This document discusses bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. It covers the diagnosis and outcomes of these conditions, as well as prevention strategies. Some key points:
- BIND represents a spectrum of minor neurologic manifestations that can occur with moderate hyperbilirubinemia exposure. It includes subtle processing disorders, disturbances in visual-motor skills, and speech/language abnormalities.
- Risk factors for BIND/encephalopathy include prematurity, hemolysis, complications, and individual infant vulnerability. Diagnosis involves assessments of neuromotor signs, muscle tone, reflexes, and neurobehavior over time.
- Prevention strategies include promoting
Neuroprotection strategies for newborns ,2018 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document provides information about Dr. N. Karthik Nagesh, his qualifications and experience in neonatology. It then summarizes his presentation on strategies for perinatal neuroprotection in newborns. These include antenatal steroids, magnesium sulfate, delayed cord clamping, therapeutic hypothermia, caffeine, kangaroo care and investigational therapies like melatonin and erythropoietin. The goal is to help newborns, especially preterms and those with birth asphyxia, have intact survival by preventing brain injury. Future areas of research discussed include preventing preterm birth and better identifying babies at risk of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
Benign neonatal and_infantile_ seizures_ Dr Santhosh Dash NIMHANSSantosh Dash
Benign neonatal and infantile seizures can be difficult to diagnose but it is important to identify the benign types to avoid unnecessary treatment. The document discusses several types of benign seizures including benign idiopathic neonatal seizures (BINC), benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), and benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. It also covers symptomatic seizures with good outcomes and benign infantile seizures such as benign familial infantile seizures. The clinical features, investigations, genetics, and management of these conditions are reviewed through case examples and research findings.
Hie treatment, 2019, kar pedicon,davangere - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
Erythropoietin shows promise for reducing brain damage from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Several clinical trials have found that erythropoietin administered to infants with HIE results in less MRI-detected brain injury and improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. A current phase III trial is evaluating whether high-dose erythropoietin given with therapeutic hypothermia can reduce death or disability in infants with moderate to severe HIE. Erythropoietin appears to be a safe and potentially effective adjunctive treatment for HIE, but larger trials are still needed to determine optimal dosing and administration strategies.
Problems in late preterm babies, iap bps,bangalore,webinar, 20-5-20 - Dr Kart...karthiknagesh
This document discusses problems faced by late preterm newborns, including respiratory issues, thermoregulation difficulties, and hypoglycemia. It provides epidemiological data on the increasing rates of late preterm births and their associated higher morbidity and mortality compared to full-term infants. Specific problems faced by late preterm infants are outlined, such as transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, and feeding difficulties. Strategies for prevention and management of complications are discussed, including use of kangaroo mother care and dextrose gel to treat hypoglycemia.
The document discusses guidelines for discharging neonates from the hospital. It outlines several criteria that should be met before discharge, including the infant being physiologically stable and able to feed adequately. Important screening tests that must be completed prior to discharge include pulse oximetry for congenital heart disease, examination for developmental dysplasia of the hip, and checking the red reflex. The guidelines aim to ensure neonates are ready based on developmental factors rather than just weight before being discharged from the hospital.
1. Newborn screening involves testing infants shortly after birth for treatable conditions that are not clinically apparent. This allows for early intervention to prevent irreversible damage.
2. Conditions screened for include metabolic disorders, endocrinopathies, hemoglobinopathies, cystic fibrosis, and others. Screening methods include blood tests, hearing tests, and pulse oximetry.
3. Positive results are reported immediately to doctors so treatment can begin, preventing disability or death from conditions like PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, and sickle cell disease.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma confined to the brain and spinal cord. It represents around 1% of all brain tumors. The standard treatment is high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy with or without whole brain radiotherapy. While chemotherapy alone may avoid radiation-related neurotoxicity risks, the addition of radiotherapy may improve survival outcomes. Ongoing clinical trials are further evaluating the optimal treatment approaches for managing this aggressive cancer.
Neuroprotection strategies for newborns ,2018 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document provides information about Dr. N. Karthik Nagesh, his qualifications and experience in neonatology. It then summarizes his presentation on strategies for perinatal neuroprotection in newborns. These include antenatal steroids, magnesium sulfate, delayed cord clamping, therapeutic hypothermia, caffeine, kangaroo care and investigational therapies like melatonin and erythropoietin. The goal is to help newborns, especially preterms and those with birth asphyxia, have intact survival by preventing brain injury. Future areas of research discussed include preventing preterm birth and better identifying babies at risk of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
Benign neonatal and_infantile_ seizures_ Dr Santhosh Dash NIMHANSSantosh Dash
Benign neonatal and infantile seizures can be difficult to diagnose but it is important to identify the benign types to avoid unnecessary treatment. The document discusses several types of benign seizures including benign idiopathic neonatal seizures (BINC), benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), and benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. It also covers symptomatic seizures with good outcomes and benign infantile seizures such as benign familial infantile seizures. The clinical features, investigations, genetics, and management of these conditions are reviewed through case examples and research findings.
Hie treatment, 2019, kar pedicon,davangere - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
Erythropoietin shows promise for reducing brain damage from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Several clinical trials have found that erythropoietin administered to infants with HIE results in less MRI-detected brain injury and improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. A current phase III trial is evaluating whether high-dose erythropoietin given with therapeutic hypothermia can reduce death or disability in infants with moderate to severe HIE. Erythropoietin appears to be a safe and potentially effective adjunctive treatment for HIE, but larger trials are still needed to determine optimal dosing and administration strategies.
Problems in late preterm babies, iap bps,bangalore,webinar, 20-5-20 - Dr Kart...karthiknagesh
This document discusses problems faced by late preterm newborns, including respiratory issues, thermoregulation difficulties, and hypoglycemia. It provides epidemiological data on the increasing rates of late preterm births and their associated higher morbidity and mortality compared to full-term infants. Specific problems faced by late preterm infants are outlined, such as transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, and feeding difficulties. Strategies for prevention and management of complications are discussed, including use of kangaroo mother care and dextrose gel to treat hypoglycemia.
The document discusses guidelines for discharging neonates from the hospital. It outlines several criteria that should be met before discharge, including the infant being physiologically stable and able to feed adequately. Important screening tests that must be completed prior to discharge include pulse oximetry for congenital heart disease, examination for developmental dysplasia of the hip, and checking the red reflex. The guidelines aim to ensure neonates are ready based on developmental factors rather than just weight before being discharged from the hospital.
1. Newborn screening involves testing infants shortly after birth for treatable conditions that are not clinically apparent. This allows for early intervention to prevent irreversible damage.
