Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 has been amended and renamed as Prohibition
of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act). Benami Act mainly focuses on finding
real names behind nameless real estate transactions. The amended act clearly defines the benami
transactions
The document discusses the history and provisions of limitation acts in India. It traces the evolution of limitation laws from Roman laws introduced under British rule to the current Limitation Act of 1963. The key objectives of limitation acts are to fix a time limit for filing legal claims and to avoid indefinite uncertainty regarding legal rights and liabilities. The Limitation Act of 1963 consolidated and standardized limitation periods for different types of legal suits, appeals and applications.
Income tax authorities under Income tax act 1961Chirantan Tiwari
The document summarizes the key income tax authorities in India and their roles and responsibilities.
The main authorities are:
1) The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) which is responsible for policy and administration of direct taxes.
2) Income tax officers, tax recovery officers, and inspectors who handle assessments, collections, and enforcement.
3) The CBDT, directors general, commissioners, and joint commissioners can appoint other tax authorities and delegate powers.
4) The jurisdiction and powers of tax authorities are determined by the CBDT through orders and directions.
The document discusses the doctrine of constructive notice as it relates to companies. It notes that a company's memorandum of association and articles of association, which are filed with the registrar of companies, become public documents. It is therefore the duty of anyone dealing with a company to inspect these documents first before entering into dealings with the company. This doctrine provides protection to companies against outsiders by assuming the outsiders have read and understood the memorandum and articles of association. Two case examples are provided that demonstrate how this doctrine was applied when a mortgage deed was invalid due to missing signatures as outlined in the articles of association.
RETRENCHMENT UNDER THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947haimanti1986
This document summarizes Indian labor law regarding retrenchment. It defines retrenchment as the termination of an employee's services by the employer for any reason other than as punishment. Originally, Indian law did not require compensation for retrenchment, but amendments in 1953, 1964, and 1976 established compensation requirements. The 1976 amendment distinguished between industries employing over 100 workers, for which special provisions apply, and other industries covered under the original Chapter V-A. Both chapters require employers to follow principles of seniority-based layoffs and re-employment of retrenched workers. Employers must also follow notice periods and compensation levels specified in the applicable chapter or face penalties.
This document discusses the distinction between movable and immovable property under Indian law. It begins by explaining that the Transfer of Property Act governs the transfer of immovable property and the Sale of Goods Act governs movable property. It then discusses definitions and tests to determine whether a property is movable or immovable, including whether it is attached to the land permanently based on the degree and purpose of fixation. Key differences are summarized such as immovable property including land and benefits arising from land, while movable property is not permanently attached. Examples of both categories are also provided.
CONTEMPORNEA EXPOSITIO EXTERNAL AID TO INTERPRETATIONShreya Chaurasia
Interpretation means the art of finding out the true sense of an enactment by giving the words of the enactment their natural and ordinary meaning.
It is the process of ascertaining the true meaning of the words used in a statute.
The Court is not expected to interpret arbitrarily and therefore there have been certain principles which have evolved out of the continuous exercise by the Courts. These principles are sometimes called ‘rules of interpretation’.
The object of interpretation of statutes is to determine the intention of the legislature conveyed expressly or impliedly in the language used.
Contempornea Expositio means that the meaning of words in a document are to be understood in the sense which they bore at the time of the document.
Contemporaneous exposition is the best and strongest in law. It is said that the best exposition of a statute or any other document is that which it has received from contemporary authority.
Contemporanea expositio est optima means usage or practice developed under a statute is indicative of the meaning ascribed to its words by contemporary opinion.
External Aid includes Historical Background,The original bill drafted and introduced,Legal Dictionaries,Debates in the Legislature,Judicial Construction etc.
Competition Advocacy is the practice of disseminating awareness on competition issues in India. Competition Commission is the statutory body which is responsible for creating awareness, workshops and training on competition law in India, enhancing fairness and transparency in Indian market and thereby creating a conducive economically competitive culture in market which remarks a progressive market image in global market.
The document discusses the history and provisions of limitation acts in India. It traces the evolution of limitation laws from Roman laws introduced under British rule to the current Limitation Act of 1963. The key objectives of limitation acts are to fix a time limit for filing legal claims and to avoid indefinite uncertainty regarding legal rights and liabilities. The Limitation Act of 1963 consolidated and standardized limitation periods for different types of legal suits, appeals and applications.
Income tax authorities under Income tax act 1961Chirantan Tiwari
The document summarizes the key income tax authorities in India and their roles and responsibilities.
The main authorities are:
1) The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) which is responsible for policy and administration of direct taxes.
2) Income tax officers, tax recovery officers, and inspectors who handle assessments, collections, and enforcement.
3) The CBDT, directors general, commissioners, and joint commissioners can appoint other tax authorities and delegate powers.
4) The jurisdiction and powers of tax authorities are determined by the CBDT through orders and directions.
The document discusses the doctrine of constructive notice as it relates to companies. It notes that a company's memorandum of association and articles of association, which are filed with the registrar of companies, become public documents. It is therefore the duty of anyone dealing with a company to inspect these documents first before entering into dealings with the company. This doctrine provides protection to companies against outsiders by assuming the outsiders have read and understood the memorandum and articles of association. Two case examples are provided that demonstrate how this doctrine was applied when a mortgage deed was invalid due to missing signatures as outlined in the articles of association.
RETRENCHMENT UNDER THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947haimanti1986
This document summarizes Indian labor law regarding retrenchment. It defines retrenchment as the termination of an employee's services by the employer for any reason other than as punishment. Originally, Indian law did not require compensation for retrenchment, but amendments in 1953, 1964, and 1976 established compensation requirements. The 1976 amendment distinguished between industries employing over 100 workers, for which special provisions apply, and other industries covered under the original Chapter V-A. Both chapters require employers to follow principles of seniority-based layoffs and re-employment of retrenched workers. Employers must also follow notice periods and compensation levels specified in the applicable chapter or face penalties.
This document discusses the distinction between movable and immovable property under Indian law. It begins by explaining that the Transfer of Property Act governs the transfer of immovable property and the Sale of Goods Act governs movable property. It then discusses definitions and tests to determine whether a property is movable or immovable, including whether it is attached to the land permanently based on the degree and purpose of fixation. Key differences are summarized such as immovable property including land and benefits arising from land, while movable property is not permanently attached. Examples of both categories are also provided.
