineffective at penetrating and removing established biofilm. CleanOxide 75, a solution of chlorine dioxide, is more effective at controlling biofilm than chlorine or other alternatives because it can penetrate deep into the biofilm and kill microorganisms over a broader pH range. To calculate the amount of CleanOxide 75 needed to treat a system, the volume of water is multiplied by the target chlorine dioxide concentration and divided by 7500.
This document discusses the microbiology of trickling filters, which are used in wastewater treatment. It contains the following key points:
1. Trickling filters use an attached growth process where microorganisms develop biofilms on the surface of media. Extracellular polymeric substances help attach microorganisms to the media and each other.
2. The biofilm is about 0.1-0.2mm thick and contains a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microbes. Nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrite and nitrate.
3. The biofilm sloughs off periodically as oxygen diffusion decreases and anaerobic conditions develop deeper
Removal of boron from aqueous solution using reverse osmosisakhilesh kushwaha
This document presents information on removing boron from water using reverse osmosis (RO). It discusses the health risks of boron in drinking water and various boron removal methods. It outlines the RO process, factors that affect it like pH, pressure and temperature. Experimental results show boron rejection increased with higher pH and pressure. The conclusion is that RO can effectively remove boron when optimizing operating conditions.
The document discusses water treatment processes used to purify raw water for domestic use. It describes how various impurities like leaves, silt, and microorganisms are removed through screens, sedimentation, coagulation, and filtration. The objectives of water treatment are to treat water from available sources, improve quality by removing unpleasant tastes/odors, and remove harmful matters. Key processes include chemical coagulation and flocculation to remove suspended and colloidal particles, and granular media filtration using slow sand or rapid filters to further remove turbidity and microbes. Slow sand filters are effective at microbial reduction without pretreatment, while rapid filters require coagulation for over 90% removal of enteric microbes.
This document discusses ultraviolet (UV) water treatment technology. It begins by explaining how UV radiation works to damage DNA in microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. It then outlines several industrial and municipal applications of UV water treatment, including for process water, ballast water, drinking water, and sewage treatment. The advantages of UV treatment are highlighted as not introducing chemicals, being effective against chlorine-resistant pathogens, and having low operating costs. Controls systems and equipment for medium to high capacity UV sterilizers are also described.
This document summarizes different methods of disinfecting water, including chlorination, ozonation, treatment with lime, iodine, bromine, ultraviolet rays, potassium permanganate, silver, and boiling. It provides details on the chemical processes involved, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. Chlorination is described as the most commonly used and effective method, involving the addition of chlorine to water to form hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions which kill bacteria. The ideal pH for chlorination is below 7 to maximize the amount of hypochlorous acid present.
The document discusses different types of waste water generated domestically, including black water from toilets which is highly contaminated, grey water from sinks and showers which is less polluted, and yellow water which is collected urine. It describes the characteristics of sewage such as its high water content and presence of bacteria. It also outlines the various stages of sewage treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using aeration and clarification to remove biological matter, and tertiary treatment before discharge. On-site treatment is also discussed for residential areas without access to municipal plants.
The document discusses biomining, which uses microorganisms like bacteria to extract minerals from ores as an alternative to traditional mining methods. It describes how bacteria like Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T. thioxidans are used to extract metals like copper and iron through oxidation. Two main types of biomining discussed are stirred-tank biomining and bioheap leaching. Biomining has advantages of being cheaper, more environmentally friendly and able to extract from low-grade ores, but is slower than traditional techniques.
Biofilm is a complex matrix of microorganisms that adheres to surfaces and is difficult to remove. It forms in water systems where surfaces are in permanent contact with water, such as pipes, tanks, and filters. Chlorine is commonly used to control biofilm but is ineffective at penetrating and removing established biofilm. CleanOxide 75, a solution of chlorine dioxide, is more effective at controlling biofilm than chlorine or other alternatives because it can penetrate deep into the biofilm and kill microorganisms over a broader pH range. To calculate the amount of CleanOxide 75 needed to treat a system, the volume of water is multiplied by the target chlorine dioxide concentration and divided by 7500.
