Bhandari 1Bhandari 1Bhandari 3NameProfessorENGL-1302Da

Bhandari 1
Bhandari 1
Bhandari 3
Name
Professor
ENGL-1302
Date Comment by Randall Unruh: Need to incorporate or spell
out for MLA formatting. Make sure cover page is not required
and that all is done according to what instructor wants in the
instructions of the essay.Creation and Invention of Ideas
The article, Educating with Creativity elaborates more on the
sociocultural construction of creativity among individuals and
also reflects more on how persons comprehend and educate the
creative potentials (Glaveanu). Based on the historical analysis
of creative related concepts, like talents and genius from
antiquity onwards, I can determine various prototypical means
of defining creativity and invention of ideas. The first and
foremost one is the expounding of the legacy on Romanticism
and Renaissance, which mainly associates creativity with arts
and explains more the importance of originality, diverse
thinking, and expressions. The second is all about the ideas of
enlightenment, all of which connects the creation and invention
of ideas among individuals to the discovery and bringing up
both its functional and problem-solving aspect. Postmodernity
is also another concept that entails new metaphors concerning
metaphors, an idea that invites individuals to think about their
everyday dynamics (Glăveanu, 2018). An example is the case of
craftsmen who are always ready to mix and match to experiment
and reflect more on the role of tradition and character in the
creation and invention of ideas among individuals. As such,
each of these ideas requires the proper understanding of what
individuals can do with new ideas and what it really means by
the definition of creation and invention of something.
Comment by Randall Unruh: Begin with a general

statement. Comment by Randall Unruh: Make sure that all is in
MLA format. Comment by Randall Unruh: Leave out "I" and
say it in an inclusive way.
The from all forms of human intellectual and mental activities,
often intentional but sometimes accidental. I believe that the
creation and invention of ideas is the main activity that impacts
human knowledge and enhances individuals' well-being by
either understanding somethings or utilizing practical ways.
Individuals usually engage in various activities that our minds
can become conscious of based on the new idea resulting from
working on a problem like trying t determine a new good in
business or in the home area. While individuals engage in
various activities, they mostly experience new insights into
something familiar whilst looking at or examining some new
aspects revealed to us. Comment by Randall Unruh: Add
transition. Comment by Randall Unruh: No need to say, just add
with "The creation" Comment by Randall Unruh: Two words?
Check for clarification.
The thoughts are usually new ideas, a specific product of
determination. If the thought is presumed as being a new
awareness of anything that initially existed but is unknown, the
idea of persons becoming conscious of it can be elaborated as
an act of discovery. An example is a case where researchers
determine the various types of tissues in bodies of human
being's thud, determining a particular type of protein that was
previously unknown. I believe this type of discovery may be
termed as knowledge discovery because it is based on
individuals' knowledge and new facts. As such, the living tissue
containing the protein existed long before it was discovered.
Finding solutions to problems is another type of discovery that
may be termed as utility discovery since it entails striving to
find solutions to problems. Comment by Randall Unruh: Add
transition. Comment by Randall Unruh: Watch wording and use
inclusive language.
As such, if the utility discovery entails the determination of a
new solution to a problem that initially never existed, then the

invention may be termed as an act of being conscious about the
idea. Rarely, the solution to the challenges is a new thing that
usually emanates from combining various things in order to
come up with new ideas. An example is a case where an
individual seeks to determine lock tampering therefore, they
come up with a feature of the lock which is a clear indication of
tampering, an idea that can also be termed as invention. I
believe that prior to the invention, the feature did not exist thus
the creation that the previously non-existent feature is an act of
invention.
Another interesting factor is the differences between invention
and discovery whereby whether the idea concerned the unit of
knowledge about something before any individuals discovered it
is usually based on how the research was conducted and the
reason for the conduction of research. Another characteristic of
invention is that it has the quality of utility whereby it is crucial
for some purposes such as determining any challenges w hich the
inventor may encounter. Comment by Randall Unruh: Add
comma. Comment by Randall Unruh: Possibly elaborate.
The protection by patent or copyrights of the things either
invented or discovered requires protection and should also be
valued, though they should at least be some acknowledgement
to the originator (Joyce et al). The United States constitution
recognizes the power of congress as the promotion of the
progress of science and the important arts by effectively
securing the limited times to both inventors and authors with
the exclusive rights to their respective discoveries and writings
(Lefstin, et al). As such, I believe that the constitutional clause
mainly encompasses both the utility and knowledge discoveries
and that various inventions can also be termed as useful
discoveries Comment by Randall Unruh: Add transition.
Comment by Randall Unruh: Check for capitalization.
Comment by Randall Unruh: Add period.
The innovations pertaining to patent eligibility are based on any
individual who creates and invents useful and new processes. I
see that any person who invents any new machine or