2. Conditions screened for include metabolic disorders, endocrinopathies, hemoglobinopathies, cystic fibrosis, and others. Screening methods include blood tests, hearing tests, and pulse oximetry.
3. Positive results are reported immediately to doctors so treatment can begin, preventing disability or death from conditions like PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, and sickle cell disease.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma confined to the brain and spinal cord. It represents around 1% of all brain tumors. The standard treatment is high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy with or without whole brain radiotherapy. While chemotherapy alone may avoid radiation-related neurotoxicity risks, the addition of radiotherapy may improve survival outcomes. Ongoing clinical trials are further evaluating the optimal treatment approaches for managing this aggressive cancer.
The document discusses several pediatric neurological emergencies including seizures, meningitis, stroke, traumatic brain injuries, and increased intracranial pressure. It provides details on assessing and initially stabilizing patients, distinguishing different seizure types, approaches to febrile and afebrile seizures, signs of meningitis, evaluating increased intracranial pressure, and causes and features of disorders like hypotonia. Investigations and differential diagnoses for various conditions are also outlined.
This document discusses genetics and precision medicine in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). It provides an overview of genetics concepts and terminology. De novo genetic variants are found in over 30% of LGS cases. Many genes can cause LGS, with DNM1 accounting for up to 2% of cases. A genetic diagnosis can enable precision medicine approaches like targeting sodium channel blockers for patients with SCN2A variants. Genetic testing is recommended for understanding and improving treatment of drug-resistant LGS.
This document discusses the care of late preterm infants between 34-36 weeks gestation. It notes that these infants are at higher risk for temperature instability, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, jaundice, feeding difficulties, and suspected sepsis compared to full term infants. The document provides details on the increased risks for respiratory issues, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, infections, and impaired neurodevelopment in late preterm infants. It also outlines recommendations for admission criteria, in-hospital management and monitoring, discharge criteria, and follow-up care for late preterm infants.
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer that develops from immature retinal cells. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. The presentation may include leukocoria, strabismus, or pain. Diagnosis is usually made through ophthalmic examination and imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment is multidisciplinary and aims to cure the disease while preserving the eye and vision if possible. Modalities include enucleation, cryotherapy, laser therapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, and external beam radiotherapy. The prognosis is generally good if caught early, with a focus on a coordinated, individualized treatment approach for each case.
1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness in boys. It is characterized by muscle degeneration and affects 1 in 3,600 male births.
2. Genetic counseling for DMD involves 5 steps - reaching a diagnosis through family history, examinations, and tests; assessing recurrence risks; communicating the condition; discussing options; and providing long-term support.
3. Prenatal diagnosis methods like amniocentesis and ultrasound can determine if a male fetus is affected to allow couples to prepare or consider alternatives like abortion or adoption.
This document discusses developmentally supportive care for preterm infants in the NICU. It aims to improve outcomes by supporting brain development, motor skills, sensory systems and family involvement through careful handling, positioning, feeding practices and control of the neonatal environment. Key aspects of care include protecting sleep, minimizing pain and stress, developmental activities like feeding and skin care, family centered care, and providing appropriate light, sound, and a caring staff. This holistic approach can help preterm infants heal and develop normally.
Using Genomic Sequencing & HPC to Help Save the Lives of Critically Ill Childreninside-BigData.com
The Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine at Children's Mercy Hospital was established in 2011 to provide genomic sequencing and analysis for children to diagnose rare genetic diseases. It has diagnosed over 15 conditions in 25 families using exome sequencing, often changing medical management. For some cases, it has identified new treatment options like stem cell transplantation that have cured patients. The center aims to provide a genomic diagnosis within a day for babies in the NICU and within a month for all children to guide care and reduce unnecessary testing.
This presentation is part of and education series to pediatric healthcare providers in Syria and it may be useful to all practitioners working in low resource settings.
This document provides information on West syndrome, including its classification, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis. West syndrome is a severe epilepsy syndrome in infants characterized by infantile spasms, abnormal EEG findings called hypsarrhythmia, and developmental regression. It is classified based on its etiology as symptomatic, cryptogenic, or idiopathic. First-line treatment options include ACTH, vigabatrin, and corticosteroids. Prognosis depends on the underlying etiology, with idiopathic cases generally having a better prognosis than symptomatic cases. Outcomes include cognitive impairments, cerebral palsy, and in some cases mortality.
This document discusses newborn screening in India. It notes that while over 140 million children are born each year globally, newborn screening programs are not universally implemented in India. The document outlines the types and components of newborn screening, including education, specimen collection, laboratory testing, follow-up, and evaluation. It recommends conditions that should be included in basic and expanded newborn screening programs in India, such as congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and G6PD deficiency. The goal of newborn screening is early detection to prevent morbidity, mortality, and disability.
The document discusses newborn screening for metabolic disorders using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It begins with the story of Tyler Wayne who died from undiagnosed galactosemia. It then explains that MS/MS allows for early detection of treatable metabolic disorders before symptoms appear, preventing complications. The document outlines the process and benefits of newborn screening as well as the status of screening programs in various countries including the UAE.
West syndrome, also known as infantile spasms, is a severe epilepsy syndrome in infants characterized by infantile spasms, a specific EEG pattern called hypsarrhythmia, and developmental problems. It was first described in 1841 and is caused by various conditions that damage the brain such as tuberous sclerosis, infections, or unknown causes. Treatment involves corticosteroids, vigabatrin, pyridoxine, and anti-seizure medications with the goal of stopping spasms and normalizing the EEG to improve developmental outcomes, though prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause.
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by multiple seizure types, cognitive impairment, and a specific EEG pattern of slow spike-and-wave discharges. It commonly causes seizures, especially during sleep, and is associated with high mortality. Polysomnography can identify comorbid sleep disorders like sleep apnea and assess seizure activity during sleep. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs and management of sleep issues and comorbidities.
This document provides an overview of newborn screening, which tests newborns for genetic and metabolic disorders. It discusses the purpose of newborn screening to detect conditions early before symptoms present, allowing for immediate treatment. Conditions screened vary by location but can include phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and others. Proper blood collection from the heel between 24-48 hours and use of filter paper cards is described. Laboratory tests for conditions include mass spectrometry and chromatography. Early detection and treatment prevents intellectual disabilities and death for many disorders.
The document discusses newborn screening in India, arguing that it is needed to prevent health issues. It outlines the components of newborn screening programs and principles from Wilson and Jungner. Internationally, most Western countries screen for various treatable genetic disorders. In India, pilot studies found higher rates of congenital hypothyroidism than the West. The document recommends starting screening for congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and G6PD deficiency in urban Indian hospitals. It stresses the need for diagnostic confirmation, treatment facilities, and quality assurance before a national newborn screening program is implemented.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida from mild to most severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risks factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Nursing care considerations and evaluation steps for infants born with spina bifida are provided.
