2. • Traits controlled by dominant alleles always show up in the organism if the allele is
present. A recessive allele, on the other hand, are masked in the presence of a
dominant allele.
• Co-dominance is a condition in which neither of the alleles are dominant or
recessive.
• The alleles of two parents combine to express traits by heredity- the passing of
traits from parents to offspring. The only thing which varies is if the trait is
homozygous or heterozygous.
Punnet squares are used to
predict what an offspring will
inherit from it’s parents
3. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
•Launched in the 1980s by scientist to understand the genetic
base of all disease. It was run by The Department of Energy
and the NIH (National Institute of Health). The Human
Genome Project was finished in April 2003.
•The Human Genome Project caused many implications
involving the social, ethical and legal actions of whether
genetic information should be kept private, for people did not
know who’s property the information belonged to or if it was
morally right to reveal such information.
•Because of the Human Genome Project, employers were
discriminating people looking for work based off of there
genetic information. These problems caused laws to be
changed and reformed, involving in the creation of GINA (The
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act).
4. Genetic Disorders
•Single Gene Disorders: A single gene disorder is the result of having a mutation in a
single cell. These types of genetic disorders are individually extremely rare, but it has
been estimated that there are over 10,000 human diseases caused the defects of having
single cell disorder. These diseases usually have a simple and predictable trail of
inheritance within the family. If one wanted to see if a family member had any of these
traits one could consult a pedigree.
Chromosome Abnormalities (also known as aberrations) are when there are
abnormalities or mutations in a chromosome. When people are talking about karyotypes
they are referring to a full set of chromosomes. When you study a karyotype with genetic
testing you can discover anomalies this way, anomalies are when something has gone
wrong during mitosis or meiosis. Chromosome abnormalities are not unlike single gene
disorders but instead of a mutation in the whole cell, the mutation is within the
chromosomes.
Multifactorial Disorders not only have to do with a mutation of the cell or part of its cells,
but are contributed to the effects of the environment around us. These disorders do not
have a crystal clear trail of inheritance like Single Cell Disorders do. Thus, it is hard to
determine the probability of one getting such a disease. Some examples of Multifactorial
Disorders include Cancer, Asthma, Heart Disease, and Diabetes.
5. Perspective parents who have genetic disorders should probably consult
someone specialized in genetic counseling, or a person who consults the
risks involved with a child’s genes and possibility of a disorder if a child is
procreated. This would help the parents by showing them what there getting
into if they create a baby. The parents would get educated and if the need
for a child is desperate, gene therapy,cloning, or switching genes around to
create a functioning cluster of genes, is always an option.
Karyotypes are used to predict genetic disorders- these pictures of all the
chromosomes in its cells can reveal if a baby in development have the
correct number of chromosomes. If a developing baby does not have the
proper number of chromosomes, it may have a genetic disorder such as
Down’s Syndrome. Down’s Syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a
person’s cells have an extra copy of chromosome.
6. Bio fuel
Bio fuel is a source of fuel derived from recently
deceased organisms. This source of fuel is considered
an alternative to what we normally use: ancient organic
materials, like Fossil fuels. Bio fuel is also called “green
fuel”. Fossil fuels are technically bio fuels, but it took
millions of years for the organisms to disintegrate into
fuel. Many countries are interested in using bio fuels
and some countries already use it. But most countries
just blend it into regular gasoline to use less gasoline.
There are two chemicals to make bio fuel. One, known
as Methanol is only made by processing it in factories.
But the other chemical, ethanol, can be made at home
from natural plants.
7. Bio fuels are easy to
make
•Bio fuels are quite easy to make and receive. According to
scientists, with a little work, it can even be made at home!
•National Geographic is also wanting to protect our environment
and says that the crops grown for bio fuels would also absorb
the carbon dioxide produced from cars burning off bio fuel.
Creating a constant cycle without releasing green house
gasses. So planting a few trees in your back yard can make a
big difference! They clean up your air and allow you to not
worry about how much bio fuel you burn.