CONTEMPORNEA EXPOSITIO EXTERNAL AID TO INTERPRETATIONShreya Chaurasia
Interpretation means the art of finding out the true sense of an enactment by giving the words of the enactment their natural and ordinary meaning.
It is the process of ascertaining the true meaning of the words used in a statute.
The Court is not expected to interpret arbitrarily and therefore there have been certain principles which have evolved out of the continuous exercise by the Courts. These principles are sometimes called ‘rules of interpretation’.
The object of interpretation of statutes is to determine the intention of the legislature conveyed expressly or impliedly in the language used.
Contempornea Expositio means that the meaning of words in a document are to be understood in the sense which they bore at the time of the document.
Contemporaneous exposition is the best and strongest in law. It is said that the best exposition of a statute or any other document is that which it has received from contemporary authority.
Contemporanea expositio est optima means usage or practice developed under a statute is indicative of the meaning ascribed to its words by contemporary opinion.
External Aid includes Historical Background,The original bill drafted and introduced,Legal Dictionaries,Debates in the Legislature,Judicial Construction etc.
Competition Advocacy is the practice of disseminating awareness on competition issues in India. Competition Commission is the statutory body which is responsible for creating awareness, workshops and training on competition law in India, enhancing fairness and transparency in Indian market and thereby creating a conducive economically competitive culture in market which remarks a progressive market image in global market.
Competition law and policy aims to promote fair competition in markets. The Competition Act of 2002 established the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to prevent anti-competitive practices. The CCI prohibits anti-competitive agreements between companies, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulates mergers and acquisitions. It investigates complaints and makes orders to protect competition and consumers. The objectives of the Act are to prevent anti-competitive behavior and practices, promote fair competition, protect consumer interests and ensure freedom of trade in India.
The document discusses the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) under the Companies Act of 2013 in India. It establishes SFIO as the agency responsible for investigating corporate fraud. The SFIO is headed by a director and consists of experts from fields like banking, taxation, and law. It has powers to investigate company affairs, examine witnesses, and impose fines. Upon completion of investigations, SFIO submits interim and final reports to the central government, which may then direct prosecution. Fraud is punishable by imprisonment between 6 months to 10 years along with fines under Section 447 of the Companies Act. The SFIO aims to better coordinate fraud prosecution and has more independence than under the previous Companies Act
This document discusses the expiry and repeal of statutes. It defines a statute as a written law passed by a legislative body. It notes that statutes can expire after a specified time if they are temporary. For an expired statute to continue being effective, it must be revived by a new statute. A statute can be repealed, or abolished, either expressly through explicit language in a new statute or impliedly if a new statute makes the old one obsolete. When a statute is repealed, it is considered void and without any effect, as if it had never existed. The effects of repeal include removing all rights created under the repealed act and making the statute ineffective.
This document discusses the process of appeals in the Indian legal system. It outlines that appeal is a complaint to a higher court regarding an injustice or error committed by a lower court. There can only be a right to appeal if expressly provided by law. It then discusses the different levels and types of appeals, including appeals to the Supreme Court, High Court, and Court of Session. It also describes the procedures that must be followed for appeals, such as attaching a copy of the lower court's judgment. The appellate court has powers to dismiss appeals summarily if there is no sufficient ground, or to obtain further evidence and alter or reverse the lower court's decision.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of company directors. It defines what a director is, noting that a director is appointed or elected to a company's board of directors and is responsible for determining and implementing company policy. It outlines general rules regarding the appointment of directors, such as minimum and maximum numbers, eligibility criteria, and disqualification criteria. It also summarizes the roles of directors as agents, employees, officers, and key managerial personnel of the company. Finally, it briefly discusses the roles and functions of independent directors in bringing objective and independent judgment to board deliberations and decisions.
The TN Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on land) Act, 1961.pptxRoshiniSundarrasu
The Slide Share is about, The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of ceiling on land) Act, 1961 which will help the Tamil Nadu based Law students to learn Land Laws more efficiently with respect to exam point of view.
The document provides an overview of the Competition Act of 2002 in India. Some key points:
- The Competition Act aims to prevent anti-competitive practices and promote competition. It established the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to implement the law.
- The Act repealed the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969, which took a narrow view of competition. The new law focuses on "appreciable adverse effects on competition."
- CCI's roles include investigating anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominance, regulating mergers and acquisitions, conducting advocacy work, and imposing penalties on violators.
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce was adopted in 1997 to help harmonize the laws related to electronic commerce across countries. It recommends that countries consider the model law when enacting or revising their own e-commerce laws. India enacted the Information Technology Act in 2000, which was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law and aimed to facilitate e-commerce and e-governance in India by providing legal recognition for electronic records and transactions. While the Indian law was broadly aligned with principles of the model law like functional equivalence and media neutrality, it deviated in some areas like requiring specific digital signature standards and not having provisions for online contract formation equivalent to those in the model law.
This document discusses parties to a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 in India. It defines plaintiff and defendant, and discusses rules around joinder, nonjoinder, and misjoinder of parties. It explains that a plaintiff is the person filing a suit to enforce a legal right, while a defendant is the person being sued. Multiple plaintiffs and defendants can be joined in one suit if there is a common issue. One person may also represent a group in a representative suit under certain conditions, such as numerous parties sharing a common interest.
This document discusses the definition of "manufacturing process" under the Factories Act of 1948 in India. It provides an exhaustive list of activities that are considered manufacturing processes, such as making, altering, repairing, finishing, packing, washing, cleaning, demolishing, treating, pumping, generating power, printing, bookbinding, ship construction and cold storage of goods. It also discusses several court cases that have helped interpret what does and does not constitute a manufacturing process. To be considered a manufacturing process, there needs to be some transformation of a substance, but the end product does not need to be commercially different. Several common processes like laundry, carpet beating and water pumping have been ruled to be manufacturing processes.
The Advocates Act, 1961 is an act to consolidate and amend the law relating to legal practitioners and to provide for the constitution of the Bar Councils and an All-India Bar. It was enacted by the Parliament in the Twelfth Year of the Republic of India.
