Discussing the prevalence of mental health in Egypt, the biochemical causes of mental health, and recent trends in mental health diagnosis and treatment.
Mood disorders:major depressive and bipolar disorderNandu Krishna J
a basic description about mood disorders mainly MDD and bipolar disorder. Can be made useful in presentations and theory exams. Subject was imbibed from different presentations and DSM IV manual. Thanks for viewing.
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All about antidepressants
Types
Side effects
Uses
Efficacy
Choosing
In pregnancy and nursing
Alternatives
How they work
Taking effect
Treatment duration
Summary
Antidepressants can help relieve the symptoms of depression. They can also help to treat social anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorders, and seasonal affective disorder.
They work by correcting chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain. Experts believe these are responsible for changes in mood and behavior.
This article will cover the different types of antidepressants, how they work, their side effects, other uses, and alternative options.
Types
blackCAT/Getty Images
Doctors tend to divide antidepressants into different types. These include:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSRIs are a first-line treatment option for depression.
Examples of SSRIs include:
citalopram (Celexa)
escitalopram (Lexapro)
fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
fluvoxamine (Luvox)
paroxetine (Paxil)
sertraline (Zoloft)
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
SNRIs are a newer class of antidepressant compared with SSRIs. However, they work in a similar way.
Doctors may prescribe SNRIs for:
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
anxiety disorders
menopausal symptoms
fibromyalgia
chronic neuropathic pain
Examples of SNRIs include:
duloxetine (Cymbalta)
venlafaxine (Effexor XR)
desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Doctors may recommend TCAs for depression, fibromyalgia, some types of anxi
Psychiatric Complications of Puerperium.pptxSalimKun
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Risk factor
4. Pathophysiology
5. Clinical features
6. Investigation
7. Management
8. References
-------------------------------------------
1. Introduction
The puerperium is the period of time after childbirth, usually lasting six weeks, during which the mother’s body returns to its pre-pregnant state.
It is a time of physical and emotional adjustment, and some women may experience psychiatric complications such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosis, or post-traumatic stress disorder.
-----------------------------------
Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Biopsychosocial Approaches to Mind Body HealthMichael Changaris
Explores psychological, medical and primary care treatment and self-care for bipolar disorder from the biological bases of brain function and medication management to the psychological integrated care and treatment plan for health complexity and bipolar treatment needs.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Psychiatric disorders
• Disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior
• More than 200 classified forms of mental disorder
https://www.psychiatry.org
3. Mental health problems prevalence
75%
25%
prevalence
healthy/other disorders mental heath problems
Survey done by the ministry of health in 2018
4. Biochemistry
• Manly due to neural connection damage
• Abnormally low or high concentrations of neurotransmitters at sites
in the brain are thought to change the synaptic activities of neurons
7. Bipolar disorder
(BP)
• Excess activity of dopamine in mania
state
• Blocking receptors in mania state
• Reduced activity of dopamine in depression
state
• Stimulate Dopamine synthesis and reduce
reuptake
10. Obstacles
• There are no reliable tests available to find out if you have a chemical
imbalance in your brain
• Not all neurotransmitters are produced in the brain.
• The living human brain is not readily accessible to direct investigation,
and the dead brain undergoes chemical change.
• it is difficult to know if imbalances are the cause or the result of the
illness.
Shih P. B. (2019). Metabolomics Biomarkers for Precision Psychiatry. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1161, 101–113.
14. Metabolomics
• Measure metabolic state determined by diet and environmental
factors and host factors (childhood experience and microbiome)
Metabolic
profile
quantifiable
biomarkersDynamic readout
15. Metabolomics analysis methods
Untargeted metabolomics
(global) analysis
• metabolites including those
with unknown functions or
that have not been seen
previously
• discovering novel disruptions
Targeted metabolomics
• focuses on a narrower, pre-
specified cluster of metabolites
• Combined with other studies to
further define mechanisms
underlying the phenotype
associations
Ragguett, R.-M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Metabolomics in psychiatry. Personalized Psychiatry, 459–464.
16. Applications of metabolomics studies
Study groups
schizophrenia
Schizophrenia + other
mental disorders
control
Drug-naive
Shih P. B. (2019). Metabolomics Biomarkers for Precision Psychiatry. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1161, 101–113.
• Alterations in
glucoregulatory processes
• Treated with medications +
antipsychotic drugs
• Similar symptoms +
weight gain
• Identification of lipids
associated with weight
gain
Identify patients at risk for
future metabolic
disturbances
18. In the study of the role of gut microbiome
Increase
lactate
production
Modulation of
FA metabolic
pathway
Promote
Anxiety
behavior
Increase in
Serotonin
metabolites
Affect
neurotransimission
in CNS
Humer, E., Pieh, C. and Probst, T., 2020. Metabolomic Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13),
p.4784.
19. Conclusion
• The need for standard novel diagnostic tool
• The role of omics technology in understanding mental disorders
• Mental disorders are multifactorial
20. References
1. American Psychiatric Association
2. Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population
3. Humer, E., Pieh, C. and Probst, T., 2020. Metabolomic Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders. International
Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), p.4784.
4. Kristiansen, L. V., Huerta, I., Beneyto, M., Meador-Woodruff, J.H., 2007. NMDA receptors and
schizophrenia. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.
5. Hollander, E., De Caria, C., Liebowitz, M.R., 1989. Biological Aspects of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
Psychiatr. Ann. 19, 80–87
6. Nemeroff, C.B., 2003. The role of GABA in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders.
Psychopharmacol. Bull.
7. Shih P. B. (2019). Metabolomics Biomarkers for Precision Psychiatry. Advances in experimental medicine
and biology, 1161, 101–113.
8. Ragguett, R.-M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Metabolomics in psychiatry. Personalized Psychiatry, 459–464.
9. Humer, E., Pieh, C. and Probst, T., 2020. Metabolomic Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders. International
Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), p.4784.
10. Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
Editor's Notes
Abnormally low or high concentrations of neurotransmitters at sites in the brain are thought to change the synaptic activities of neurons, thus ultimately leading to the disturbances of mood, emotion, or thought found in various mental disorders.
5HT is 5 hydroxytryptamine receptors (serotonin receptors) g protein coupled receptors and ligand gated ion channels mediated excitatory and inhibitory neuro transmission
Sertonin transporters