•In the dictionary, the definition of bio fuel is, “a wide range of
fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term
covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.” which
means that nearly any living thing can create bio fuel. Even the
gases released from our dumps can be used as a biogas fuel
instead of becoming a green house gas!
8. Bio Fuels are Cheaper!
•Have you ever been to the gas station and noticed the price? The
average price for gas in the U.S. is almost four dollars a gallon! That
is a lot of money! The more gas being used, the faster it will
disappear, and the less gas there is, the higher the price.
•Compared to gasoline, bio fuels are saints! Since bio fuel is
renewable (see next slide for more info), it would be cheaper at gas
stations since it can’t run out. The only thing you have to do is once
you harvest plants and other natural resources, you just replant them
and reuse them. That is much easier then using gasoline!
=
9. Better for the
environment!they emit
• Bio fuel does not contribute to global warming: the carbon dioxide of which
back to the environment was absorbed from the atmosphere in the first place!
Bio fuels, by nature, are renewable sources of energy. Another words, because bio
fuels can be produced from agricultural crops, if we were to run out of crops we could
just grow some more, resulting in more bio fuel. What we currently use as fuel, fossil
fuel and petroleum deposits, are non-renewable sources of fuel. So hypothetically, if
we were to run out of these fuels, they would be completely done with and gone- there
would be none more to use. But with bio fuels, you always have the guarantee of not
running out, as you could always grow more sources of bio fuel (crops).
10. Easy to Use and adjust to!
• Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as wind energy or solar energy,
people could easily adjust to bio fuels without any special apparatus. In the
aforementioned sources of energy (wind and solar) you would need to go out, buy,
and install such equipment as solar panels and wind mills. But with bio fuels you
could easily use your existing vehicle. However, if one to use bio fuels (like ethanol)
to replace gasoline in their car, they would need to have a “flex fuel” model. A flex-
fuel model is a car that could take both gasoline and bio fuels. Believe it or not,
most cars are actually “flex fuel” models. Usually, people are unaware that their
vehicle is a “flex fuel” model.
•According to the National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition, as of 2005, approximately 5
million flex-fuel vehicles have been sold in the U.S alone.
11. And now for a shift in opinions:
The Negatives of Bio fuel.
12. Bio fuel can increase food prices!
If we were to use Bio fuel, there would be an ever-growing
demand and need for corn and soybeans (such things can
be used for Bio fuel.) Thus, if people wanted to buy some
for eating purposes, the price would be higher because of
the lower availability. There would be less availability
because large quantities of it would be need for the
production of Bio fuel.
“If more crops are used for fuel production instead of food,
the result could be global food insecurity.”- Lester Brown,
President of the Earth Policy Institute .
13. Uses more Energy than we can Generate!
In 2005, David Pimental of Cornell University, conducted an
experiment in which “the numbers did not just add up.” He
derived this piece of information by factoring the amount of
energy needed to grow crops and then convert them into
Bio fuel. In his study, Pimental concluded that by producing
ethanol from corn requires 29% more energy than is
generated from the product itself. The same troubling
numbers apply to the use of soybeans for Bio fuel.
14. When you use plants and natural
resources that can be renewed, you
obviously need to have the space, water,
and fertilizer to grow these things. Such
space can not easily be given up in this
society.
Bio fuel needs a lot of resources!
15. With deforestation happening much more
than a few years ago, we make space for
crops and farmland that there is much
less natural wildlife instead of processed
agriculture.
Bio fuel is unnatural!
16. Conclusion
So, in closing, we firmly believe that Bio fuel should be funnded by the federal
government. Bio fuel would be an efficient alternative to gasoline. It is better for
our environments and less expensive than gasoline. Hopefully, in the not too
distant future, our country will be able to entirely switch over to bio fuel.
Not only would it be better for us as people, but it would benefit the whole Earth as
it is very much Eco-friendly.
We are actually closer that you think: in 2008 Virgin Atlantic became the first airline
to fly with Bio fuel!.