This document discusses paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. It defines paraneoplastic syndromes as disorders that accompany benign or malignant tumors but are not directly caused by tumor invasion or mass effects. It then lists and describes various paraneoplastic syndromes that can affect the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. The document discusses the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic syndromes and antibodies associated with different syndromes. It provides information on incidence, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, prognosis, and testing considerations for paraneoplastic syndromes.
The document discusses the case of a newborn girl who was born via emergency c-section due to placental abruption and showed signs of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The pediatric team performed examinations and labs which confirmed brain injury, and initiated hypothermia treatment along with other interventions to reduce further brain damage from the hypoxic ischemic event. The document also reviews the criteria, mechanisms, and potential benefits and risks of therapeutic hypothermia treatment for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
This document provides a case history, physical examination findings, differential diagnosis, workup, management, and background information on infantile spasms for a 14-month-old male patient presenting with developmental delays, frequent falling, and nonspecific babbling. The patient has axial and appendicular hypotonia on exam. Initial workup including metabolic tests and brain MRI were normal. The patient was started on vigabatrin to treat a presumptive diagnosis of infantile spasms. Further sections provide details on the classification, diagnostic criteria including characteristic EEG patterns, and treatment approaches for infantile spasms.
Newborn Screening | Infant Care | Health Care | Baby's First Testjohndemello7
Baby's First Test is the nation's newborn screening education center for parents, health professionals, and the public on the newborn screening system.
Visit http://www.babysfirsttest.org/
This document provides guidance on the management of neonatal meningitis. It discusses the diagnostic challenges in neonatal meningitis as the signs and symptoms can be subtle. A positive cerebrospinal fluid culture is often needed to confirm the diagnosis but this can be complicated if lumbar puncture is delayed or the infant has received antibiotics. It recommends antimicrobial regimens and treatment durations for different causative pathogens. Prevention involves proper hygiene, limiting antibiotic overuse, and potential future vaccination of mothers against common causes of neonatal meningitis.
This document discusses jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants. It notes that preterm infants have higher and later peaking bilirubin levels compared to term infants. While guidelines exist for term infants, treatment thresholds vary widely for preterm infants. The document reviews evidence that increased bilirubin levels are associated with death, hearing loss, and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in some studies of extremely preterm infants. It calls for consensus guidelines on phototherapy and exchange transfusion thresholds for preterm infants based on expert opinion.
The document discusses several pediatric neurological emergencies including seizures, meningitis, stroke, traumatic brain injuries, and increased intracranial pressure. It provides details on assessing and initially stabilizing patients, distinguishing different seizure types, approaches to febrile and afebrile seizures, signs of meningitis, evaluating increased intracranial pressure, and causes and features of disorders like hypotonia. Investigations and differential diagnoses for various conditions are also outlined.
This document discusses genetics and precision medicine in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). It provides an overview of genetics concepts and terminology. De novo genetic variants are found in over 30% of LGS cases. Many genes can cause LGS, with DNM1 accounting for up to 2% of cases. A genetic diagnosis can enable precision medicine approaches like targeting sodium channel blockers for patients with SCN2A variants. Genetic testing is recommended for understanding and improving treatment of drug-resistant LGS.
This document discusses the care of late preterm infants between 34-36 weeks gestation. It notes that these infants are at higher risk for temperature instability, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, jaundice, feeding difficulties, and suspected sepsis compared to full term infants. The document provides details on the increased risks for respiratory issues, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, infections, and impaired neurodevelopment in late preterm infants. It also outlines recommendations for admission criteria, in-hospital management and monitoring, discharge criteria, and follow-up care for late preterm infants.
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer that develops from immature retinal cells. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. The presentation may include leukocoria, strabismus, or pain. Diagnosis is usually made through ophthalmic examination and imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment is multidisciplinary and aims to cure the disease while preserving the eye and vision if possible. Modalities include enucleation, cryotherapy, laser therapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, and external beam radiotherapy. The prognosis is generally good if caught early, with a focus on a coordinated, individualized treatment approach for each case.
1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness in boys. It is characterized by muscle degeneration and affects 1 in 3,600 male births.
2. Genetic counseling for DMD involves 5 steps - reaching a diagnosis through family history, examinations, and tests; assessing recurrence risks; communicating the condition; discussing options; and providing long-term support.
3. Prenatal diagnosis methods like amniocentesis and ultrasound can determine if a male fetus is affected to allow couples to prepare or consider alternatives like abortion or adoption.
This document discusses developmentally supportive care for preterm infants in the NICU. It aims to improve outcomes by supporting brain development, motor skills, sensory systems and family involvement through careful handling, positioning, feeding practices and control of the neonatal environment. Key aspects of care include protecting sleep, minimizing pain and stress, developmental activities like feeding and skin care, family centered care, and providing appropriate light, sound, and a caring staff. This holistic approach can help preterm infants heal and develop normally.
Using Genomic Sequencing & HPC to Help Save the Lives of Critically Ill Childreninside-BigData.com
The Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine at Children's Mercy Hospital was established in 2011 to provide genomic sequencing and analysis for children to diagnose rare genetic diseases. It has diagnosed over 15 conditions in 25 families using exome sequencing, often changing medical management. For some cases, it has identified new treatment options like stem cell transplantation that have cured patients. The center aims to provide a genomic diagnosis within a day for babies in the NICU and within a month for all children to guide care and reduce unnecessary testing.
This presentation is part of and education series to pediatric healthcare providers in Syria and it may be useful to all practitioners working in low resource settings.
This document provides information on West syndrome, including its classification, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis. West syndrome is a severe epilepsy syndrome in infants characterized by infantile spasms, abnormal EEG findings called hypsarrhythmia, and developmental regression. It is classified based on its etiology as symptomatic, cryptogenic, or idiopathic. First-line treatment options include ACTH, vigabatrin, and corticosteroids. Prognosis depends on the underlying etiology, with idiopathic cases generally having a better prognosis than symptomatic cases. Outcomes include cognitive impairments, cerebral palsy, and in some cases mortality.
This document discusses newborn screening in India. It notes that while over 140 million children are born each year globally, newborn screening programs are not universally implemented in India. The document outlines the types and components of newborn screening, including education, specimen collection, laboratory testing, follow-up, and evaluation. It recommends conditions that should be included in basic and expanded newborn screening programs in India, such as congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and G6PD deficiency. The goal of newborn screening is early detection to prevent morbidity, mortality, and disability.