This document discusses the microbiology of trickling filters, which are used in wastewater treatment. It contains the following key points:
1. Trickling filters use an attached growth process where microorganisms develop biofilms on the surface of media. Extracellular polymeric substances help attach microorganisms to the media and each other.
2. The biofilm is about 0.1-0.2mm thick and contains a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microbes. Nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrite and nitrate.
3. The biofilm sloughs off periodically as oxygen diffusion decreases and anaerobic conditions develop deeper
Removal of boron from aqueous solution using reverse osmosisakhilesh kushwaha
This document presents information on removing boron from water using reverse osmosis (RO). It discusses the health risks of boron in drinking water and various boron removal methods. It outlines the RO process, factors that affect it like pH, pressure and temperature. Experimental results show boron rejection increased with higher pH and pressure. The conclusion is that RO can effectively remove boron when optimizing operating conditions.
The document discusses water treatment processes used to purify raw water for domestic use. It describes how various impurities like leaves, silt, and microorganisms are removed through screens, sedimentation, coagulation, and filtration. The objectives of water treatment are to treat water from available sources, improve quality by removing unpleasant tastes/odors, and remove harmful matters. Key processes include chemical coagulation and flocculation to remove suspended and colloidal particles, and granular media filtration using slow sand or rapid filters to further remove turbidity and microbes. Slow sand filters are effective at microbial reduction without pretreatment, while rapid filters require coagulation for over 90% removal of enteric microbes.
This document discusses ultraviolet (UV) water treatment technology. It begins by explaining how UV radiation works to damage DNA in microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. It then outlines several industrial and municipal applications of UV water treatment, including for process water, ballast water, drinking water, and sewage treatment. The advantages of UV treatment are highlighted as not introducing chemicals, being effective against chlorine-resistant pathogens, and having low operating costs. Controls systems and equipment for medium to high capacity UV sterilizers are also described.
This document summarizes different methods of disinfecting water, including chlorination, ozonation, treatment with lime, iodine, bromine, ultraviolet rays, potassium permanganate, silver, and boiling. It provides details on the chemical processes involved, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. Chlorination is described as the most commonly used and effective method, involving the addition of chlorine to water to form hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions which kill bacteria. The ideal pH for chlorination is below 7 to maximize the amount of hypochlorous acid present.
The document discusses different types of waste water generated domestically, including black water from toilets which is highly contaminated, grey water from sinks and showers which is less polluted, and yellow water which is collected urine. It describes the characteristics of sewage such as its high water content and presence of bacteria. It also outlines the various stages of sewage treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using aeration and clarification to remove biological matter, and tertiary treatment before discharge. On-site treatment is also discussed for residential areas without access to municipal plants.
The document discusses biomining, which uses microorganisms like bacteria to extract minerals from ores as an alternative to traditional mining methods. It describes how bacteria like Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T. thioxidans are used to extract metals like copper and iron through oxidation. Two main types of biomining discussed are stirred-tank biomining and bioheap leaching. Biomining has advantages of being cheaper, more environmentally friendly and able to extract from low-grade ores, but is slower than traditional techniques.
The document describes how free radical technology (FRT) works to treat effluent and wastewater. FRT uses an electrochemical cell to generate free radicals like hydroxyl and oxygen that form reactive bubbles to destroy organic matter. It can remove metals, suspended solids, bacteria, and reduce COD/BOD to treat effluent and increase water recycling. FRT has been used successfully in applications like treating pharmaceutical waste and could help with problems like odors, biofilms, and meeting environmental regulations for discharges.
Vibrio Fischeri: A Novel Solution to the Water CrisisMegan Rosenberger
This study evaluated various water purification methods for removing E. coli, including chlorine dioxide, iodine, activated carbon, saris cloth, and a control with no treatment. Chlorine dioxide and iodine were the most effective at reducing E. coli levels based on heterotrophic plate count quantification, with chlorine dioxide being the most economical option. ATP bioluminescence was also found to be an effective method for detecting E. coli in contaminated water. Further research is needed on the duration of purification for different treatment methods.