manufacture is likely to obtain the patent rights based on the
requirements and the conditions of the titles. A proper
illustration is computer coding, literary work, which is work of
authorship that can often be included as an invention. A newly
created computer code that enhances a computer's operations
may be a form of authorship work that is usually copyrighted
and published based on the subject matter usually disclosed by a
patent. As such, the inventor is permitted to apply for a patent
based on the nation’s terms and conditions for the particular
application. Case laws in countries like United States elaborate
judicial exceptions as permitted processes that can not be
patented because they are considered abstract ideas (Lefstin, et
al). Comment by Randall Unruh: Transition needed.
Comment by Randall Unruh: Be inclusive. Comment by
Randall Unruh: Add article "the" for clarity.
Computer softwares are a major subject matter to various
inventions that rarely occur as many inventors strive to seek
solutions to various challenges (Looyestyn, et al). Striving to
discover solutions to problems is essential in the development
of newer products, new and efficient goods crucial in the
manufacturing process. I see that they are many roles that
varying computer softwares play in the innovation process. Due
to the versatility of computer systems, they are frequently
programmed to perform various useful purposes. The various
inventions for such purposes mean that the software part of
infrastructure can be problematic because most software
applications entail sequences for accomplishing things which
are often considered as a series of mental ideas, particularly
when the steps involved are mathematical so that most of the
computer operations have been broken down into several
elementary forms. Comment by Randall Unruh: Make sure
that the prior paragraph flows into the next topic for
transitioning. Comment by Randall Unruh: Examples?
Information that is slightly more in depth for the reader?
The eligibility of various computer software-based inventions
is not near from being settled thus making them a subject for

various research-based discussions. However, the innovation
and invention processes mainly occur in most business
organizations that enhance both non-commercial and
commercial transactions such as engaging in business with
foreign nations. I believe that there is an existing justification
to protect the innovation arena among individuals in the
business sector. There will be demand for the protection of
individual’s new ideas in various fields such as the business
area. Comment by Randall Unruh: Add transition. Comment by
Randall Unruh: Revise for clarity. Comment by Randall
Unruh: Elaborate with explaining more to the reader on this
information.
In conclusion, the issues that revolve around computer
software-based creation and inventions and the ineligibility of
various economic practices are largely into enhancing both the
non-commercial and commercial activities in any business
organization. As such, any software developed to enhance
productivity and efficiency or offer the functionality available
should entail a copyright notice in its source code and further be
protected by having the copyrights registered Comment by
Randall Unruh: Explain more for the reader on what this entails.
Follow MLA formatting too.
(Samuelson). If the computer software is part of the system, a
combination of the computer and the software, a machine or a
network, then the patent attorney has to be consulted in order to
consider whether the patent rights of protection have to be
soughed and whether they are various relevant steps which are
crucial for protecting the various invention strategies.
Based on the historical analysis of persons on creative related
concepts such as talents, it is also crucial to determine various
prototypical means of defining creativity and the coming up
with new ideas. Idea that mainly associates creativity with arts
and explains more the importance of originality, diverse
thinking, and expressions are also crucial in developing creative
ideas crucial for development. The second is all about the ideas
of enlightment, all of which connects the creation and invention