The Advocates Act,1961 provides for the constitution of two types of councils:
State Bar Council-Section 3
Bar Council of India-Section 4
The Bar Council as well as the State Bar Councils have various functions to perform
This document summarizes the Supreme Court of India case M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India. The case originated from a gas leak from a food and fertilizer plant in Delhi that killed one person and hospitalized others. The court established the principle of absolute liability, holding those with hazardous substances fully responsible for any damages caused by their escape. It also discussed the concept of "deep pockets," referring to large corporations and governments being liable due to their ability to spread costs. The court ordered the Delhi Legal Aid Board to file compensation claims on behalf of victims and for the cases to be expedited in the High Court.
The document summarizes key aspects of the SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeover) Regulations, 2011 regarding takeover of listed companies in India. It defines important terms like acquirer, acquisition, control and outlines the regulations around substantial acquisition of shares or voting rights that trigger an open offer like acquiring over 25% under Regulation 3(1) or creeping acquisition of up to 5% annually under Regulation 3(2). It also describes the process and compliance requirements for open offers including appointment of a merchant banker, contents of public announcement, escrow account, competing offers, exemptions and general obligations of acquirers.
OLA was accused of abusing its dominant position and entering into anti-competitive agreements in the Delhi-NCR radio taxi market. Mega Cabs alleged that OLA used predatory pricing, discounts, and incentives to eliminate competition. However, the CCI ruled in favor of OLA, finding that OLA did not abuse its dominant position or enter into anti-competitive agreements in violation of the Competition Act.
The Payment of Bonus Act, 1961 was enacted based on recommendations from a commission established to comprehensively review the payment of employee bonuses. Prior to this law, bonus payments were determined by court rulings and were not a statutory right for employees. The act made bonus payments a statutory obligation for employers and statutory right for employees. It arose from a history of bonus payments in India dating back to World War I when industries paid bonuses due to high profits from the war effort, though bonuses were not a consistent legal right at that time.
The document outlines the presentation given by Kalpeshkumar L. Gupta on the Competition Commission of India (CCI). It provides definitions of key terms related to competition law like cartel and discusses provisions of the Competition Act of 2002 regarding anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and combinations. It also summarizes the regulatory framework around combinations and filing requirements to notify CCI of proposed mergers, acquisitions and other deals.
This document discusses the key concepts related to trusts under Indian law. It defines a trust as an obligation annexed to the ownership of property that arises from a confidence placed in and accepted by the owner for another's benefit. The main elements of a valid trust are the author's intention to create it, a definite purpose, property assigned for the trustee's benefit, and certainty of beneficiaries. Trusts are different from concepts like debt, bailment, and agency. The duties, powers, and liabilities of trustees and beneficiaries are also outlined.
Promoters play an important role in bringing about the incorporation and organization of a company. Promoters are not agents or trustees of the proposed company but do have fiduciary duties to the company and future shareholders. Pre-incorporation contracts entered into by promoters on behalf of the proposed company make the promoters personally liable since the company does not yet exist, though the company can later adopt such contracts under law. The duties and potential liabilities of promoters are outlined in the Companies Act.
This document provides an overview of several key acts and regulations that form the legal and regulatory framework for banking in India. It summarizes provisions from acts such as the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, the Transfer of Property Act of 1882, the Power of Attorney Act of 1882, and the Indian Contract Act of 1872 related to banking operations, mortgages, guarantees, liens, and other legal matters. The document also outlines some key sections from these acts pertaining to areas like banking activities, loan restrictions, maintenance of reserves and liquid assets, unclaimed deposits, and directions that the Reserve Bank of India can issue to banks.
The document provides an overview of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 in India. It discusses:
1) The history leading to the development and implementation of the Act in 1881 to standardize rules around negotiable instruments like promissory notes and bills of exchange.
2) Key definitions in the Act including what makes an instrument negotiable based on certain conditions, and definitions of holders in due course.
3) Essential elements for an instrument to be considered negotiable, including being in writing, unconditional promises to pay, and ability to transfer ownership through endorsement and delivery.
Competition law and policy aims to promote fair competition in markets. The Competition Act of 2002 established the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to prevent anti-competitive practices. The CCI prohibits anti-competitive agreements between companies, abuse of dominant market positions, and regulates mergers and acquisitions. It investigates complaints and makes orders to protect competition and consumers. The objectives of the Act are to prevent anti-competitive behavior and practices, promote fair competition, protect consumer interests and ensure freedom of trade in India.
The document discusses the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) under the Companies Act of 2013 in India. It establishes SFIO as the agency responsible for investigating corporate fraud. The SFIO is headed by a director and consists of experts from fields like banking, taxation, and law. It has powers to investigate company affairs, examine witnesses, and impose fines. Upon completion of investigations, SFIO submits interim and final reports to the central government, which may then direct prosecution. Fraud is punishable by imprisonment between 6 months to 10 years along with fines under Section 447 of the Companies Act. The SFIO aims to better coordinate fraud prosecution and has more independence than under the previous Companies Act
This document discusses the expiry and repeal of statutes. It defines a statute as a written law passed by a legislative body. It notes that statutes can expire after a specified time if they are temporary. For an expired statute to continue being effective, it must be revived by a new statute. A statute can be repealed, or abolished, either expressly through explicit language in a new statute or impliedly if a new statute makes the old one obsolete. When a statute is repealed, it is considered void and without any effect, as if it had never existed. The effects of repeal include removing all rights created under the repealed act and making the statute ineffective.
This document discusses the process of appeals in the Indian legal system. It outlines that appeal is a complaint to a higher court regarding an injustice or error committed by a lower court. There can only be a right to appeal if expressly provided by law. It then discusses the different levels and types of appeals, including appeals to the Supreme Court, High Court, and Court of Session. It also describes the procedures that must be followed for appeals, such as attaching a copy of the lower court's judgment. The appellate court has powers to dismiss appeals summarily if there is no sufficient ground, or to obtain further evidence and alter or reverse the lower court's decision.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of company directors. It defines what a director is, noting that a director is appointed or elected to a company's board of directors and is responsible for determining and implementing company policy. It outlines general rules regarding the appointment of directors, such as minimum and maximum numbers, eligibility criteria, and disqualification criteria. It also summarizes the roles of directors as agents, employees, officers, and key managerial personnel of the company. Finally, it briefly discusses the roles and functions of independent directors in bringing objective and independent judgment to board deliberations and decisions.