Ozone: In Fruits and Vegetables IndustryVikash Patel
Ozone has gain promising non-thermal preservation methods for fruits and vegetables. Well, there is a lot more research that has to be done to check its safety in food as many researches contradict the claims.
Moreover, the use of Ozone has been finding in area of agriculture, meat, and packaging industry too.
Farm Bio-security with Nano Silver Hydrogen Peroxide based Alstasan SilvoxSilverHydrogenPeroxide
Silver hydrogen peroxide based Alstasan Silvox is an eco-friendly agriculture disinfectant, is hydrogen peroxide stabilized with the addition of silver proves well effective in farms.
These slides provide a great knowledge about biomining, its types and its steps. These slides also provide the concise information about future of biomining.
Disinfection is the process of removing or killing pathogens in water. It is done to terminate the growth and reproduction of microorganisms so they pose no risk of infection. Common pathogens targeted include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. Common disinfectants used in water treatment include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, bromine, copper, silver and potassium permanganate. Disinfectants work by altering or destroying essential structures in microbes to inactivate them. Disinfection is usually one of the final steps in water purification to reduce pathogens and make drinking water safe.
This document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analysis. BOD is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in water to break down organic material present in the water. When organic matter is present in water, bacteria consume dissolved oxygen as they break down the waste, leaving less oxygen available for other aquatic life. The BOD test determines the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria over a 5-day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates more organic pollution and less dissolved oxygen in the water. The standard BOD test involves diluting water samples, measuring initial dissolved oxygen, incubating in bottles for 5 days, and measuring final dissolved oxygen to determine oxygen used by bacteria.
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
Boron is a chemical element commonly found in the environment in compounds called borates. It is difficult to remove boron from seawater using reverse osmosis (RO) due to its uncharged and nonpolar nature. Multiple configurations can be used to effectively remove boron including double-pass RO systems, single-pass RO combined with ion exchange resins, and multistage RO systems sometimes incorporating ion exchange or acidification steps. The specific configuration used depends on factors like feed water chemistry and the desired permeate quality.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
Water treatment 2 by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses water treatment processes. It explains that the main objectives of water treatment are to reduce contamination and make water acceptable for desired end uses like drinking. The key processes discussed are physical processes like settling and filtration, and chemical processes like coagulation and disinfection to remove contaminants. A multi-step treatment train or system of integrated unit processes is used to purify water for drinking or industrial purposes.
Bioleaching is a process that uses microorganisms like Thiobacillus ferroxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidants to extract metals from ores through leaching. These microorganisms produce acids that solubilize metal content, promoting extraction. There are two types of bioleaching - direct bioleaching where bacteria contact ores directly, and indirect bioleaching where leaching agents produced by microorganisms aid metal leaching without direct contact. Bioleaching is commonly used to extract copper from low-grade ores in an environmentally friendly way through the oxidation of ferrous ion to ferric ion by microbes, followed by chemical reactions to solubilize copper.
Silver Hydrogen Peroxide, an eco-friendly disinfectant, with a variety of uses. It breaks down into water and oxygen after work. Oxidizing in nature, and silver provides extra benefit of long lasting disinfection.
Used for disinfection of soil, dairy, water, etc.
Compatible with most materials and can be used in any media.
Microbial bioleaching uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from low-grade ores in an economical way. Bacteria like Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans produce acids that oxidize insoluble metals into soluble forms that can be extracted. Common metals extracted through bioleaching include copper, uranium, gold and nickel. Bioleaching offers advantages over traditional extraction methods by being lower cost, using less energy, and producing fewer emissions. It has been successfully commercialized to extract metals from mining waste and natural low-grade deposits.
