This document discusses the extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata plants, and its conversion to biodiesel. It outlines the steps of biodiesel production which includes crushing the seeds, extracting the oil using a soxhlet apparatus and rotary evaporator, transesterifying the oil to produce biodiesel, and purifying the biodiesel through separation and washing processes. The document also provides background on biodiesel, describing it as a cleaner burning alternative to petroleum diesel that can be used in various on-road, off-road, and stationary applications.

1. Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas, and Pongamia pinnata, its conversion
into Biodiesel and their physiochemical Parameter analysis
For
Bachelor of Technology in Biotechnology
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab
By
Ravindra Patel
(11612978)
Under the Supervision
Of
Mr. Manish Kumar Pandey
Assistant Professor
Biotech Park in Biotechnology City, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

2. Biodiesel
Introduction:- As the future lack of petroleum is a current concern, biodiesel seems to be
“part of the solution”, by replacing partial or totally petro-diesel fuel in diesel engines.
What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is the name of a cleaner burning, alternative kind of diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made from
organic sources, such as vegetable oils extracted from soybeans, sunflowers, and canola. Those
vegetable oils are refined in a way that allows them to be used in a diesel engine. Biodiesel can be
used in diesel cars and trucks.
When was biodiesel first used?
 Vegetable oil was used in diesel fuel as early as 1900.
 The inventor of the diesel engine, Rudolf Diesel,
originally designed the engine for use with peanut oil.

3. Advantages of Biodiesel:-
 renewable.
 energy efficient.
 reduce global warming gas emissions.
 nontoxic, biodegradable, and suitable for sensitive environments
Disadvantage of Biodiesel:-
 about one and a half times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel.
 Biodiesel is not distributed as widely as traditional, petroleum diesel.
 100 percent biodiesel can't be used in winter because it becomes too thick in cold temperatures.

4. Plant source:- Jatropha curcas
Pongamia pinnata
JATROPHA CURCAS:-
 flowering plant
 Jatropha curcas is a native of American tropics, Central America and Mexico.
 It has been develop throughout the world in tropical and Subtropical area around the world.
Classification:-
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Jatropha
Species: J. curcas

5. PONGAMIA PINNATA:-
 Pongamia pinnata is a type of tree
 Pongamia pinnata is the native in tropical and in the part of indian subcontinent, China,
Malasia, Japan
Classification:-
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Mangoliopyta
Class: Mangnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Pongamia
Species: Pinnata
Ponagamia pinnata is a fast-developing tree upto 20 meteres tall. This is a dediduous tree,
with a large canopy , grows to about 15-25 meters in hight and that spread equally wide.

6. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
According to The Hindu news, In India, the biofuel business is assume to touch the ₹50,000 crore by 2022, based on the petrol
and diesel demand in the country, it is said by Dharmedra Pradhan , Minister of the state for natural gas and petroleum on the 11th
July 2018.In present time, the biodiesel industry is worth ₹6000 crore.

7. STEPS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
STEP 1: - Crushed the seeds
Fig: Crushed form of Pongamia pinnata
Fig:Crushed form of Jatropha curcas

8. STEP 2:- Process in Soxhlet apparatus
 Normally a solid material containing some of the desired compound is placed inside in a
thimble made from thick filter paper, which is loaded into main chamber of the soxhlet
extracter.
 The soxhlet extractor is placed onto a flask containing the extraction solvent. The
soxhlet is then equipped with a condenser
 The solvent is heated to reflux. The solvent vapor travels up a distillation arm, and
floods into the chamber housing the thimble of solid.
 The chamber containing the solid material slowly fills with the warm solvent
 When the soxhlet chamber is almost full, the chamber is automatically emptied by a
siphon side arm
 This cycle may be allowed to repeat many times, over hours or days.
 During each cycle, apportion of non-volatile compound dissolves in the solvent .after
many cycles the desired compound is concentrated in the distillation flask

9. STEP 3:- Process In Rotary Evaporator
 The rotating system is fitted with a special seal that allows the apparatus to
be placed under the vacuum. This reduces the boiling point of solvents and
removes the vapor phase making the process much more efficient.
 Each unit is also provided with an easy to use vacuum release and a
continuous feed system, which allows more solvent to be drawn into the
rotating Florentine flask without the need to stop the operation
 After this process where the crude oil formed with two different seed
samples such as jatropha curcas and pongamia pinnata, where removal of
solvents from samples by evaporation is done.
Then oil formed from this process is made to undergo transesterification
process from which final biodiesel product is formed.

10. Fig: Oil from Jatropha curcas Fig: Oil from Pongamia pinnata

11. STEP 4:- Transesterification Process
 In transesterification process, a triglyceride react with three molecule of alcohol in the presence of catalyst, producing a
mixture of fatty acids alkyl esters and glycerol.

12. Acid catalyzed transesterification:-
 Transesterification is catalyzed by strong acid catalyst such as sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
 These catalysts give very high yields in alkyl esters.
Base- catalyzed transesterification:-
 The base – catalyzed transesterification proceds faster than acid – catalyzed reaction.
 The reaction require heat and a strong base Catalyst used sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

13. STEP 5:- Biodiesel Separation and Washing Process
 After transesterification reaction is completed, the biodiesel produced contains various impurities, such as soap, catalyst and
alcohol that we need to removed.
 By using wet and dry washing process, Biodiesel is purified.
 Wet washing process provides high-quality biodiesel with physiochemical properties.
The main disadvantage of wet washing process is waste water disposal.
 Dry washing technique provides high quality biodiesel with very
good physiochemical properties

14. Application Of Biodiesel
Biodiesel can be used with some precautions in diesel engines in many sectors including on-road vehicles, off-road
mobile equipment and vehicles and stationary equipment.
On-road:
•Fleet vehicles
•Heavy-duty trucks
•School buses
•Urban transit buses
Off-road:
•Agricultural equipment
•Construction equipment
•Forestry equipment
•Locomotives (trains)
•Marine vessels
•Mining equipment
Stationary:
•Electricity generators
•Furnaces