The TN Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on land) Act, 1961.pptxRoshiniSundarrasu
The Slide Share is about, The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of ceiling on land) Act, 1961 which will help the Tamil Nadu based Law students to learn Land Laws more efficiently with respect to exam point of view.
The document provides an overview of the Competition Act of 2002 in India. Some key points:
- The Competition Act aims to prevent anti-competitive practices and promote competition. It established the Competition Commission of India (CCI) to implement the law.
- The Act repealed the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969, which took a narrow view of competition. The new law focuses on "appreciable adverse effects on competition."
- CCI's roles include investigating anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominance, regulating mergers and acquisitions, conducting advocacy work, and imposing penalties on violators.
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce was adopted in 1997 to help harmonize the laws related to electronic commerce across countries. It recommends that countries consider the model law when enacting or revising their own e-commerce laws. India enacted the Information Technology Act in 2000, which was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law and aimed to facilitate e-commerce and e-governance in India by providing legal recognition for electronic records and transactions. While the Indian law was broadly aligned with principles of the model law like functional equivalence and media neutrality, it deviated in some areas like requiring specific digital signature standards and not having provisions for online contract formation equivalent to those in the model law.
This document discusses parties to a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 in India. It defines plaintiff and defendant, and discusses rules around joinder, nonjoinder, and misjoinder of parties. It explains that a plaintiff is the person filing a suit to enforce a legal right, while a defendant is the person being sued. Multiple plaintiffs and defendants can be joined in one suit if there is a common issue. One person may also represent a group in a representative suit under certain conditions, such as numerous parties sharing a common interest.
This document discusses the definition of "manufacturing process" under the Factories Act of 1948 in India. It provides an exhaustive list of activities that are considered manufacturing processes, such as making, altering, repairing, finishing, packing, washing, cleaning, demolishing, treating, pumping, generating power, printing, bookbinding, ship construction and cold storage of goods. It also discusses several court cases that have helped interpret what does and does not constitute a manufacturing process. To be considered a manufacturing process, there needs to be some transformation of a substance, but the end product does not need to be commercially different. Several common processes like laundry, carpet beating and water pumping have been ruled to be manufacturing processes.
The Advocates Act, 1961 is an act to consolidate and amend the law relating to legal practitioners and to provide for the constitution of the Bar Councils and an All-India Bar. It was enacted by the Parliament in the Twelfth Year of the Republic of India.
The Advocates Act,1961 provides for the constitution of two types of councils:
State Bar Council-Section 3
Bar Council of India-Section 4
The Bar Council as well as the State Bar Councils have various functions to perform
This document summarizes the Supreme Court of India case M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India. The case originated from a gas leak from a food and fertilizer plant in Delhi that killed one person and hospitalized others. The court established the principle of absolute liability, holding those with hazardous substances fully responsible for any damages caused by their escape. It also discussed the concept of "deep pockets," referring to large corporations and governments being liable due to their ability to spread costs. The court ordered the Delhi Legal Aid Board to file compensation claims on behalf of victims and for the cases to be expedited in the High Court.
The document summarizes key aspects of the SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeover) Regulations, 2011 regarding takeover of listed companies in India. It defines important terms like acquirer, acquisition, control and outlines the regulations around substantial acquisition of shares or voting rights that trigger an open offer like acquiring over 25% under Regulation 3(1) or creeping acquisition of up to 5% annually under Regulation 3(2). It also describes the process and compliance requirements for open offers including appointment of a merchant banker, contents of public announcement, escrow account, competing offers, exemptions and general obligations of acquirers.
OLA was accused of abusing its dominant position and entering into anti-competitive agreements in the Delhi-NCR radio taxi market. Mega Cabs alleged that OLA used predatory pricing, discounts, and incentives to eliminate competition. However, the CCI ruled in favor of OLA, finding that OLA did not abuse its dominant position or enter into anti-competitive agreements in violation of the Competition Act.
The Payment of Bonus Act, 1961 was enacted based on recommendations from a commission established to comprehensively review the payment of employee bonuses. Prior to this law, bonus payments were determined by court rulings and were not a statutory right for employees. The act made bonus payments a statutory obligation for employers and statutory right for employees. It arose from a history of bonus payments in India dating back to World War I when industries paid bonuses due to high profits from the war effort, though bonuses were not a consistent legal right at that time.
The document outlines the presentation given by Kalpeshkumar L. Gupta on the Competition Commission of India (CCI). It provides definitions of key terms related to competition law like cartel and discusses provisions of the Competition Act of 2002 regarding anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and combinations. It also summarizes the regulatory framework around combinations and filing requirements to notify CCI of proposed mergers, acquisitions and other deals.
This document discusses the key concepts related to trusts under Indian law. It defines a trust as an obligation annexed to the ownership of property that arises from a confidence placed in and accepted by the owner for another's benefit. The main elements of a valid trust are the author's intention to create it, a definite purpose, property assigned for the trustee's benefit, and certainty of beneficiaries. Trusts are different from concepts like debt, bailment, and agency. The duties, powers, and liabilities of trustees and beneficiaries are also outlined.
Promoters play an important role in bringing about the incorporation and organization of a company. Promoters are not agents or trustees of the proposed company but do have fiduciary duties to the company and future shareholders. Pre-incorporation contracts entered into by promoters on behalf of the proposed company make the promoters personally liable since the company does not yet exist, though the company can later adopt such contracts under law. The duties and potential liabilities of promoters are outlined in the Companies Act.
This document provides an overview of several key acts and regulations that form the legal and regulatory framework for banking in India. It summarizes provisions from acts such as the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, the Transfer of Property Act of 1882, the Power of Attorney Act of 1882, and the Indian Contract Act of 1872 related to banking operations, mortgages, guarantees, liens, and other legal matters. The document also outlines some key sections from these acts pertaining to areas like banking activities, loan restrictions, maintenance of reserves and liquid assets, unclaimed deposits, and directions that the Reserve Bank of India can issue to banks.
The document provides an overview of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 in India. It discusses:
1) The history leading to the development and implementation of the Act in 1881 to standardize rules around negotiable instruments like promissory notes and bills of exchange.