of ideas among individuals to the discovery and bringing up
both its functional and problem-solving aspect. Postmodernity
is also another concept that entails new metaphors concerning
metaphors, an idea that invites individuals to think about their
everyday dynamics.
Works Cited Comment by Randall Unruh: Separate page
needed. Make sure that all stays in double spacing. Alignment
needs to be all in line and periods at the end of each entry.
Glăveanu, V. P. "Educating which creativity?" Thinking Skills
and Creativity, vol. 27, 2018, pp. 25-32,
doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2017.11.006.
Joyce, C., Ochoa, T. T., Carroll, M. W., Leaffer, M. A., & Jaszi,
P. (2016). Copyright law (p. 542).
Durham, NC
Lefstin, Jeffrey A., et al. "Final Report of the Berkeley Center
for Law & Technology Section 101
Workshop: Addressing Patent Eligibility Challenges." SSRN
Electronic Journal, 2017.
Looyestyn, Jemma, et al. "Does gamification increase
engagement with online programs? A systematic review." PLOS
ONE, vol. 12, no. 3, 2017, p. e0173403.
Samuelson, Pamela. "Functionality and Expression in Computer
Programs: Refining the Tests for
Software Copyright Infringement." SSRN Electronic Journal,
2015.
Carolina Academic Press.
Europe: Current Events
Identify a current event in Europe (as indicated in the text
book). The
current event should have happened during the past year and
should
address issues of human or physical geography in the region in

which
it occurs.
Post your 300-400 word report (not including source links) to a
new
discussion topic. Every report should 1) identify the location
the even
occurred on http://maps.google.com and provide a link, 2)
consult two
(2) online resources, one of which should be published by a
person or
organization in the region where the event occurred, and 3)
offer an
analysis/reflection by answering these questions: 1) What
happened?,
2) Why did it happen here?, and 3) Who was impacted (and
possibly,
who caused) by the event?
Create a short title for the new discussion topic that reflects the
content of your post. Make sure that you use quotes when
citing
information in the article and cite the source so readers know
where
you got your information.
http://maps.google.com/
Last Name 1
First Name Last Name
Professor Barlow
English 1302
31 March 2019The Reasoning Behind Conspiracies
On September 11th, 2001, the United States fell victim to a
terrorist attack. Two airplanes struck the World Trade Center
Towers, burning and collapsing them. This tragedy cost many

lives, but there is still some doubt that the attack was a foreign
one. There is a large following for this idea of the conspiracy
theory of 9/11. Many do not deny the event’s occurrence;
rather, people question who the identity of the perpetrator –
often believed to be the US government. This and many other
conspiracy theories have spread throughout the world and have
existed since the beginning of civilization, but why? What is the
reason for people to believe in conspiracy theories?
Being a believer in some conspiracies, I asked myself why I
believed what I did and could not answer that question. After
extensively reading different articles, I have begun to
understand why people, such as myself, believe conspiracy
theories. I have come to the realization that there are many
factors that contribute to the acceptance and belief in
conspiracy theories. In the article published by USA Today,
William Cummings states that psychologists such as Jan-Willem
van Prooijen believe that there are two things that contribute to
the appeal of conspiracy theories. These two things are
confirmation bias and proportionality bias. Confirmation bias,
as explained by Cummings, is “People’s willingness to accept
explanations that fit what they already believe.” This explains
why conspiracy theorists are so willing to adopt virtually any
conspiracy theory. I have found this to be true because when I
see evidence for a theory, my mind accepts it by default without
critically analyzing its logic. Proportionality bias is “the
inclination to believe that big events must have big causes”
(Cummings). This means that people often make the connection
between a large impactful event to a large cause. In Elizabeth
Svoboda’s article “Why Do People Believe the Moon Landing
Hoax or Other Conspiracy Theories?”, she states that this
inclination is natural because “Assigning meaning to what
happens has helped humans to thrive as a species….” I tend to
agree with this conclusion because it feels very natural to just
assume the cause for something that must be equally as
significant as the event itself. In “The Enduring Appeal of
Conspiracy Theories” by Melissa Hogenboom, she quotes a