Bioleaching its technique and applicationsUtkarsh Moon
Bioleaching uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from ores and concentrates. It is a simple and environmentally friendly process that has been used for over 3000 years to extract copper. Common microbes used are mesophilic and moderately thermophilic bacteria. Bioleaching involves both direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct bioleaching involves enzymatic attack of bacteria on susceptible minerals while indirect uses bacteria to produce strong oxidizing agents. Commercial bioleaching uses heap and in-situ leaching with controls on pH, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide to optimize the slow natural process. It is used to extract copper, gold, silver, uranium and other metals.
The document discusses reverse osmosis based desalination, focusing on developments in reverse osmosis membrane technology. It begins with an overview of desalination techniques, highlighting the importance of reverse osmosis. It then describes the reverse osmosis process and membrane types that have been developed, including cellulose acetate, thin film composite, and thin film nanocomposite membranes. The use of nanoparticles is discussed as a way to enhance membrane properties and address challenges like fouling and chlorine resistance. Overall, the document outlines the history and current state of reverse osmosis membrane technology and its role in seawater desalination.
Cooling tower microbial control requires biocides to control biological activity that can cause problems. Chlorine dioxide is recommended as it is broad-spectrum, controlling bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and biofilms. It is also effective over a wide pH range, does not produce toxic compounds, and breaks down to harmless inorganic compounds, making it more environmentally friendly than alternatives.
Chlorine dioxide for water in facilitiesChetan Shukla
Clean Environmental Technologies provides expertise in health, safety, hygiene and environmental issues for facilities like hotels, hospitals and industries. It believes in a holistic approach to water treatment, general hygiene, HVAC management, wastewater treatment and indoor air quality. Chlorine dioxide is an effective disinfectant that does not form harmful byproducts like chlorine and can destroy biofilms that harbor bacteria and protect them from other treatments. Biofilm buildup in water systems poses risks like reduced safety, energy and money losses, and more sick people, so a holistic approach is needed to address this problem.
The document describes how free radical technology (FRT) works to treat effluent and wastewater. FRT uses an electrochemical cell to generate free radicals like hydroxyl and oxygen that form reactive bubbles to destroy organic matter. It can remove metals, suspended solids, bacteria, and reduce COD/BOD to treat effluent and increase water recycling. FRT has been used successfully in applications like treating pharmaceutical waste and could help with problems like odors, biofilms, and meeting environmental regulations for discharges.
Vibrio Fischeri: A Novel Solution to the Water CrisisMegan Rosenberger
This study evaluated various water purification methods for removing E. coli, including chlorine dioxide, iodine, activated carbon, saris cloth, and a control with no treatment. Chlorine dioxide and iodine were the most effective at reducing E. coli levels based on heterotrophic plate count quantification, with chlorine dioxide being the most economical option. ATP bioluminescence was also found to be an effective method for detecting E. coli in contaminated water. Further research is needed on the duration of purification for different treatment methods.
Ozone: In Fruits and Vegetables IndustryVikash Patel
Ozone has gain promising non-thermal preservation methods for fruits and vegetables. Well, there is a lot more research that has to be done to check its safety in food as many researches contradict the claims.
Moreover, the use of Ozone has been finding in area of agriculture, meat, and packaging industry too.
Farm Bio-security with Nano Silver Hydrogen Peroxide based Alstasan SilvoxSilverHydrogenPeroxide
Silver hydrogen peroxide based Alstasan Silvox is an eco-friendly agriculture disinfectant, is hydrogen peroxide stabilized with the addition of silver proves well effective in farms.
These slides provide a great knowledge about biomining, its types and its steps. These slides also provide the concise information about future of biomining.
Disinfection is the process of removing or killing pathogens in water. It is done to terminate the growth and reproduction of microorganisms so they pose no risk of infection. Common pathogens targeted include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. Common disinfectants used in water treatment include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, bromine, copper, silver and potassium permanganate. Disinfectants work by altering or destroying essential structures in microbes to inactivate them. Disinfection is usually one of the final steps in water purification to reduce pathogens and make drinking water safe.