The document discusses newborn screening for metabolic disorders using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It begins with the story of Tyler Wayne who died from undiagnosed galactosemia. It then explains that MS/MS allows for early detection of treatable metabolic disorders before symptoms appear, preventing complications. The document outlines the process and benefits of newborn screening as well as the status of screening programs in various countries including the UAE.
West syndrome, also known as infantile spasms, is a severe epilepsy syndrome in infants characterized by infantile spasms, a specific EEG pattern called hypsarrhythmia, and developmental problems. It was first described in 1841 and is caused by various conditions that damage the brain such as tuberous sclerosis, infections, or unknown causes. Treatment involves corticosteroids, vigabatrin, pyridoxine, and anti-seizure medications with the goal of stopping spasms and normalizing the EEG to improve developmental outcomes, though prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause.
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by multiple seizure types, cognitive impairment, and a specific EEG pattern of slow spike-and-wave discharges. It commonly causes seizures, especially during sleep, and is associated with high mortality. Polysomnography can identify comorbid sleep disorders like sleep apnea and assess seizure activity during sleep. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs and management of sleep issues and comorbidities.
This document provides an overview of newborn screening, which tests newborns for genetic and metabolic disorders. It discusses the purpose of newborn screening to detect conditions early before symptoms present, allowing for immediate treatment. Conditions screened vary by location but can include phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and others. Proper blood collection from the heel between 24-48 hours and use of filter paper cards is described. Laboratory tests for conditions include mass spectrometry and chromatography. Early detection and treatment prevents intellectual disabilities and death for many disorders.
The document discusses newborn screening in India, arguing that it is needed to prevent health issues. It outlines the components of newborn screening programs and principles from Wilson and Jungner. Internationally, most Western countries screen for various treatable genetic disorders. In India, pilot studies found higher rates of congenital hypothyroidism than the West. The document recommends starting screening for congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and G6PD deficiency in urban Indian hospitals. It stresses the need for diagnostic confirmation, treatment facilities, and quality assurance before a national newborn screening program is implemented.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida from mild to most severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risks factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Nursing care considerations and evaluation steps for infants born with spina bifida are provided.
This document discusses paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. It defines paraneoplastic syndromes as disorders that accompany benign or malignant tumors but are not directly caused by tumor invasion or mass effects. It then lists and describes various paraneoplastic syndromes that can affect the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. The document discusses the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic syndromes and antibodies associated with different syndromes. It provides information on incidence, diagnostic criteria, treatment approaches, prognosis, and testing considerations for paraneoplastic syndromes.
The document discusses the case of a newborn girl who was born via emergency c-section due to placental abruption and showed signs of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The pediatric team performed examinations and labs which confirmed brain injury, and initiated hypothermia treatment along with other interventions to reduce further brain damage from the hypoxic ischemic event. The document also reviews the criteria, mechanisms, and potential benefits and risks of therapeutic hypothermia treatment for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
This document provides a case history, physical examination findings, differential diagnosis, workup, management, and background information on infantile spasms for a 14-month-old male patient presenting with developmental delays, frequent falling, and nonspecific babbling. The patient has axial and appendicular hypotonia on exam. Initial workup including metabolic tests and brain MRI were normal. The patient was started on vigabatrin to treat a presumptive diagnosis of infantile spasms. Further sections provide details on the classification, diagnostic criteria including characteristic EEG patterns, and treatment approaches for infantile spasms.
Newborn Screening | Infant Care | Health Care | Baby's First Testjohndemello7
Baby's First Test is the nation's newborn screening education center for parents, health professionals, and the public on the newborn screening system.
Visit http://www.babysfirsttest.org/
This document provides guidance on the management of neonatal meningitis. It discusses the diagnostic challenges in neonatal meningitis as the signs and symptoms can be subtle. A positive cerebrospinal fluid culture is often needed to confirm the diagnosis but this can be complicated if lumbar puncture is delayed or the infant has received antibiotics. It recommends antimicrobial regimens and treatment durations for different causative pathogens. Prevention involves proper hygiene, limiting antibiotic overuse, and potential future vaccination of mothers against common causes of neonatal meningitis.
This document discusses jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants. It notes that preterm infants have higher and later peaking bilirubin levels compared to term infants. While guidelines exist for term infants, treatment thresholds vary widely for preterm infants. The document reviews evidence that increased bilirubin levels are associated with death, hearing loss, and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in some studies of extremely preterm infants. It calls for consensus guidelines on phototherapy and exchange transfusion thresholds for preterm infants based on expert opinion.
Congenital hyperinsulinism is a rare genetic disorder characterized by inappropriate insulin secretion that causes recurrent episodes of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). It has an incidence of 1 in 50,000 live births. The condition is caused by mutations in genes that regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Treatment aims to maintain blood glucose levels above 63 mg/dl to prevent neurological harm. Management options include oral medications, intravenous glucose, glucagon injections, octreotide, surgery, and living with frequent feedings. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to long-term neurological issues in over half of patients.
This document discusses guidelines for follow up care of high risk newborns after discharge from the NICU. It outlines the importance of follow up to monitor for growth, development, and health deviations. Criteria for discharge planning are described, including being hemodynamically stable, maintaining temperature, full enteral feeds, parental confidence, and vaccinations. Improving compliance is discussed through informing parents, multi-disciplinary teams, integrating with routine visits, communication, and continuity of care. Risk factors for neurodevelopmental disabilities are outlined. Screenings and assessments recommended before discharge and during follow up include medical exams, neuroimaging, ROP screening, hearing screening, and metabolic screening. Levels of follow up care are assigned based
PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT IN CEREBRAL PALSY.pptxStutiGaikwad5
Physiotherapy management in Cerebral palsy is a vast topic to study and learn so here is a presentation in which all aspects have been tried to be covered. As it is essential for the children with cerebral palsy to be able to function with minimum dependence it becomes important for the therapists along with the caregivers to be aware of all the knowledge about what can be done further for the rehabilitation for this population. All the prerequisites and individual need of each patient might differ with age group and the severity of impairment. So specific goals both long term and short term need to be the focus of treatment planning. Each session requires evaluation and planning skills so to aid the child with the optimum treatment.