professor from the University of Kent, Karen Douglas, stating
that being wary of other groups “…makes sense from an
evolutionary perspective. ‘In some ways, it is quite adaptive to
be suspicious of other groups for your own personal safety’”
(qtd. in Hogenboom). Making these connections is what has led
humanity to thrive throughout millennia because people were
able to find a connection from an event to a cause and realized
that the cause should be avoided at all costs. However, these
reasons are only the tip of the iceberg.
Another reason for believing in conspiracy theories is the
need to be comforted in tragic events. According to an
Associate Professor of Psychology at Union College, Joshua
Hart states that “if you are a person who looks at the world and
sees chaos and malevolence, perhaps there is comfort in the
notion that there is someone to blame.” I found this reason to be
very interesting because it is not universally true for all
conspiracies. For example, the attack during September 11th
was blamed on Al Qaeda, a terrorist group located in the Middle
East, but still, conspiracy theorists believe that the United
States government was the real perpetrator. Since there was
already someone to blame, why do conspiracy theorists feel the
need to find another person to blame?
In the search for another answer, I found in Hogenboom’s
article that people “make sense of the world when they feel out
of control, are anxious or feel powerless if their needs are
threatened.” This concurs with my previous finding, but still did
not answer my question, so after reading further, I found that
Stephan Lewandowsky, a professor of psychology at the
University of Bristol, states that “it can be psychologically
comforting for some to believe that ‘powerful people’ are
behind random events” (qtd. in Hogenboom). The key word here
is powerful people because conspiracy theorists tend to have a
reasonable amount of distrust toward people in power such as
government officials. I found that Hart also attributes this to
believing in conspiracy theories when he states, “one major
predictor of conspiracy belief was ‘schizotypy,’ [which is] a

constellation of traits that include a tendency to be relatively
untrusting…” This was very reassuring to find because I
realized that I do not trust those in power, which could be a
major reason why I find some conspiracy theories to be so
convincing.
In addition, it has been found in a study that individuals
“who grew up insecurely attached to their parents – where they
experienced a negative relationship with one or both of them,
also seem to be more likely to support conspiracy theories”
(Hogenboom). This insecurity from childhood explains the need
to be in control and have security. Those who are anxious cope
with their anxieties with conspiracy theories that end up making
them feel more powerless and uncertain. In “Why Do People
Believe in Conspiracy Theories?”, David Ludden Ph.D., a
professor at Georgia Gwinnet College, says that people hold on
to these false beliefs because “Uncertainty is an unpleasant
state, and conspiracy theories provide a sense of understanding
and certainty that is comforting.” It is natural for humans to
seek explanations for events and as it turns out, conspiracy
theories are answers that are typically based on emotion in
order to feel more certain, but as mentioned previously, they
tend to make the person feel less certain about the events
around them. Ludden also goes on to say that conspiracy
theories provide the person with the desire for control and
security. He gives the reason as to why people reject climate
change could be due to the fact that if it were true, they would
have to change their comfortable lifestyle. This makes sense
and explains why people reject events that are scientifically
based. It seems that conspiracy theories can simply be used as
an excuse to not make a change in one’s life.
Another interesting factor that is generally found in
conspiracy theorists is the need to feel unique in knowing
information that others do not. According to Ludden, people
who believe conspiracy theories often have “a sense that [they
are] the holder of privileged knowledge.” I found this to be a
recurring idea through other articles as well. In “Profiling a