17. Works Cited
"Biofuel Facts, Biofuel Information - National Geographic." Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural
Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living - National Geographic. Web. 15 Mar. 2011.
<http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/biofuel-profile/>.
"Gene Therapy." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Web. 15 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml>.
"Genetic Counseling." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counseling>.
"U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices." Web. 16 Mar. 2011. <http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/wrgp/mogas_home_page.html>.
"Biofuel." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-fuel>.
Google Image Result for Http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VzG9xhJEI-Y/SV4khEWcgyI/AAAAAAAACPo/7caGJAke1HA/s200/stack-of-money.jpg." Google. Web. 16
Mar. 2011. <http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_VzG9xhJEI-Y/SV4khEWcgyI/AAAAAAAACPo/7caGJAke1HA/s200/stack-of-
money.jpg&imgrefurl=http://suttonhoo.blogspot.com/2009_01_01_archive.html&usg=__bfZK1hblvWNBUuSzJDGsGc1aoyo=&h=150&w=200&sz=7&hl=en&start
=19&zoom=1&tbnid=w9zFUCHVCzstYM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=160&ei=bfKATbO9H8qDtwf4vMnvCA&prev=/images?q=money&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=G&r
ls=com.microsoft:en-
us&biw=1419&bih=694&as_st=y&tbs=isch:1,iur:f0,729&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=191&vpy=331&dur=999&hovh=120&hovw=160&tx=127&ty=30&oei=ZvKAT
ZSYJ4qatwfh443UCA&page=2&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:19&biw=1419&bih=694>.
"Google Image Result for Http://farm1.static.flickr.com/25/39120103_ccd8ab747c.jpg?v=0." Google. Web. 16 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://farm1.static.flickr.com/25/39120103_ccd8ab747c.jpg?v=0&imgrefurl=http://flickr.com/p
hotos/67423204@N00/39120103/&usg=__8BMHnW21S5cPj4h3T69BRJBPMfo=&h=375&w=500&sz=26&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tb
nid=6YtKe5KZIYwR5M:&tbnh=159&tbnw=208&ei=cfOATc7qL5KltwfUsYzJCA&prev=/images?q=evil+gasoline&um=1&hl=en&safe=a
ctive&sa=G&rls=com.microsoft:en-
us&biw=1419&bih=694&as_st=y&tbs=isch:1,iur:f&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=142&vpy=137&dur=62&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=174
&ty=106&oei=cfOATc7qL5KltwfUsYzJCA&page=1&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0>.
Http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/profiles4/93736/projects/192042/937361236207459.jpg." Google. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/profiles4/93736/projects/192042/937361236207459.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.behance.net/Gallery/Biofuel-
ltd_/192042&usg=__IhsBef4Gm_ARx3kd-
jSZi0wwMeY=&h=391&w=600&sz=38&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=cjISHdUnmaItqM:&tbnh=154&tbnw=240&ei=MYWHTZnxN42gtweul_y0BA&prev=/images?q=bio+fuel&um=1&hl=en&safe=activ
e&sa=G&rls=com.microsoft:en-
us&biw=1419&bih=694&as_st=y&tbs=isch:1,iur:f&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=608&oei=IoWHTaSTOsStgQey3q3JCA&page=1&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0&tx=147&ty=117>. "Google Image
Result for Http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Cuadro_de_Punnet.gif." Google. Web. 22 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Cuadro_de_Punnet.gif&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cuadro_de_Punnet.gif&usg=__
b9dYPH0P5ZcepWBOscNnYVR11go=&h=706&w=598&sz=37&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=RY6YBj4gm8B5aM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=119&ei=ATqJTeXqC8PB0QHjyI2fDg&prev=/images?q=punnett
+square&um=1&hl=en&sa=G&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-
SearchBox&biw=1659&bih=819&as_st=y&tbs=isch:1,iur:f&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=122&vpy=123&dur=406&hovh=244&hovw=207&tx=126&ty=116&oei=ATqJTeXqC8PB0QHjyI2fDg&page=1&n
dsp=13&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0>.