This document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analysis. BOD is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in water to break down organic material present in the water. When organic matter is present in water, bacteria consume dissolved oxygen as they break down the waste, leaving less oxygen available for other aquatic life. The BOD test determines the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria over a 5-day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates more organic pollution and less dissolved oxygen in the water. The standard BOD test involves diluting water samples, measuring initial dissolved oxygen, incubating in bottles for 5 days, and measuring final dissolved oxygen to determine oxygen used by bacteria.
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
Boron is a chemical element commonly found in the environment in compounds called borates. It is difficult to remove boron from seawater using reverse osmosis (RO) due to its uncharged and nonpolar nature. Multiple configurations can be used to effectively remove boron including double-pass RO systems, single-pass RO combined with ion exchange resins, and multistage RO systems sometimes incorporating ion exchange or acidification steps. The specific configuration used depends on factors like feed water chemistry and the desired permeate quality.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
Water treatment 2 by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses water treatment processes. It explains that the main objectives of water treatment are to reduce contamination and make water acceptable for desired end uses like drinking. The key processes discussed are physical processes like settling and filtration, and chemical processes like coagulation and disinfection to remove contaminants. A multi-step treatment train or system of integrated unit processes is used to purify water for drinking or industrial purposes.
Bioleaching is a process that uses microorganisms like Thiobacillus ferroxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidants to extract metals from ores through leaching. These microorganisms produce acids that solubilize metal content, promoting extraction. There are two types of bioleaching - direct bioleaching where bacteria contact ores directly, and indirect bioleaching where leaching agents produced by microorganisms aid metal leaching without direct contact. Bioleaching is commonly used to extract copper from low-grade ores in an environmentally friendly way through the oxidation of ferrous ion to ferric ion by microbes, followed by chemical reactions to solubilize copper.
Silver Hydrogen Peroxide, an eco-friendly disinfectant, with a variety of uses. It breaks down into water and oxygen after work. Oxidizing in nature, and silver provides extra benefit of long lasting disinfection.
Used for disinfection of soil, dairy, water, etc.
Compatible with most materials and can be used in any media.
Microbial bioleaching uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from low-grade ores in an economical way. Bacteria like Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans produce acids that oxidize insoluble metals into soluble forms that can be extracted. Common metals extracted through bioleaching include copper, uranium, gold and nickel. Bioleaching offers advantages over traditional extraction methods by being lower cost, using less energy, and producing fewer emissions. It has been successfully commercialized to extract metals from mining waste and natural low-grade deposits.
Bioleaching its technique and applicationsUtkarsh Moon
Bioleaching uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from ores and concentrates. It is a simple and environmentally friendly process that has been used for over 3000 years to extract copper. Common microbes used are mesophilic and moderately thermophilic bacteria. Bioleaching involves both direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct bioleaching involves enzymatic attack of bacteria on susceptible minerals while indirect uses bacteria to produce strong oxidizing agents. Commercial bioleaching uses heap and in-situ leaching with controls on pH, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide to optimize the slow natural process. It is used to extract copper, gold, silver, uranium and other metals.
The document discusses reverse osmosis based desalination, focusing on developments in reverse osmosis membrane technology. It begins with an overview of desalination techniques, highlighting the importance of reverse osmosis. It then describes the reverse osmosis process and membrane types that have been developed, including cellulose acetate, thin film composite, and thin film nanocomposite membranes. The use of nanoparticles is discussed as a way to enhance membrane properties and address challenges like fouling and chlorine resistance. Overall, the document outlines the history and current state of reverse osmosis membrane technology and its role in seawater desalination.
Cooling tower microbial control requires biocides to control biological activity that can cause problems. Chlorine dioxide is recommended as it is broad-spectrum, controlling bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and biofilms. It is also effective over a wide pH range, does not produce toxic compounds, and breaks down to harmless inorganic compounds, making it more environmentally friendly than alternatives.