This document discusses several case scenarios related to neuroblastoma. It begins with the case of a 4-month-old girl brought to the pediatrician for projectile vomiting. An abdominal ultrasound reveals an adrenal mass, and further workup is suggested. The second case involves a 3-year-old boy presenting with hip, leg, and back pain who is found to have a large abdominal mass and decreased breath sounds. The third case is a 4-year-old boy with fever, fatigue, and weight loss, who is found to have a large adrenal mass and widespread lymphadenopathy. Molecular studies confirm MYCN-amplified high-risk neuroblastoma. The document then reviews treatment strategies, complications, and
This document summarizes a proposed study on the effect of phototherapy on hematological and biochemical parameters in neonatal jaundice. The study will be conducted at Chirayu Medical College and Hospital in Bhopal, India over 18 months. 50 newborns receiving phototherapy for jaundice will be enrolled. Blood samples will be collected before and after phototherapy to analyze total and direct bilirubin, electrolytes, blood counts, and kidney function. The aim is to assess if phototherapy impacts these parameters. This may help optimize phototherapy and identify neonates needing early intervention.
Dr. Anand Gangadharan discusses the management of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Initial management focuses on oxygenation, ventilation, circulation, and correcting metabolic derangements. Hypothermia therapy is the only proven neuroprotective treatment for HIE. Applying whole-body hypothermia at 33.5°C for 72 hours in infants with moderate to severe HIE improves outcomes. Several adjunctive neuroprotective treatments are being studied along with hypothermia but require further clinical trials to establish efficacy and safety.
This document provides an overview of neonatal jaundice, including its pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management, and prevention. Some key points include:
- Jaundice is common in newborns due to physiological immaturity in processing bilirubin. It is usually benign but can become pathological.
- Causes include physiological jaundice, breast milk jaundice, and hemolytic conditions. Risk factors for severe hyperbilirubinemia are discussed.
- Clinical assessment and investigations help determine if jaundice is physiological or pathological and identify any underlying etiology.
- Management involves phototherapy and exchange transfusion if levels are very high or encephalopathy is present. Close
Screening for any disorder in individuals is a strategy used for identifying a disease before the onset of signs or symptoms, thus enabling earlier detection and management with the aim to reduce morbidity and mortality.
This document summarizes the findings of a systematic review examining the effects of various treatments for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in term and preterm infants. The review assessed outcomes such as mortality, neurological effects, and serum bilirubin levels. The review found that hospital phototherapy reduces serum bilirubin levels compared to no treatment. It also found that low threshold phototherapy may reduce neurodevelopmental impairment compared to high threshold phototherapy in some populations, though it increases the duration of phototherapy. Exchange transfusion and immunoglobulin also show benefits, but their effects on long-term outcomes are unclear from the available evidence. The effectiveness of other interventions like albumin infusion and home phototherapy remain uncertain based
This document summarizes evidence from a systematic review on treatments for neonatal jaundice. The main points are:
- Hospital phototherapy is effective at reducing jaundice compared to no treatment, as measured by serum bilirubin levels. Low threshold phototherapy may reduce neurodevelopmental impairment compared to high threshold phototherapy.
- Exchange transfusion is likely effective at reducing serum bilirubin levels, though direct evidence is lacking. It carries risks of mortality and permanent sequelae.
- The effectiveness of other interventions like albumin infusion, home phototherapy, and tin-mesoporphyrin is unknown due to insufficient evidence. Intravenous immunoglobulin may reduce the need for exchange transfusion
This document summarizes evidence from a systematic review on treatments for neonatal jaundice. The main points are:
- Hospital phototherapy is effective at reducing jaundice compared to no treatment, as measured by serum bilirubin levels. Low threshold phototherapy may reduce neurodevelopmental impairment compared to high threshold phototherapy.
- Exchange transfusion is likely effective at reducing serum bilirubin levels, though direct evidence is limited. Immunoglobulin may reduce the need for exchange transfusion in infants with hemolytic jaundice.
- Evidence is limited or unclear on the effectiveness of other treatments such as albumin infusion, home versus hospital phototherapy, and tin-mesoporphyrin.
1) The document summarizes a seminar on seizure disorders in newborns presented by Dr. Md. Moklesur Rahman and Dr. Sarbari Saha.
2) It discusses the definition, incidence, pathophysiology, etiology, classification, diagnostic approach, management and prognosis of neonatal seizures.
3) Common causes of neonatal seizures presented include hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, infection, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia and inborn errors of metabolism.
This document summarizes the history and mechanisms of jaundice and kernicterus. Some key points include:
- Kernicterus was first described in 1875 and results from bilirubin accumulation in the brain due to hyperbilirubinemia.
- Bilirubin exists in two forms - a water-soluble dianion and insoluble bilirubin acid. The acid form can cross the blood brain barrier.
- Two transporters, MRPs and MDR/PGP, help prevent bilirubin entry into the brain from the blood under normal conditions.
- Kernicterus presents as acute bilirubin encephalopathy with symptoms ranging
This document discusses the importance of follow-up care for high-risk newborns after discharge from the NICU. It outlines that follow-up should include regular medical examinations to monitor growth and development, screening tests, and neurobehavioral assessments. Follow-up care is most intensive for high-risk infants born prematurely or with very low birth weight, and can involve multiple specialists. The long-term goal is to identify any disabilities or delays early and provide intervention to prevent or reduce impairments.
This study examined neurological outcomes in 35 neonates who underwent exchange transfusion for hyperbilirubinemia. The most common causes for exchange transfusion were ABO incompatibility (42.86% of cases) and Rh incompatibility (22.85% of cases). The neonates were followed for 12 months, with assessments at 3, 6, and 12 months. At 3-month follow-up, 4 cases (11.43%) showed abnormal brainstem evoked response audiometry results, and all 4 of these cases exhibited abnormal development. At 6-month follow-up, 4 cases (11.76%) showed delays in gross and fine motor development, while 2 cases (5.88%) and 3 cases
Surfactant journey,nnk,oct 2017 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document summarizes Dr. Karthik Nagesh's experience with surfactant therapy in India, beginning in the early 1990s. It describes some of Dr. Nagesh's early experiences using surfactant procured from other countries to treat neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. It then outlines how surfactant therapy became more established in India through clinical trials, workshops to educate others, and the eventual commercial availability of surfactants in India. The document provides several cases that demonstrated the benefits of surfactant therapy for reducing the need for oxygen and ventilation support.
Preterm immunisation 2018,6 oct ,south neocon- Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
Preterm infants are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, routine immunization of preterms is often delayed. The document discusses evidence that preterm infants can mount protective immune responses to vaccines according to their chronological age. While antibody levels may sometimes be lower in preterms, the majority achieve levels associated with protection. The safety and efficacy of individual vaccines in preterms is reviewed. The benefits of vaccinating medically stable preterms according to routine schedules outweigh potential risks like transient apnea.
Preterm immunisation 2018 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document discusses vaccination in preterm infants. It notes that preterm infants are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, vaccination of preterms is often delayed. The document summarizes evidence that preterm infants can mount protective immune responses when vaccinated according to their chronological age, regardless of gestational age or birth weight. It addresses specific concerns about the safety and efficacy of various vaccines in preterm populations such as BCG, polio, hepatitis B, pertussis and others. Overall, the document advocates for vaccinating medically stable preterm infants according to routine schedules in order to provide them protection from serious diseases.