Conspiracy Theorist: Why Some People Believe,” Hart states
“that people higher in schizotypy have an elevated need to feel
unique.” This makes sense because not believing in mainstream
ideas makes the theorist stand out from their peers. Elizabeth
Svoboda also mentions the idea of self-importance. She says
that “Conspiracy theories… supply a seductive ego boost.
Believers often consider themselves part of a select in-group
that — unlike the deluded masses — has figured out what's
really going on” (Svoboda). This is interesting because the
information that these conspiracy theorists, such as myself,
believe is not exclusive to only them, rather people just do not
believe them simply because most theories tend to ignore
science or facts. This is evident in conspiracy theories on
vaccinations, despite having ample evidence that shows its
efficacy, some still choose to believe that there is something
that big pharma is hiding.
This leads to my next reason why people believe in
conspiracy theories. It has been noted by many studies,
including one that was conducted by Stephan Lewandowsky
“that the stronger a person believes in a conspiracy, the less
likely they are to trust scientific facts” (qtd. in Hogenboom). If
facts that would debunk a theory were presented to a conspiracy
theorist, they would label the other person as a victim to the lies
that the powerful want them to think. Understanding all of this
is quite amusing because it almost seems as if one enters the
realm of conspiracies, it is very difficult to get out, especially
with reasoning.
After reading through numerous articles that try to find the
reason for believing conspiracy theories, I see a common trend.
In almost all articles, the belief of conspiracy theories is linked
to a lack of trust, desire to be different, and desire to be in
control. Of course, every individual is different, and there are
other factors that affect one’s beliefs, but I have found these
three factors to be relevant throughout the entirety of my
research. I have come to realize that my beliefs in certain
conspiracy theories stem from a distrust of the rich and

powerful. I have also found that I like the idea of being part of
an exclusive group that knows the truth. Before conducting my
research, I believed that conspiracy theorists were just people
who rebelled against social norms and believed simply because
it was different. I see now that there is much more to it, and a
lot has to do with personal insecurities. The truth is that people
just want to feel unique, and there is no problem with that. I
have discovered that we are all different, and some people just
need to believe in certain things so they can live peacefully. I
have concluded that believing in conspiracy theories does not
have any negative effects on society and that people’s beliefs
stem from reasons beyond the surface. In doing this discovery
essay, I have found my reasons for believing, and that will help
me overcome any insecurities I may have.
Works Cited
Cummings, William. "Conspiracy Theories: Here's What Drives
People to Them, No Matter How Wacky." USA Today, 15 Jan.
2018,
www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/12/23/conspiracy-
theory-psychology/815121001/. Accessed 27 Mar. 2019.
Hart, Joshua. "Profiling a Conspiracy Theorist: Why Some
People Believe." Live Science, 26 Sept. 2018,
www.livescience.com/63658-why-people-believe-conspiracy-
theories.html. Accessed 27 Mar. 2019.
Hogenboom, Melissa. "The Enduring Appeal of Conspiracy
Theories." British Broadcasting Corporation, 24 Jan. 2018,
www.bbc.com/future/story/20180124-the-enduring-appeal-of-
conspiracy-theories. Accessed 27 Mar. 2019.
Ludden, David. "Why Do People Believe in Conspiracy
Theories?" Psychology Today, 6 Jan. 2018,
www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/talking-apes/201801/why-
do-people-believe-in-conspiracy-theories. Accessed 27 Mar.
2019.
Svoboda, Elizabeth. "Why Do People Believe the Moon Landing
Hoax or Other Conspiracy Theories?" The Washington Post, 20

Jan. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-
science/wp/2018/07/20/why-do-people-believe-the-moon-
landing-hoax-or-other-conspiracy-
theories/?utm_term=.2f184ad7a77c. Accessed 27 Mar. 2019.
Last Name 1
First Name Last Name
Professor Name
ENGL 10803
28 September 2013Success in My Eyes
I have always wondered how executives made it to the top.
Where they started? How they first got their job? If they got a
lucky break, or played their cards right? As a second year
college student majoring in business, the idea of becoming a top
executive seems to be a near impossible goal. There is so much
competition and so little opportunity. As I have seen my older
siblings transition into the business world, I’ve witnessed their
successes and failures. College students, in this economy, are
struggling to find jobs right out of college. This is hindering
many college graduates’ so-called “career timeline” and
essentially slowing the rate at which a person can become a
successful business executive. Thus, my question is, what
factors make college students successful in business careers?
From reading many articles about college students’
success, I have gained insight and knowledge on what might be
the reasons for students’ success. There are many factors that
affect students’ success. Some factors are within the student’s
control; others are due to complete luck. One of the causes that
is entirely in students’ power that most people are unaware of
was written in “College Students: Avoid These 6 Career
Mistakes." In this article, the author states, “College students
should explore what their career center can do for them, and
they shouldn't wait until their senior year” (O'Shaughnessy). A
common college student’s mistake is not taking advantage of his