Chlorine dioxide for water in facilitiesChetan Shukla
Clean Environmental Technologies provides expertise in health, safety, hygiene and environmental issues for facilities like hotels, hospitals and industries. It believes in a holistic approach to water treatment, general hygiene, HVAC management, wastewater treatment and indoor air quality. Chlorine dioxide is an effective disinfectant that does not form harmful byproducts like chlorine and can destroy biofilms that harbor bacteria and protect them from other treatments. Biofilm buildup in water systems poses risks like reduced safety, energy and money losses, and more sick people, so a holistic approach is needed to address this problem.
A biofilter is a bed of media on which microorganisms attach and grow to form a biological layer.
The layer thus formed is referred as a Bio film.
The biofilm is formed by a community of different microorganisms bacteria, fungi, yeast, macro-organisms like protozoa, worms, insect's larvae, etc.
The document discusses the three stages of water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary stage involves physical separation processes like screening, sedimentation, flotation, and filtration to remove solids. The secondary stage uses biological processes like aerobic and anaerobic treatment to convert dissolved organic matter into solids using bacteria. The tertiary stage disinfects the treated water using processes like chlorination, UV light radiation, or ozonation to remove pathogens.
This document discusses the use of NatureVel-WW for wastewater treatment. It notes that NatureVel-WW offers benefits over other products due to its higher microbial plate count and longer shelf life. Key benefits include meeting stringent water quality standards, reducing treatment costs, decreasing environmental liabilities, and massive sludge reduction. The document explains that NatureVel-WW introduces beneficial microbes that shift the microbial equilibrium in wastewater treatment systems to efficiently treat wastewater. The microbes work synergistically to break down pollutants like BOD and COD without using as much oxygen, lowering treatment costs.
The document discusses cooling water treatment at a facility. It covers various topics:
1. The water sources for the facility including wells and a canal.
2. The offsite water treatment process which uses alum and polyelectrolyte for coagulation and flocculation to remove suspended solids.
3. Parameters for controlling corrosion, including maintaining inhibitor levels (orthophosphate and zinc), pH, and chlorine concentrations. Microbiological control using chlorine and maintaining proper pH is also discussed.
4. Scale and deposits from sources like the water supply, air, and chemical precipitation are addressed.
Disinfection is the process of killing or inactivating microorganisms in water to make it safe for human consumption. Common disinfection methods include chlorination, ozonation, and UV irradiation. Chlorination, the most widely used method, involves adding chlorine to water to kill bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. It is effective and easy to implement but must leave behind a chlorine residual to prevent recontamination in distribution systems. The amount of chlorine added depends on the treatment method, such as plain, pre- or post-chlorination, with higher doses used when water is heavily contaminated. Proper disinfection is necessary to prevent waterborne diseases.
The document discusses various methods of water disinfection and their limitations. It focuses on chlorine disinfection and outlines health and safety issues with chlorine such as formation of carcinogenic byproducts. A new product called DiamondOxide is introduced as a safer alternative, consisting of a pure chlorine dioxide solution that is a powerful disinfectant without harmful byproducts. It is effective at biofilm removal and killing all waterborne microorganisms. The document provides details on its use, dosage, effectiveness and advantages over traditional chlorine disinfection.
This document discusses various methods for disinfecting water and wastewater, including chlorine, UV, and ozone disinfection. It provides details on the mechanisms of each method and compares their advantages and disadvantages. Recent research discussed found that while chlorine is effective at removing bacteria, some species may re-grow after chlorination. Studies also detected multi-drug resistance in certain bacteria isolated from treated wastewater, posing risks. The document advocates for using a hybrid disinfection system to reduce disinfection by-products and chlorine use.
Water is a precious resource and without it life is not possible on earth
Water is getting polluted day by day due to excessive and careless use so the percent of available drinking water is reducing
There are many ways which causes water pollution and the effects of it are very harmful for all living and non-living objects
In general, sewage contains dissolved solids, suspended solids, nutrients (N, P), sulphate, chloride and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, Ni), bacteria and viruses.
This 0.1% contains organic matter, microorganisms and inorganic compounds.
Of the solids present in sewage, 70% are organic and 30% are inorganic in nature.
The organic fraction contains proteins (60%), carbohydrates (20%) and fats (10%).