2) Key definitions in the Act including what makes an instrument negotiable based on certain conditions, and definitions of holders in due course.
3) Essential elements for an instrument to be considered negotiable, including being in writing, unconditional promises to pay, and ability to transfer ownership through endorsement and delivery.
This document provides an overview of key topics in commercial law, including corporation law, negotiable instruments, insurance code, transportation law, code of commerce, banking law, and intellectual property. It discusses the highlights of the Revised Corporation Code of 2019 and defines the different types of corporations. Negotiable instruments are introduced as written contracts that can pass from hand to hand as money. The essential elements of a valid contract of insurance are outlined. The document also distinguishes between common carriers and private carriers in transportation law and discusses the role of merchants and applicable laws under the Code of Commerce. An introduction to the General Banking Law of 2000 and intellectual property rights under the Intellectual Property Code is also provided.
The document discusses various legal concepts related to property law and easements in India. It begins by defining an onerous gift as a gift subject to conditions imposed on the recipient. It then provides definitions for legal terms like charge, notice, ostensible owner, dominant and servient heritage. It also distinguishes between sale and contract of sale. The status of unborn children under property law is discussed, noting that an unborn child can own property and is considered a legal person for certain purposes like inheritance.
Negotiable instruments include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. They are written documents that entitle the holder to payment of a sum of money. They are transferable by delivery or endorsement and delivery, which transfers ownership and the right to payment. The three main types are promissory notes, which contain an unconditional promise to pay; bills of exchange, which contain an order to pay; and cheques, which are drawn on a bank and payable on demand. For an instrument to be negotiable, it must be in writing, for a definite sum of money, and unconditionally promise or order payment on demand or at a future date.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 2016 in India. It defines:
- What constitutes a benami transaction based on the Act's definition, including transactions held under fictitious names or where the owner denies knowledge.
- Exceptions to benami transactions such as certain family property arrangements.
- Key terms like benamidar, beneficial owner, and fair market value.
- Offences and punishments for non-compliance, including imprisonment and fines based on the fair market value of the property.
The document discusses Indian laws related to registration and stamp duty for property transactions and legal documents. The Registration Act of 1908 and Indian Stamp Act of 1899 require registration and payment of stamp duty for certain types of documents related to property transfers and legal agreements. Failure to properly register or pay stamp duty can result in documents being inadmissible in court and penalties for those involved. The acts aim to provide authenticity and legitimacy for important financial and legal documents.
The benami transactions (prohibitions) amendment act (1)Himanshu Goyal
The document summarizes the Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act of 1988 as amended in 2016 in India. Some key points:
- The act prohibits benami transactions where one person provides consideration for a property but it is held in another person's name. Such properties are liable to be confiscated.
- The 2016 amendment strengthened penalties, setting up adjudicating authorities and an appellate tribunal to deal with benami cases.
- Transactions done for illegitimate purposes like concealing black money or evading taxes come under the purview of benami transactions according to the act.
- Properties involved in benami transactions are liable to face attachment or confiscation and individuals can be fined or imprisoned for
THE BENAMI TRANSACTIONS (PROHIBITIONS) AMENDMENT ACTHimanshu Goyal
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 as amended in 2016. It defines benami transactions as those where property is held in someone else's name for someone else's benefit. The Act prohibits benami transactions and allows for confiscation of benami properties. It establishes authorities to investigate and adjudicate benami cases and imposes penalties including imprisonment and fines for those involved in benami transactions. The amendments in 2016 strengthened the provisions around prohibition, investigation and punishment of benami transactions.
The document discusses various topics in commercial law, including negotiable instruments, corporations, banking laws, credit transactions, intellectual property law, transportation law, and the duties of common carriers. Specifically, it defines negotiable instruments like promissory notes, bills of exchange, and checks. It also outlines the key aspects of corporation law like piercing the corporate veil. Banking laws and the parties involved in banking are defined. The various types of credit transactions such as loans, deposits, pledges, and mortgages are also summarized. Finally, the differences between trademarks, patents, and copyrights are highlighted under intellectual property law.
This document provides an overview of negotiable instruments law in India. It defines key terms like negotiable instruments, holder in due course, and ambiguous and inchoate instruments. It describes the essential features of negotiability. It also discusses the main types of negotiable instruments - promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It provides examples and definitions of these instruments and identifies the typical parties involved, like maker, payee, drawee, etc. Finally, it outlines some of the legal requirements and characteristics of valid cheques under Indian law.
This document discusses various types of charges that can be created over different types of securities to secure loans. It defines mortgage, hypothecation, pledge, lien, assignment and personal guarantee. It explains key characteristics of different kinds of charges like fixed charge, floating charge and crystallization. It also summarizes different types of mortgages like simple mortgage, conditional sale, usufructuary mortgage and equitable mortgage.
Amended and Restated Treasury Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement finance6
This document amends and restates the original Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement between the US Treasury Department and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Key points:
- The Treasury will provide up to $100 billion in funding to Fannie Mae, as needed, to maintain positive net worth. This funding will come through purchases of senior preferred stock.
- The initial commitment fee was 1 million shares of senior preferred stock with a $1 billion liquidation preference, as well as a warrant to purchase 79.9% of Fannie Mae's common stock.
- Additional funding will be provided quarterly or as needed to ensure Fannie Mae's liabilities do not exceed assets and avoid appointment of a receiver.
Sections 81 and 82 of Trusts Act, 1882, as adapted by Bangladesh, give legislative recognition to the practice of benami transactions and but it is barred in the Land Reform Ordinance, 1982, Section 5 (1) of which states that no person shall purchase any immovable property for his own benefit in the name of any other person/persons. But Bangladesh has two unique laws.
This document contains summaries of 3 questions from a Business Law paper.
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Benami property transaction act
1. PROHIBITION OF BENAMI
PROPERTY TRANSACTION
ACT, 1988
As amended by Benami Transactions
(Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016
1
Presented by : CA. Sanjay Kumar Agarwal
Email Id : agarwal.s.ca@gmail.com
2. The provisions of the Amendment Act has come
into force on 1st November, 2016. After coming into
effect of the Amendment Act, the existing Benami
Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 has been
renamed as Prohibition of Benami Property
Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act).