or her resources. I have seen so many college students not take
advantage of the career center, even though it is a viable source
for figuring out a career path.
Students often times believe that getting a job out of
college will be easier than it actually is. Since students are used
to constant success in college, and in education as a whole,
when they fail in a career search, they tend to shut down.
O’Shaughnessy argues that, “Too many students think they can
find a job if they start looking after Christmas break in their
senior year. Wrong. You need to lay the groundwork long
before then. The search can be time-consuming, but it will be
well worth it” (O'Shaughnessy). To become successful, and get
a job right out of college, it takes more than a few months of
searching. It takes years of preparation and resume building,
with internships, leadership experience and extracurriculars to
show that one is a well-rounded individual.
Success differs from person to person and can come at many
different times in a person’s career. Being successful out of
college doesn’t necessarily mean that you get a killer job due to
an outstanding resume. Success outside of college could mean
traveling the world or getting married or simply working for a
non-profit organization helping others rather than oneself.
Farlex Dictionary defines success as, “The achievement of
something desired, planned, or attempted.” Achievement can
mean a plethora of different things. It can mean achieving
something on one’s bucket list or obtaining happiness in one’s
social life. For some people in the business world, achievement
simply means getting a job; for others, it’s means becoming the
CEO of a Fortune 500 company. I suppose success all depends
on the person.
As written in "Teaching Methodologies in the Classroom: A
Study of Student Preferences” by Martin Bressler, “A number of
factors impact student success. Many are uncontrollable by the
professor such as size of the class or student ability.” Success in
a career is not solely based on the hard work of a student. It is
also based on how well one has been prepared to succeed

throughout one’s academic career.
A fortune 500 CEO is obviously a person whom finds
success when he or she has reached the very top of the business
world. Success for a stay-at-home mom means that she finds
accomplishment in her life by raising her children and seeing
their growth. Success differs from person to person, but is there
a difference between the average success of a man and a woman
in the business world? An article written by, Ilene Gordon, one
of the few women fortune 500 CEOs says, “Women don't have
the confidence or the clout… that men have…An analytical
degree puts you on par or ahead of the men.” When reading
through many articles, I discovered that men are more ambitious
and willing to negotiate their way to the top. There are only 22
women, which accumulate to about 4% of CEOs in the fortune
500. This stat has to show something about either our society’s
unequal treatment of women or women’s ambition in our
society. Perhaps the root of women having less confidence
starts from what we are taught in school. In college, we are
taught about the facts of how women receive lower salaries
coming out of college than men. Women have been told over
and over again that they are more likely to receive a lower
income than men. By being taught these ideas in school, women
start believing they will be less successful then men, and
virtually give themselves a self-fulfilling prophecy for their
success in life.
The article “Why Isn't Better Education Giving Women More
Power?” written by Garance Franke-Ruta explores the many
possible reasons for women being less powerful and successful
in the business world. She states, “36 percent of male
employees at major companies hope to be top executives,
compared with just 18 percent of female employees” (Franke-
Ruta). It’s evident that men have more confidence in their
ability to succeed. Perhaps, though, it’s not because men are
born with more confidence than women. Maybe the fact is that
what women are taught in school puts a damper on their
success.