The inorganic fraction contains grit, salts and metals.
The Sewage Treatment Process essentially includes three stages. What are the three stages of sewage treatment and How does each stage work?
The three stages can be divided into primary, secondary, and Tertiary. In each step, water is purified to the next level to access clean water for humans and the environment.
1.This stage essentially includes the process of sedimentation. The water is held in the large sedimentary or rainwater tanks where the settleable solids are removed. Since the sedimentation tanks work on the principle of gravity, the solids settle at the bottom, and the lighter solids float in the tanks. Anyhow, let's move forward to stage 2 of secondary treatment. After the sludge settles at the bottom, the water is then released for its secondary treatment.
2.In this process, waste is broken down by aerobic bacteria and incorporated into the wastewater system.
3. Tertiary treatment is also known as polishing and disinfecting the water with the highest standards. This stage is critical to producing the water to a particular specification such as technical water, mineral water etc. It is also used to treat the water in public systems.
1.the incoming wastewater passes through screening equipment where objects such as rags, wood fragments, plastics, and grease are removed. The material removed is washed and pressed and disposed of in a landfill. The screened wastewater is then pumped to the next step: grit removal.
2. In this step, heavy but fine material such as sand and gravel is removed from the wastewater. This material is also disposed of in a landfill.
3. The material, which will settle, but at a slower rate than step two, is taken out using large circular tanks called clarifiers. The settled material, called primary sludge, is pumped off the bottom and the wastewater exits the tank from the top. Floating debris such as grease is skimmed off the top and sent with the settled material to digesters.
4. In this step, the wastewater receives most of its treatment. Through biological degradation, the pollutants are consumed by microorganisms and transformed into cell tissue, water, and nitrogen.
5. Large circular tanks called secondary clarifiers
The document provides an overview of D-H/S IONS, a disinfectant solution containing hydrogen peroxide stabilized with silver ions. It describes the product's mechanism of action, involving the synergistic effects of hydrogen peroxide and silver ions. The document also outlines the product's advantages like broad-spectrum effectiveness, safety, and environmental friendliness. Finally, it discusses potential applications of D-H/S IONS in areas like water treatment, food/beverage processing, healthcare facilities, and more.
Assured safe and trusted drinking water for India by India.
Water that is used in your favourite beverage is manufactured with a diligent source selection & purification process.
Assured safe and trusted drinking water for India by India.
Water that is used in your favourite beverage is manufactured with a diligent source selection & purification process.
Assured safe and trusted drinking water for India by India.
Water that is used in your favourite beverage is manufactured with a diligent source selection & purification process.
Assured safe and trusted drinking water for India by India.
Water that is used in your favourite beverage is manufactured with a diligent source selection & purification process.
Assured safe and trusted drinking water for India by India.
Water that is used in your favourite beverage is manufactured with a diligent source selection & purification process.
WATER PURIFICATION PROCESS AT HCCB Assured safe and trusted drinking water for India by India. Water that is used in your favourite beverage is manufactured with a diligent source selection & purification process.
Assured safe and trusted drinking water for India by India.
Water that is used in your favourite beverage is manufactured with a diligent source selection & purification process.
Similar to Biofilm Control: Treatment with Chlorine Dioxide (20)
A Review on Recent Advances of Packaging in Food IndustryPriyankaKilaniya
Effective food packaging provides number of purposes. It functions as a container to hold and transport the food product, as well as a barrier to protect the food from outside contamination such as water, light, odours, bacteria, dust, and mechanical damage by maintaining the food quality. The package may also include barriers to keep the product's moisture content or gas composition consistent. Furthermore, convenience is vital role in packaging, and the desire for quick opening, dispensing, and resealing packages that maintain product quality until fully consumed is increasing. To facilitate trading, encourage sales, and inform on content and nutritional attributes, the packaging must be communicative. For storage of food there is huge scope for modified atmosphere packaging, intelligent packaging, active packaging, and controlled atmosphere packaging. Active packaging has a variety of uses, including carbon dioxide absorbers and emitters, oxygen scavengers, antimicrobials, and moisture control agents. Smart packaging is another term for intelligent packaging. Edible packaging, self-cooling and self-heating packaging, micro packaging, and water-soluble packaging are some of the advancements in package material.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Panchkula offers a wide array of dining experiences. From traditional North Indian flavors to global cuisine, the city’s restaurants cater to every taste bud. Let’s dive into some of the best restaurants in Panchkula
Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-b...AdelinePdelaCruz
Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-based products is cacao beans, which are produced by the cacao tree in pods. The Maya and Aztecs, two of the earliest Mesoamerican civilizations, valued cacao as a sacred plant and used it in religious rituals, social gatherings, and medical treatments. It has a long and rich cultural history.