2
3. HISTORY
EARLIER 1988 BENAMI TRANSACTION PROHIBITION ACT – 9
SECTIONS
NO RULES FOR 28 YEARS
IMPLEMENTATION, ACQUISITION PROCEDURES NOT
STRONG
3
4. AMENDMENT IN 2016
Why amendment after 28 years & why not new act ??
• Article 20 of Constitution – penal provision can't be
retrospective
• If new law would have been enacted in 2016 & old law repealed,
then all benami violations in last 28 years would have been
condoned. Hence only amendments done.
4
5. DOES IT CLASH WITH PMLA, 2002?
• MONEY LAUNDERING - Proceeds of crime arising from
scheduled offences of about 29 laws &
• Benami Act is not only related to property from proceeds of
crime
• Both will work in tandem.
5
6. PURPOSE OF THE ACT
•To prohibit benami transactions and the right to recover property
held benami and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto.
•Curtail black money transactions & money laundering.
•Check on corruption and unaccounted wealth.
6
8. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS :
• BENAMI PROPERTY: any property which is the subject matter of
a benami transaction and also includes the proceeds from such property. [(sec-2(8)]
• BENAMIDAR: a person or a fictitious person, as the case may be, in whose name
the benami property is transferred or held and includes a person who lends his
name. [(sec-2(10)]
• BENEFICIAL OWNER: a person, whether his identity is known or not, for whose
benefit the benami property is held by a benamidar. He is the person who receives
the income for his own use and enjoyment and assumes the risk and control, i.e., the
person who enjoys and assumes all attributes of ownership and exercise complete
discretion over the disposition of the income. [(sec-2(12)]
8
9. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS….
• FIDUCIARY: The term ‘fiduciary’ refers to a person having a duty to act for the
benefit of another, showing good faith and condour, where such other person
resposes trust and special confidence in the person owing or discharging the duty.
The term ‘fiduciary relationship’ is used to describe a situation or transaction
where one person (beneficiary) places complete confidence in another person
(fiduciary) in regard to his affairs, business or transaction/s. The term also refers
to a person who holds a thing in trust for another (beneficiary). The fiduciary is
expected to act in confidence and for the benefit and advantage of the beneficiary,
and use good faith and fairness in dealing with the beneficiary or the things
belonging to the beneficiary. [Central Board of Secondary Education vs Aditya
Bandopadhyay & Ors (2011) 8 SCC 497 (SC)]
CONTD…
9
10. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS….
• KNOWN SOURCE: Exception is available if the property held the
consideration is provided or paid out of the known sources of the
individual. Source means originating cause.
• CONSIDERATION: Consideration means something in lieu of or
exchange of. Consideration for property must flow from the other person
than the ostensible owner. The consideration need not be in cash.
CONTD…
10
11. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS….
• BENEFIT: Another requisite of benami transaction is where the property
is held for the immediate or future benefit, direct or indirect, of the person
who has provided the consideration. Benefit means any advantage, gain or
improvement in condition.
• FAIR MARKET VALUE: the price that the property would ordinarily
fetch on sale in the open market on the date of the transaction; and where
the price is not ascertainable, such price as may be determined in
accordance with such manner as may be prescribed. (See Rule-3)
CONTD…
11
12. DETERMINATION OF PRICE IN CERTAIN
CASES (RULE- 3)
For the purposes of section 2(16)(ii) of the Act, the price shall be determined in the following
manner, namely:—
• the price of unquoted equity shares shall be the higher of,—
o its cost of acquisition;
o the fair market value of such equity shares determined, on the date of transaction, by a
merchant banker or an accountant as per the Discounted Free Cash Flow method; and
o the value, on the date of transaction, of such equity shares as determined in the following
manner, namely:—
• The fair market value of unquoted equity shares = (A+B - L)× (PV)/(PE).
12
13. DETERMINATION OF PRICE IN CERTAIN CASES….
• A= book value of all the assets (other than bullion, jewellery, precious stone, artistic work, shares,
securities and immovable property) as reduced by,- (i) any amount of income-tax paid, if any, less
the amount of income-tax refund claimed, if any, and (ii) any amount shown as asset including
the unamortised amount of deferred expenditure which does not represent the value of any asset;
• B= the price that the bullion, jewellery, precious stone, artistic work, shares, securities and
immovable property would ordinarily fetch on sale in the open market on the date of transaction;
• L= book value of liabilities, but not including the following amounts, namely:—
o the paid-up capital in respect of equity shares;
o the amount set apart for payment of dividends on preference shares and equity shares;
o reserves and surplus, by whatever name called, even if the resulting figure is negative, other
than those set apart towards depreciation;
CONTD…
13
14. DETERMINATION OF PRICE IN CERTAIN CASES….
o any amount representing provision for taxation, other than amount of income-tax paid, if any,
less the amount of income-tax claimed as refund, if any, to the extent of the excess over the tax
payable with reference to the book profits in accordance with the law applicable thereto;
o any amount representing provisions made for meeting liabilities, other than ascertained
liabilities;
o any amount representing contingent liabilities other than arrears of dividends payable in respect
of cumulative preference shares;
• PE = total amount of paid up equity share capital as shown in the balance-sheet;
• PV= the paid up value of such equity shares;
CONTD…
14
15. MEANING OF PROPERTY
[SEC- 2(26)]
•Assets of any kind, whether movable or immovable, tangible or intangible,
corporeal or incorporeal and to include any right or interest or legal
documents or instruments evidencing title to or interest in the property
and where the property is capable of conversion into some other form,
then the property in the converted form and also includes the proceeds
from the property.
15
16. MEANING OF PROPERTY….
The Supreme Court in Jilubhai Nanbhai Khachar vs State of Gujarat,
AIR 1995 SC 142 held:
“Property in legal sense means an aggregate of rights which are
guaranteed and protected by law. It extends to every species of valuable
right and interest, more particularly, ownership and exclusive right to a
thing, the right to dispose of the thing in every legal way, to possess it,
to use it and to exclude every one else from interfering with it. The
dominion or indefinite right of use or disposition which one may
lawfully exercise over particular things or subjects is called property.”