Schooling could affect more than just how women see
themselves as successful. Robert Brooks, PhD, and coauthor of
Raising Resilient Children says, “Kids need to know that it's
okay to fail, and that it's normal to feel sad, anxious, or angry”
(Brooks). Children whom are sheltered too much in school and
at home are often unaware that the anxiety that comes from
failure is a natural feeling. By showing these children at an
early age that it is okay to fail every once in a while, it is
preparing children to grow up and still become successful after
multiple failures.
I have always thought of success as having enough income to be
able to travel, to have leisure time, and to be able to buy any
toy within a reasonable price range, but success means so much
more than that.
After reading through many different articles that define
success, I have seen a common trend. In every definition of
success, the word happiness is present. As written in Webster’s
Dictionary, “obsolete, good fortune, prosperity, and a state of
well-being” define happiness. But again, success is dependent
on the person. “Personal success is one person’s belief of what
will make them successful.” This can mean so many different
things for different people. Success can refer to someone’s
business, relationship life, adventurous life; it just depends on
what makes the person happy.
I have come to realize, throughout my discovery in this essay,
what the key to success is for me. I first thought it was having a
nice house and a significant amount of money for leisure
activities. But then I realized that my own success has nothing
to do with money. My success has to do with what makes me
happy, and satisfied with my life and myself. If I try my hardest
in whatever occupation I have in the future , I will feel satisfied
with my work ethic. The key to success in my life isn’t about
how much money I make; it is about the relationships I have
with the people I love. Sure, I would love to become a powerful
businesswoman like the Fortune 500 CEOs, but if I don’t make
it there, I will still have happiness and feel like I have

succeeded within my own self-achievement.
Works Cited
Discovery Essay Outline
Introduction Paragraph:
· The introduction establishes the student’s reason for pursuing
this topic (why the student is interested in
exploring/discovering/investigating this topic), as well as what
the student is looking for – pure exploration, an answer to a
question, attempting to understand/clarify something, etc.
· The thesis statement is the guiding question for the rest of the
paper. Examples of guiding questions are the following: 1.
“Thus, my question is, what factors make college students

successful in business careers?” 2. “What makes John Mulaney,
the stand-up comedian that looks like an ill-rested yet
freakishly tall child, so funny?” 3. “This and many other
conspiracy theories have spread throughout the world and have
existed since the beginning of civilization, but why? What is the
reason for people to believe in conspiracy theories?”
First Body Paragraph:
· The student will begin by stating what, if any, information he
or she knows about the topic before any investigation has
begun.
· The student will also potentially provide a little explanation or
history of the topic, especially if it is not well-known. This will
help give the reader some necessary background on the topic
before the exploration begins.
· The student may also provide a summary of what is to be
revealed in the following paragraphs.
Successive One to Two Body Paragraphs:
· Student delves into one (or more) of the five sources and what
it says about the topic. (Student may also state how he or she
came to find this source while researching, though this is not
required.)
· Student states what significance this source (and what he or
she has discovered) has for his or her own beliefs and opinions.
required.)
Whatever revelations there are might in some way connect back
to prior revelations or forward to later revelations.

required.)
required.)
required.)
Conclusion Paragraph:
· The conclusion has the final takeaway for the student – what
was discovered, learned, etc. – and whether that final takeaway
was what he or she expected.
· The conclusion should be a culmination from all of the sources
used.

· Student may mention what farther-reaching consequences
learning about this topic has for his or her life.
· Student may compare and contrast his or her own knowledge
or beliefs about the topic before and after reading these five
sources/completing the exploration.
· Student may state whether his or her core beliefs were
changed by the exploration of the topic.
Discovery Essay
Sometimes when we do a little historical digging into subjects
we think we know, we are surprised by what we find. For
example, in the history of science, we might be surprised to find
that, after witnessing an operation, Charles Darwin gave up the
study of medicine and switched to theology; or that Isaac
Newton hated women and wrote more words about theology and
alchemy than he did physics; or that Albert Einstein skipped
most of his university classes and virtually abandoned his wife
(and two sons) after she had helped him on the mathematics of
relativity theory. These "discoveries" might make us rethink
what we have learned and alter our understanding of the
scientific enterprise.
The Discovery Essay, as the name implies, seeks to discover
something about a topic. Although your discovery paper is
based on research, you are not writing what you might think of
as a “research paper.” Your goal with the Discovery Essay is to
pose a question to research or area to explore and to find
something out rather than prove something. Within your chosen
subject area, you will find a topic you genuinely wonder about
that stems from your experiences and interests. As you’ll
discover in doing research, there isn’t one answer to your
question or issue—there may be multiple answers, conflicting
answers, or no answer at all. Your essay will address 1) your
interest in the issue; 2) what others have to say about the issue;
and 3) the significance for you in what you’ve discovered. Your
1500-2000 word paper will need to contain at least 5 carefully
researched sources.