Niv current trends karthik nagesh,2019 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document provides an overview of various modes of non-invasive ventilation that can be used to support respiration in neonates, including advantages and disadvantages. It discusses nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP), nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy, nasal high frequency oscillatory ventilation (nHFOV), and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). The document summarizes the physiological rationale and evidence from studies comparing the different non-invasive modalities. It provides guidance on clinical situations where each mode may be indicated. The overall focus is on using the least invasive respiratory support possible to minimize lung injury and risk of chronic lung disease in preterm neon
Lung protective strategies,2019 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document provides an overview of advances in neonatal respiratory care from the 1970s to present day. It discusses the evolution of ventilatory care including the introduction of surfactant replacement therapy in the 1980s, high frequency oscillatory ventilation and nitric oxide therapy in the 1990s, and the increased use of non-invasive respiratory support methods like nasal continuous positive airway pressure, nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and high flow nasal cannula in the 2000s and beyond. The principles of care for extremely low birth weight infants in the first week of life are also outlined, focusing on ventilation strategies to minimize lung injury and optimize outcomes.
Jaundice 2019, salem cme - - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document discusses bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) and the bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) spectrum. It covers the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, evaluation, management with phototherapy, and guidelines for phototherapy in term and preterm infants. Key points include the need to prevent excessive bilirubin levels to avoid encephalopathy, the use of total serum bilirubin or transcutaneous bilirubin measurements to guide treatment, and following AAP guidelines for phototherapy thresholds based on gestational age and risk factors.
Hypothermia for neonates, india , ppt - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document discusses hypoxic ischemic brain injury in newborns. It describes the pathophysiology as primary energy failure caused by hypoxia/ischemia leading to immediate neuronal death, and secondary energy failure hours to days later caused by reperfusion injury and free radical formation, leading to delayed apoptotic cell death. Whole body cooling is described as an effective therapeutic intervention to reduce brain injury if initiated within 6 hours of the hypoxic ischemic insult and maintained at 33.5°C for 72 hours. The benefits, methods, and monitoring of therapeutic hypothermia are summarized.
Fungal sepsis,final,nnf kerala,kims,2019 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document summarizes key information on fungal infections in newborns. It finds that invasive candidiasis is most common in extremely low birth weight infants. Risk factors include central lines, prolonged antibiotic use, and TPN. Diagnosis relies on detecting Candida in blood or other sterile sites. Early treatment with antifungals like amphotericin B or fluconazole is important to prevent complications. Prophylaxis with fluconazole may benefit high-risk infants to reduce invasive infections.
Erythropoetin in hie,iap neocon, pune,2018 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
Erythropoietin shows promise for reducing brain injury in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Clinical trials show that high doses of erythropoietin given with therapeutic hypothermia may result in less MRI-detected brain injury and improved motor outcomes at 1 year for infants with HIE. A current phase III trial is evaluating whether high dose erythropoietin can reduce death or neurodevelopmental disability when given with hypothermia. Additional studies are still needed to determine the optimal dosing, timing, and duration of erythropoietin administration for HIE treatment, especially in low and middle-income countries.
Dengue article kn 2019 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
1) The document discusses ethical considerations regarding medical treatment decisions for infants with conditions like anencephaly that cannot be benefited by available therapies. It argues that not providing predictably futile treatments in such cases can be ethically and legally justified.
2) It references a 1983 report from the President's Commission that discussed situations where parents may want treatment even if deemed futile by physicians, and that providers should respect such requests if they don't cause suffering. Individual providers could decline if they found the treatment personally offensive.
3) The second document discusses the possibility of missing neonatal dengue cases transmitted from infected mothers. It describes two cases where screening at birth was negative but infants later developed severe dengue symptoms. It
Current status of neonatal intensive care in india, karthik nagesh n,archives...karthiknagesh
The document summarizes the current status of neonatal intensive care in India. It finds that while neonatal intensive care has grown significantly in India over the last decade due to increased private sector investment and some government initiatives, there remains a large disparity between care available to wealthy, urban populations and poor, rural populations. The government has launched programs to expand basic newborn care services, but more investment is still needed to bridge this gap and achieve national targets for reducing neonatal mortality rates, particularly in rural areas that still lack even basic newborn care services. Overall, neonatal intensive care has advanced in India but major inequities persist in access to lifesaving care for newborns.
hhhfnc 2019,karneocon,vijayapura - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
High Flow Nasal Canula (HFNC) therapy in Neonates - Applications discusses the use of HFNC therapy in neonates as an alternative to invasive ventilation and CPAP. It provides an overview of the evidence and clinical settings where HFNC is indicated. It describes how HFNC works and guidelines for its use. The document also discusses some of the problems with more invasive forms of ventilation and how HFNC aims to provide respiratory support in a less invasive manner.
Approaches to non invasive respiratory support in preterm - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document discusses various approaches to non-invasive respiratory support for preterm infants, including nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP), high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation (NIMV), and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). While non-invasive approaches can reduce the need for intubation and invasive ventilation, none have been shown to decrease the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The benefits and risks of each approach are described.
Bpd,nnf kerala,march 2019 - Dr Karthik Nageshkarthiknagesh
This document provides information about Dr. N. Karthik Nagesh, including his professional designations, affiliations, awards, publications, and special interests in neonatal intensive care and respiratory disorders. It also includes summaries of current strategies for the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants, such as the use of antenatal steroids, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), minimal invasive surfactant therapy, targeted volume ventilation, and inhaled steroids.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
2. Estimated rates of kernicterus (per
100,000 live births)
Hyperbilirubinemia
1. Prematurity
- yellow bars.
2. G6PD deficiency
-green.
3. Hemolytic and
idiopathic
conditions-blue
4. Rhesus (Rh)
disease -red.
3. Number of infants with major impairments due to kernicterus as presented
for
1. Hearing loss-
white bar.
2. Athetoid
cerebral palsy-
black bar.