CONTD…
16
17. MEANING OF BENAMI
TRANSACTION [SEC- 2(9)]
• A transaction or an arrangement in respect of a property carried out or made in a
fictitious name
• A transaction or an arrangement in respect of a property where the owner of the
property is not aware of, or, denies knowledge of such ownership
• A transaction or an arrangement in respect of a property where the person providing
the consideration is not traceable or is fictitious
• A transaction or an arrangement—where a property is transferred to or is held by a
person and the consideration for such property has been provided or paid by another
person and the property is held for the immediate or future benefit, direct or indirect, of
the person who has provided the consideration.
17
18. FOLLOWING NOT THE BENAMI
TRANSACTIONS:
•Property held by a Karta or a member of a HUF & the property is held for
his benefit or the benefit of other members in the family & the consideration
for such property has been provided or paid out of the known sources of
income of the HUF.
•Property held by a person standing in a fiduciary capacity for the benefit of
another person towards whom he stands in such capacity and includes a
trustee, executor, partner, director of a company, a depository or a
participant and any other person as may be notified by the Central
Government for this purpose.
18
19. CONTD…
• Property held by an Individual in the name of his spouse or in the name of his
child & the consideration for such property has been provided/paid out of the
known sources of income of the Individual.
• Property held by any person in the name of his brother or sister or lineal
ascendant or descendant, where the names of brother or sister or lineal ascendant
or descendent and the individual appear as joint-owners in any document & the
consideration for such property has been provided or paid out of the known
sources of income of the individual
• Any transaction under Sec 53A of Transfer of Property Act 1882 if consideration
for such property has been provided by the person to whom possession of property
has been allowed but the person who has granted possession thereof continues to
hold ownership of such property; stamp duty on such transaction or arrangement
has been paid; and the contract has been registered.
FOLLOWING NOT THE BENAMI TRANSACTIONS….
19
20. SHORT TITLE, EXTENT AND
COMMENCEMENT (SEC- 1)
•This Act may be called the Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions
Act, 1988
•It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
•The provisions of sections 3, 5 and 8 shall come into force on
01.11.2016 and the remaining provisions of this Act shall be deemed to
have come into force on 19.05.1988.
20
21. PROHIBITION OF BENAMI
TRANSACTIONS (SEC- 3)
• No person shall enter into any benami transaction. [Sec- 3(1)]
• Whoever enters into any benami transaction shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with fine or with
both. [Sec- 3(2)]
• Whoever enters into any benami transaction on and after the date of
commencement of the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act,
2016, shall, notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), be
punishable in accordance with the provisions contained in Chapter VII
[Offences & Prosecution]
21
22. PROHIBITION OF BENAMI
TRANSACTIONS ….
The Supreme Court in R.Rajagopal Reddy vs Padmini
Chandrasekharan (1995) 2 SCC 630 observed:
“On the express language of Section 3, the Act cannot be said
to be declaratory but in substance it is prohibitory in nature
and seeks to destroy the rights of the real owner qua properties
held benami.”
CONTD…
22
23. PROHIBITION OF RIGHT TO RECOVER
PROPERTY HELD BENAMI (SEC- 4)
• No suit, claim or action to enforce any right in respect of any property held
benami against the person in whose name the property is held or against any
other person shall lie by or on behalf of a person claiming to be the real owner of
such property.
• No defence based on any right in respect of any property held benami, whether
against the person in whose name the property is held or against any other
person, shall be allowed in any suit, claim or action by or on behalf of a person
claiming to be the real owner of such property.
23
24. PROPERTY HELD BENAMI LIABLE TO
CONFISCATION (SEC- 5)
• Any property, which is subject matter of benami transaction, shall be liable to be
confiscated by the Central Government.
COMPOSITION OF AUTHORITY (SEC- 8)
• An Adjudicating Authority shall consist of a Chairperson and at least two other
Members.
24
25. PROHIBITION ON RE-TRANSFER OF
PROPERTY BY BENAMIDAR (SEC- 6)
• No person, being a benamidar shall re-transfer the benami property held by
him to the beneficial owner or any other person acting on his behalf.
• Where any property is re-transferred in contravention of the provisions of
sub-section (1), the transaction of such property shall be deemed to be null
and void.
• The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall not apply to a transfer made
in accordance with the provisions of section 190 of the Finance Act, 2016.
25
26. ADJUDICATING AUTHORITIES
• The Central Government shall, by notification, appoint one or more Adjudicating Authorities
to exercise jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred by or under this Act. (Sec- 7)
• The Central Government appoints the senior most Member as the Chairperson or a Member
of the Adjudicating Authority, who has been a member of the Indian Revenue Service and
has held the post of CIT or equivalent post in that Service; or has been a member of the
Indian Legal Service and has held the post of Joint Secretary or equivalent post in that
Service. (Sec- 9)
• The jurisdiction of the adjudicating authority may be exercised by benches, which is be
constituted by the chairperson of the adjudicating authority with two members. (Sec-10)
26
27. ADJUDICATING AUTHORITIES….
• The Adjudicating Authority shall have powers to regulate its own procedure. (Sec- 11)
• The Chairperson and Members of the Adjudicating Authority shall hold office for a period of 5
years from the date on which they enter upon their office, or until they attain the age of 62
years, whichever is earlier and shall not be eligible for reappointment. (Sec- 12)
• The salary and allowances payable to, and the other terms and conditions of service of the
Chairperson and other Members of the Adjudicating Authority shall be such as may be
prescribed. [Sec- 13(1)]
• Any vacancy caused to the office of the Chairperson or any other Member shall be filled up
within a period of 3 months from the date on which such vacancy occurs. [Sec- 13(2)]
CONTD…
27
28. ADJUDICATING AUTHORITIES….
• The Central Government may remove the chairperson or other members of the Adjudicating
Authority if he has been adjudged as an insolvent; or has been convicted of an offence, involving
moral turpitude; or has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as a Member; or has
acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions; or has
abused his position as to render his continuance in office, is prejudicial to the public interest.
