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Biodiesel: An Alternative Fuel to reduce CO2
- 1. Biodiesel: mono-alkyl ester goodness John Bell, George Hornung, Chris Intharansy, and Kyle Miller
- 2. What is biodiesel? Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative diesel fuel, produced from domestic, renewable sources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, is simple to use, biodegradable, and non-toxic. Produced by a process called transesterification Fatty acid methyl esters Requires only a few ingredients Feedstock oil Methanol Catalyst
- 3. How is it made?
- 4. Advantages of biodiesel Biodegrades as fast as sugar Less toxic than table salt Reduces emissions Any diesel vehicle can run biodiesel Made from renewable resources Sourced locally Decreases foreign oil dependence
- 5. Advantages of biodiesel Can be made from waste cooking oil 3 billion gallons of waste oil produced per year Contains no sulfur Increases lubricity Can be used as heating fuel Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have fully completed and satisfied the health effects testing requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
- 6. Why do we need it? 94% of all goods in the United States are transported by vehicles powered by diesel engines A renewable, clean-burning diesel replacement Reduces U.S. dependence on foreign oil Creates new jobs Made from an increasingly diverse mix of resources such as agricultural oils, recycled cooking oil and animal fats, that does not compete with the food supply
- 7. Why do we need it? Biodiesel results in significantly lower emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, toxic contaminants, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, visible smoke and noxious odors than petroleum diesel.
- 8. Biodiesel feedstock sources Unlike ethanol, the highest yield sources of vegetable oil are not chiefly food crops. Top five: Open pond algae, Millettia pinnata, Copaifera langsdorffii, oil palms, and the Chinese tallow tree. Bottom five: Maize (corn), cashew nut, oats, lupin, and kenaf. Chinese tallow tree is actually considered invasive in the U.S., accounting for 23% of all trees in the Houston area.
- 9. For whom do we need it? Financial, Ethical, and Ecological Stakeholders Public and private freight operators Municipalities Taxpayers Consumers Vehicle manufacturers Oil and gas companies Soil & Water: the environment and everything it contains
- 10. Required expertise Agriculturalist – identifies and cultivates regionally appropriate feedstock Mineralogist – identifies local reserves of necessary catalyst minerals Chemist – investigates new methods of extraction and production Logistics Expert – explores most efficient & practical methods of delivery Transportation Planner – examines existing infrastructure and trends City Manager – negotiates code and coordinates with local politicians/orgs Economist – examines local/regional/national/global trends in fuel use Political Scientist – interpret the political climate and legislative feasibility
- 11. Implementation: Stage 1 Identify potential market City of Fort Worth and her diesel fleet Code Compliance Fire 42 stations 8,066 calls taken in November of 2011 Housing and Economic Development Parks and Community Services Planning and Development Police Transportation and Public Works
- 12. Implementation: Stage 2 Assess political will and funding potential The City of Fort Worth has taken steps to curb fuel costs since 2002, when it established the Fort Worth Fuel Consortium. The Consortium coordinated purchasing efforts across departments, providing for reduced rates. Interest in the Consortium grew, and the City welcomed adjacent cities and other agencies to join the cooperative. Monthly fuel budget for the City is nearly $1 million. Over $40,000 was saved by the FWWC scheme in 2010. We believe much more can be saved by embracing biodiesel.
- 13. Implementation: Stage 3 Pilot project proposal Onsite production by the City’s Equipment Services Dept. Springboard BioPro 380 Processor [$14,995.00] Producing 750 gallons per month (half capacity) Reclaimed cooking oil [Free + cost of transport] Methanol [$2.85/gal] Sulfuric acid [$6.00 for 380ml] Electricity [$0.15/kWh for 50kWh] Water [$0.09/gal for 90gal] Return on investment: 275 days
- 14. Implementation: Stage 4 Expansion to other departments Maintain onsite production whenever possible Establishment of grease abatement and collection program, similar to Cease the Grease in Dallas Coordinate with area farmers to acquire locally produced vegetable oils
- 15. Implementation: Stage 5 Evaluate cost savings and reassess outlook Invest in centralized biodiesel processing facility Establish strategic reserve Transform the Fort Worth Fuel Consortium into a regional biodiesel marketplace and cooperative—the first of its kind in the United States.
- 16. Projected timeline Such a proposal could theoretically be completed within a period of 3-5 years, however, the timeline is highly contingent on a number of variables: Political expediency Is the Fuel Consortium a friend or a foe? Progressive political climate? A willingness to invest? Economic outlook Anticipated tax revenues Fuel price (petroleum diesel) Materials price (lye, methanol, sulfuric acid, etc.)
- 17. Other factors to consider Biodiesel production is on the rise, correlating with the rise in price of conventional petroleum based diesel. The National Biodiesel Board has released the following production volume estimates for the U.S., per calendar year: 2011 802 million gallons 2010 315 million gallons 2009 545 million gallons 2008 691 million gallons 2007 500 million gallons 2006 224 million gallons 2005 112 million gallons
- 18. Other factors to consider 802 million gallons for 2011 is a record high. A result of the federal tax incentive for biodiesel that was reinstated this year (H.R. 2238). In danger of expiring on December 31, 2011 without congressional action.
- 19. Other factors to consider Public–Private Partnership Texas ranks first in the country for biodiesel production More than 20 commercial biodiesel plants, with more under construction, producing over 100 million gallons each year Texas ranks first among the fifty states for railroad miles, with over 14,006 miles of track in use (Primarily diesel engines) Texas is also home to the highest number of owner-operator independent truck drivers in the country, with 14,634. (OOIDA) Meaningfully integrating all of these private sector industries, from agriculture to freight logistics, is key to a successful regional biodiesel initiative.
- 20. Program Evaluation Key performance indicators for success Social Overall community satisfaction with initiative Psychosocial metrics: self-affirmation and contentment with workforce (being a part of the solution, rather than the problem) Environmental Air quality: emission levels Risk aversion Economic Taxpayer investment return Municipal investment return Efficiency and overall cost-savings
- 21. Conclusion A City of Fort Worth biodiesel initiative could serve as an extraordinary model for the benefits of regionalized energy self- sufficiency, and could be easily adaptable to other communities throughout the world. Having demonstrated previous leadership with the Fuel Consortium, we hope that the City of Fort Worth will embrace our proactive framework for deploying biodiesel in our community and beyond.
- 22. Questions/ Contacts? John Bell john.bell@mavs.uta.edu http://2011sustainability.blogspot.com/ George Hornung george.hornung@mavs.uta.edu http://georgetx.blogspot.com/ Chris Intharansy chanthala.intharansy@mavs.uta.edu http://blog.uta.edu/~cci8940/ Kyle Miller kyle.miller@mavs.uta.edu http://kylemillermsis.wordpress.com/