4. Shah Z, Chawla A, Patkar D, Pungaonkar S. MRI in kernicterus.
Australasian Radiology 2003;47:55–57
5. • The syndrome of Bilirubin-induced Neurologic Dysfunction
[BIND] represents a spectrum of minor neurologic
manifestations among vulnerable infants who have
experienced an exposure to bilirubin of lesser degree than
generally described
• Can occur in the absence of classical kernicterus
• When total serum/plasma bilirubin (TB) levels exceed an
infant's neuroprotective defenses
BIND
6. Confounding effects include
• Prematurity,
• Hemolysis,
• Perinatal-neonatal complications,
• Altered bilirubin-albumin binding,
• Severity and duration of bilirubin exposure,
• Individual vulnerability of the infant related to genetic,
family, social, and educational predilection, regardless
of the cause of neonatal jaundice
7. Clinical neuro-motor manifestations extend to a range of ;
• Subtle processing disorders
• Objective disturbances of visual-motor,
• Auditory,
• Speech,
• Cognition,
• Language
**Previous history of moderate-to-severe hyperbilirubinemia of
varied duration
8. Features of BIND
1. Neuromotor signs
2. Muscle tone
abnormalities
3. Hyperexcitable
neonatal reflexes
4. Variety of
neurobehavior
manifestations
5. Speech and language
abnormalities
6. Evolving array of
central processing
abnormalities, such as
sensorineural
audiological and visuo-
motor dysfunctions.
10. Protective factors
1. Bilirubin transporters- ATP-binding cassette
transporter B1 (ABCB1) at the luminal (blood-side)
face of capillary endothelial cells of the blood–brain
barrier and ATP-binding cassette transporter C1
(ABCC1) at the basolateral face of the choroid
plexus epithelium of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid
barrier may facilitate bilirubin efflux from the CNS
and bilirubin clearance from the brain.
2. Unbound bilirubin in the CNS may also be cleared
by bilirubin oxidase and cytochrome P-450
isoenzymes.
3. Tissue-binding capacity varies- there is less tissue-
binding capacity in preterms than in term neonates.
17. Neuroanatomical vulnerability
• Globus pallidus- kernicterus
• Other vulnerable areas- cerebellum,
hippocampus, and subthalamic nuclear bodies,
cranial nerves.
• Increased neuromotor activity level in infants
with BIND at age 18 months may be a reflection
of minor dysfunction in subcortical circuitries,
especially in the networks of the basal ganglia
and cerebellum.
18. Injury to areas and outcomes
• Hippocampus- functional deficits leading to
age-related cognitive decline.
• Limbic-striatal-thalamic circuitry- autism
spectrum disorders and schizophrenia.
• Putamen for autism.
19. Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy (ABE)
• The signs and symptoms of ABE may be
• Subtle requiring a high index of suspicion,
• Or Apparent with overt neurologic
abnormalities.
• Spectrum of manifestation-3 phases.
20. • Phase 1 (early ABE) manifests early usually at 3–5 days of life with
decreased alertness, poor feeding, hypotonia and weak Moro.
• Phase 2 (intermediate ABE) has variable onset and duration,
usually presenting in the 1st week but can be later with
stupor, irritability, hypertonia of extensor muscles, which may
alternate with hypotonia, opisthotonos, retrocollis and high-
pitched cry.
• Phase 3 (advanced ABE) often presents after the
1st week and is typically characterized by hypotonia. Other
features include coma, pronator spasm of upper extremities, sun
setting eyes, fever, inability to feed and apnea.
**Mortality may be as high as 21%, usually due to
respiratory failure or refractory seizures
23. Prevention of ABE and Kernicterus
Spectrum Disorders(KSD)
• An anticipatory and individualized approach with
the goal of avoiding excessive hyperbilirubinemia
is the key to preventing severe neonatal jaundice,
ABE and its subsequent progression to KSD.
• Using a systematic tiered approach, targeted
preventive strategies are essential at each level
during the assessment of newborn infants to
prevent these complications.
24. Primary Prevention
• Programs Aimed At Promoting
And Supporting Successful Breast Feeding,
• Documentation Of The Mother’s Blood Group During
Care With Cheap And Available And Appropriately Used
Rhesus Immunoglobulin(rhogam™),
• Meticulous Risk Assessment
• Providing The Parents With Written
And Oral Information About Jaundice Are Paramount.
25. • Similarly, recognizing that visual estimation of the
severity of jaundice may be misleading
• Establishing protocols for the identification and
evaluation of hyperbilirubinemia are of prime
importance.
• Improvement on older screening methods are needed
and being effectively pursued.
• It is essential to screen for jaundice (pre-discharge) and
G6PD deficiency as part of a systemic evaluation on all
babies for the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia before
discharge.
26. Secondary Prevention
• Measuring bilirubin levels (TSB
orTcB) in jaundiced babies, interpreting all bilirubin
levels based on hour-specific modified country-specific
Bhutani type nomogram is advocated.
• Additionally, providing appropriately timed and
effective treatment using gestational age, weight
appropriate threshold for risk assessment and country-
specific guidelines is urgently needed.
27. • Combined with effective phototherapy,
health care facilities also need to be able to
quickly refer to tertiary centers that are able
to do emergent exchange blood transfusions
when needed.
• Finally, close post-discharge follow-up strategies
are critical in preventing bilirubin neurotoxicity.
28.
29. ET-CO Measurement at Hospital Discharge
• High Risk ….>2 PPM
• CoSense ET-CO monitoring (nasal canula)
done in 18 babies at MHB with low risk pre-
discharge TSB ( Bhutani Nomogram)
• 8 found to have ET-CO>2 PPM
• 3 re-admitted for severe Jaundice needing
Intensive Phototherapy, inspite of low pre-
discharge TSB
30. ABE in Preterms
• The clinical features are the same as term
neonates albeit more subtle, mainly due to
neuronal immaturity and masking clinical
conditions.
31. Risk factors for BE-Total Serum Bilirubin (TSB)
• High TSB levels have been long associated with a risk
of BE in a dose-dependent pattern
• TSB levels have been used in management guidelines of
neonates with hyperbilirubinemia to define critical values
for interventions
• TSB measures both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
in the blood.
• Unconjugated bilirubin is largely bound to
albumin
• A small proportion remains as free/unbound
32. TSB
• High TSB levels correlate with high free unbound
unconjugated bilirubin levels at the membrane
surfaces as a result of saturating the albumin
binding sites
• Free bilirubin is hence available to permeate
membranes, including brain cells, and cause
neuronal injury
33. TSB
• However, reports of ABE occuring at TSB levels
considered to be nonhazardous, that is, below
critical values for exchange blood transfusion
(low bilirubin KSD) have highlighted the need
to establish a critical value of TSB below which
BE is unlikely to occur.
34. Peak TSB is a useful test, but relatively poor measure
of the toxic potential of unconjugated bilirubin.
Consideration must be given to such other factors as
• Duration Of Exposure,
• Concomitant Level Of Serum Albumin,
• Bilirubin-binding Reserve.
• Level Of “Unbound” Bilirubin
• Presence Or Absence Of Acidosis,
• Immaturity/Compromise Of The Blood- Brain Barrier
• Constitutional/Genetic Factors
35. American Academy of Pediatrics. Management of hyperbilirubinemia
in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics.