Reflect on what new "discoveries" about your topic you have
made after reading through several articles and/or looking at it
historically. How has your understanding of changed or
deepened? Elaborate on the discoveries you have made by
explaining what you thought in the past, why you may have
thought it, what caused you to alter your views (or not alter
them), and what larger significance you see in your new
realization.
Feel free to be creative, even funny. Think of the class as your
audience.
Use this Discovery Essay as a stair-step into your Research
Essay. Think of a topic you are interested in and want to know
more about.
Use the Library Website to find academic articles: Link to CVC
Library Website and Catalog
Discovery Essay in Detail
Goal of the Paper and Requirements of a Successful Discovery
Essay:
For this essay, you’ll be incorporating research into a piece but
not writing what you might think of as a “research paper.” Your
goal with the discovery essay is to find something out rather
than prove something. It must be a topic you genuinely wonder
about that stems from your experiences and interests. As you’ll
discover in doing research, there isn’t one answer to your
question or issue—there may be multiple answers, conflicting
answers, or no answer at all. Your essay will address 1) your
interest in the issue; 2) what others have to say about the is sue;
and 3) the significance for you in what you’ve discovered. A
successful discovery essay:
· Focus/Purpose/Genre: has a clear controlling idea that
explores a complex research question and is coherently
organized around the exploration of the question; relays
author’s interest in the topic by 1) showing how research
informs author and 2) discussing issues that emerge from

research (not finding an easy answer). The research question is
open-ended and explores an issue.
· Support and research: provides support for controlling idea by
incorporating five sources, integrating quotes and information,
putting them in conversation rather than just inserting or listing
them, selecting reliable, relevant, and substantive sources;
provides introduction/context for sources.
· Style and Conventions: incorporates five sources correctly
using MLA format in the text and in the works cited; the writing
has sentence variety and a sense of the writer’s “voice” as
appropriate to the writing situation; follows conventions of
grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
HOW DO I APPROACH THE ASSIGNMENT?
After doing some brainstorming in class and forming a research
question, you’ll then, after finding many sources so you can
choose among them the sources most useful to you, narrow to at
least five sources about your research question that represent
various points or approaches to your topic (you don’t want all
of your sources to say the same thing). Read—and reread—your
sources carefully, taking notes that record both what the authors
are saying and what you think about what they are saying.
Then you’ll write an essay in which you explore the issue based
on the sources you’ve read—not an argument paper where
research feeds your opinion about the issue; rather, you’ll
be exploring a topic and explaining how the research impacts
your beliefs and opinions—or not—instead of developing an
argument in which you try to change the minds of others.
Remember that just because you are incorporating sources
doesn’t mean you can’t have your own voice in the piece—you
are the person putting these ideas together in conversation.
You’re guiding readers through the sources and issue with your
own voice and in how your sources together. You’ll want to
explain your knowledge on the issue before you began research
(even if limited) and how the research has changed your
thinking (or not—and why not). You might also want to be overt
about the research process—you can describe, as part of your

essay, how your research built upon itself. As Ballenger says,
“the process of coming to know something, for the essayist, is
as important as what he or she comes to know” (The Curious
Reader 39). Potential research questions range from, “Should a
Mars landing be the next mission for NASA?” to “Is the internet
changing how I think?”
Final Draft: 1,500-2,000 words (approx. 5-7 pages) with works
cited in MLA format

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