The Menu affects everything in a restaurant; as our friend and FCSI consultant Bill Main says, “The Menu is your blueprint for profitability.”
Let’s start with the segment. What will be your marketing and brand positioning? It depends on what menu items you serve. What type of cooking methods and equipment will you use? GUEST EXPERIENCE = FACILITY (Space) DESIGN + MENU + SERVPOINTS™
W.H. Bender & Associates
408-784-7371
whb@whbender.com
www.whbender.com
San Jose, California
2. The Basics of
Biofilm
PLANKTONIC
SESSILE
Floating freely in the water -
typically individually as a single
microbe
Attached & settled on a surface
- living in communities. This de-
velops biofilms.
Bacteria in water systems
are found in two ways.
3. The problem with biofilm.
Bacteria tend to attach to surfaces and grow biofilm.
Once settled in a biofilm, they become very resistant
to various chemicals.
5. Biofilm
Characteristics
Will harbour & protect many different types of
micro-organisms, debris, dirt
Will create conditions that lead to corrosion,
heat transfer loss & reduction of pipe diameters
Very resistant to several disinfectants and is
difficult to remove
Found almost everywhere in water systems
6. Why it’s hard to treat biofilm
Treatment with antibiotics usually results in incomplete killing.
The unaffected bacteria acts as a nucleus for the spread of
infection following the withdrawal of antibiotic therapy.
7. How can biofilm
be treated?
Ozone
Hydrogen Peroxide
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
8. Gets consumed before it
disinfects
Is depleted very quickly
Only active for a few
minutes in the water
Useful in few applications
High demands & high dose
= expensive
Only treats some types of
biofilms
Treatment is partial causing
regrowth issues
Slow to penetrate biofilm
Effectiveness depends onRate
at which Chlorine destroys
biofilm vs the Rate at which
bacteria rebuild it
Chlorine is dependent on
pH levels
Ozone Hydrogen Peroxide Chlorine
Why these won’t work.
9. Chlorine Dioxide is the
best option to treat biofilm.
Fast disinfection rate & low dose is required
Effective over a wide pH range
Doesn’t react with most organics & ammonia
Remains stable & active for a long time
ClO2 is a gas dissolved in water - penetrates
deep and decomposes biofilm
Detaches biofilm from the surface it is attached to
ClO2 acts as an oxidant: looses one electron and
forms to Chlorite (ClO2-¹)
Injection & control of the ClO2 solution is easy and
well controlled - mutliple injection points are easy
10. Approved for Drinking
Water Treatment
ClO2 is effective at removing biofilms at very low
concentrations. (< 1.0 ppm)
12. Bello Zon
Chlorine Dioxide Generator
Simple & reliable continuous treatment.
Efficient operation thanks to production, dosing
& monitoring of ClO2 with only one system
Perfect quality management through itnegrated storage
of all operating parameters and measured values
Multiple injection points can be operated with
use of storage tank
13. On Line Measurement &
Control of ClO2
Components
DACa Controller
Chlorine Dioxide Sensors
Chlorite Sensors
Flow Through Assembly - all pre-installed
14. Perfect water every time.
We make sure your water is the quality it needs to be for your
processes. It’s what we do.
info@prominent.ca
1 888 709 9933
in