2004;114:297–316
36. American Academy of Pediatrics. Management of hyperbilirubinemia
in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics.
2004;114: 297–316.
37. Maisels MJ. Jaundice. In: Avery GB, Fletcher MA,
MacDonald MG (eds), Neonatology: Pathophysiology
and Management of the Newborn. Philadelphia, PA:
J.B. Lippincott; 1999, pp. 765–819.
38. Morris BH, Oh W, Tyson JE, et al. Aggressive vs. conservative
phototherapy for infants with extremely low birth weight. N Engl J
Med. 2008;359:1885–1896.
39. Bilirubin-Albumin Ratio
• Low bilirubin ABE is possible in the context of
hypoalbuminemia or impaired albumin
binding.
• Bilirubin is transported bound to albumin in a
largely predictable way.
• Bilirubin bound to albumin is water soluble
and does not cross the blood–brain barrier
(BBB)
40. Bilirubin-Albumin Ratio
• Unbound (free) bilirubin is expected to be a more
appropriate measure of the risk for BE than TSB.
• However, it is currently not practical to assay UB
in clinical settings.
• Bilirubin:albumin (B:A) molar ratio, on the other
hand,is easily assayed and has previously been
proposed as a surrogate for UB and, consequently,
CNS exposure to bilirubin.
41. American Academy of Pediatrics. Management of hyperbilirubinemia
in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics.
2004;114: 297–316.
42. Hulzebos CV, Diljk PH, van Imhoff DE, et al. The
bilirubin albumin ratio in the management of
hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants to improve
neurodevelopmental outcome: a randomized
controlled trial – BARTrial. PLoS One. 2014;9:e99466.
** Intensive Phototherapy-
Irradiance of at least 30
μW/cm2 per nm
43. Maisels MJ, Watchko JF, Bhutani VK, et al. An approach to the
management of hyperbilirubinemia in the preterm infant less than 35
weeks of gestation. J Perinatol. 2012;32:660–664
44. Chronic Bilirubin Encephalopathy or
Kernicterus- Diagnosis
Tetrad of
1. Abnormal motor control, movements and
muscle tone
2. Auditory processing disturbance with or
without hearing loss
3. Oculomotor impairments, especially
impairment of upward vertical gaze, and
4. Dysplasia of the enamel of deciduous (baby)
teeth
45. Diagnosis of BIND
• In the past, it was erroneously believed that the
diagnosis of BE could only be made by autopsy.
• Using history, a focused physical examination, the
BIND score and Electrophysiological And
Neuroimaging studies, the diagnosis can be
ascertained with reasonable certainty.
• Assessment of the encephalopathy must be
individualized, taking into account predisposing risk
factors.
46. 1. MENTAL STATUS
3. MUSCLE TONE
4. CRY PATTERN
5. OCCULOMOTOR OR EYE MOVEMENTS
“BIND score is a tool to objectify and
facilitate a clinical diagnosis of ABE as well as
to monitor the neonatal neurological exam in
infants with progressive hyperbilirubinemia as
a predecessor to encephalopathy”
47. MRI in Diagnosis of BIND
• Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (cMRI) can be used to
detect bilirubin neurotoxicity.
• In ABE-T1-hyperintense involvement of the globus pallidus
and subthalamic nuclei, while
• KSD demonstrates increased signal intensity on T2-weighted
images of the same regions, especially in children with
classical and motor predominant kernicterus.
48. BAER
• Emerging evidence suggests that the auditory
neural pathways are the most sensitive system
• In bilirubin neurotoxicity, the BAER is absent
or abnormal (prolonged inter-wave intervals
and/or diminished amplitudes) indicating
damage to the auditory nerve (wave l) and/or
more likely auditory brainstem nuclei.
• Auditory evaluation may improve
detection of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in
neonates.
49. Assessing Outcome
1. Neonatal and early infancy assessment
2. Clinical assessment during infancy and
childhood
3. Late infancy (1-2 years) assessment
4. Childhood (age 5-9 years) assessment
5. Long-term impact
50. Better Tools available now to better BIND specific
domains of multisensory processing disorders:
• Pyscho-metric,
• Audiologic,
• Speech,
• Language
• Visual-motor
• Neuromotor examination
** Will allow for prospective surveillance of infants ‘at risk’ for the syndrome
51. Evolution in Thinking
• Moving from beyond just survival and
understanding the importance of quality of
life; prevention of even the most subtle
problems is now important!!
• Early Intervention
52. Neonatal and early infancy assessment
1. Disorders of movement
2. Neuromotor movement dysfunction was still
present at ages 3 and 12 months. Dose-
response correlation to severity of
hyperbilirubinemia among the infants
exposed to “moderate” hyperbilirubinemia
53. Clinical assessment during infancy and
childhood
1. Various methods have been used to evaulate infants-
ASQ, BSID, Newman scale and Prechtl standardized
technique.
2. At 3 months of age, neurological status by assessment
of the quality of general movements is classified as:
“normal-optimal” and “suboptimal” (perfectly and
acceptably complex, variable and fluent general
movements, respectively), “mildly abnormal”
(insufficiently complex and variable movements,
which are not fluent), and “definitely abnormal”
(virtual lack of complexity, variation, and fluency).
54. Clinical assessment during infancy and
childhood
1. 18 months- five domains of function are assessed:
fine motor function, gross motor function, posture
and muscle tone, reflexes, and visuomotor function.
Normal-> Minor dysfunctions -> Complex MND
2. Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire- 111
items evaluating temperament. Answers are coded on
a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 is “never”, 2 is “very
rarely”, and progresses to 7, which is equivalent to
“always”. Scales of temperament included activity
level, pleasure level, falling reactivity, soothability,
interest, anger, and sadness.
55. Late infancy (1-2 years) assessment
1. Complex minor neurologic dysfunction
2. Minor motor problems
3. Children with complex minor neurologic
dysfunction have generally exhibited
disorders of muscle tone regulation. This
dysfunction may also be regarded as a minor
form of BIND.
56. Childhood (age 5-9 years) assessment
1. Subtle signs of neonatal bilirubin
neurotoxicity at ages 5-7 years include:
awkwardness, equivocal Babinski sign, failure
of fine stereognosis, questionable hypotonia,
hyperexcitability, and exaggerated cremastric
and abdominal reflexes.
57. Long-term impact
• 4- 8- point IQ depression related to degree of
hyperbilirubinemia,assuming TB > 25 mg/dL.
• General consensus that there is no direct or
precise dose-dependent relationship between
moderate or severe hyperbilirubinemia and
overall neurologic outcome.