Opportunity of being heard must be provided. (Sec- 14)
• In case of any vacancy in the office of the Chairperson due to his death, resignation or otherwise,
the senior most Member shall act as the Chairperson of the Adjudicating Authority until the date
on which a new Chairperson, appointed and enters upon his office. In case the Chairperson is
unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or any other cause, the senior most
Member shall discharge the functions of the Chairperson until the date on which the
Chairperson resumes his duties. (Sec-15)
CONTD…
28
29. ADJUDICATING AUTHORITIES….
• The act or proceeding of the Adjudicating Authority shall not be invalid due to
any vacancy in, or any defect in the constitution of the Authority or in the
appointment of a person acting as a Member of the Authority; or any
irregularity in the procedure of the Authority not affecting the merits of the
case. (Sec-16)
• The Central Government shall provide each Adjudicating Authority with
officers and employees, who shall discharge their functions under the general
superintendence of the Chairperson of the Adjudicating Authority. (Sec-17)
CONTD…
29
30. AUTHORITIES AND
JURISDICTION (SEC- 18)
• The following shall be the authorities for the purposes of this Act, namely:—
o The initiating officer
o The approving authority
o The administrator
o The adjudicating authority.
• The authorities shall exercise all or any of the powers and perform all or any of the functions
conferred on, or, assigned, as the case may be, to it under this Act or in accordance with such
rules as may be prescribed.
30
31. POWERS OF AUTHORITIES (SEC- 19)
• The authorities shall have the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908, while trying a suit in respect of the following matters: [Sec- 19(1)]
o discovery and inspection;
o enforcing the attendance of any person, including any official of a banking company or a public
financial institution or any other intermediary or reporting entity, and examining him on oath;
o compelling the production of books of account and other documents;
o issuing commissions;
o receiving evidence on affidavits; and
o any other matter which may be prescribed.
31
32. POWERS OF AUTHORITIES….
• All the persons summoned under sub-section (1) shall be bound to attend in
person or through authorised agents, as any authority under this Act may
direct, and shall be bound to state the truth upon any subject respecting which
they are examined or make statements, and produce such documents as may
be required. [Sec- 19(2)]
• Every proceeding under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall be deemed to
be a judicial proceeding within the meaning of section 193 and section 228 of
the Indian Penal Code. [Sec- 19(3)]
CONTD…
32
33. POWERS OF AUTHORITIES….
• Any authority under this act may requisition the service of any police officer or
of any officer of the Central Government or State Government or of both to
assist him for all or any of the purposes specified in sub-section (1), and it shall
be the duty of every such officer to comply with the requisition or direction.
[Sec- 19(4)]
• For the purposes of this section, "reporting entity" means any intermediary or
any authority or of the Central or the State Government or any other person as
may be notified in this behalf. [Sec- 19(5)]
CONTD…
33
34. CERTAIN OFFICERS TO ASSIST IN INQUIRY,
ETC. (SEC- 20)
The following officers shall assist the authorities in the enforcement of this Act:
• Income-tax authorities appointed u/s 117(1) of the Income-Tax Act, 1961;
• Officers of the customs and central excise departments;
• Officers appointed u/s 5(1) of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985;
• Officers of the stock exchange recognised u/s 4 of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act,
1956;
• Officers of the reserve bank of India constituted u/s 3(1) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934;
• Police;
34
35. CERTAIN OFFICERS TO ASSIST IN
INQUIRY, ETC….
• Officers of enforcement appointed u/s 36(1) of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999;
• Officers of the securities and exchange board of India established u/s 3 of the Securities and
Exchange Board of India Act, 1992;
• Officers of any other body corporate constituted or established under a Central or a State Act;
and
• Such other officers of the Central Government, State Government, local authorities or
banking companies as the Central Government may, by notification, specify, in this behalf.
CONTD…
35
36. POWER TO CALL FOR INFORMATION
(SEC- 21)
• The Initiating Officer or the Approving Authority or the Adjudicating Authority shall
have power to require any officer of the Central Government or State Government or a
local body or any person or officer who is responsible for registering and maintaining
books of account or other documents containing a record of any transaction relating
to any property or any other person to furnish any information in relation to any
person, point or matter as in his opinion shall be useful for or relevant.
• Every officer or person referred above shall furnish such information to any authority
under this act in such form and manner as may be prescribed. (See Rule -4)
36
37. FURNISHING OF INFORMATION
(RULE- 4)
For the purpose of sec- 21(2), the Income-Tax Authority referred to in
sec- 285BA(1) of Income-tax Act, 1961 or such other authority or
agency which is prescribed u/s 285BA(1) shall electronically transmit
a copy of statement received by it u/s 285BA(1) of that Act to the
Initiating Officer or such authority or agency authorised by the
Initiating Officer on or before 15 days from the end of the month in
which said statement is received.
37
38. POWER OF AUTHORITY TO IMPOUND
DOCUMENTS (SEC- 22)
• Where any books of account or other documents are produced before the
authority in any proceedings and the authority in this behalf has reason to
believe that any of the books of account or other documents are required to be
impounded and retained for any inquiry, it may impound and retain the books
of account or other documents for a period not exceeding 3 months from the
date of order of attachment made by the Adjudicating Authority u/s 26(3)
Provided that the period for retention may be extended beyond a period of 3
months but the authority records in writing the reasons for extending the
same. [Sec- 22(1)]
38
39. POWER OF AUTHORITY TO IMPOUND
DOCUMENTS….
• Where the authority impounding and retaining the books of account or other
documents is the Initiating Officer, he shall obtain approval of the Approving
Authority within a period of 15 days from the date of initial impounding and seek
further approval of the Approving Authority for extending the period of initial
retention, before the expiry of the period of initial retention, if so required. [Sec-
22(2)]
• The period of retention of the books of account or other documents under sub-
section (1) shall in no case exceed a period of 30 days from the date of conclusion of
all the proceedings. [Sec- 22(3)]
CONTD…
39
40. POWER OF AUTHORITY TO IMPOUND
DOCUMENTS….
• The person, from whom the books of account or other documents were
impounded under sub-section (1), shall be entitled to obtain copies thereof.
[Sec- 22(4)]
• On the expiry of the period specified under sub-section (1), the books of
account or other documents shall be returned to the person from whom
such books of account or other documents were impounded unless the
approving authority or the adjudicating authority permits their release to
any other person. [Sec- 22(5)]
CONTD…
40
41. POWER OF AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT
INQUIRY, ETC (SEC- 23)
The Initiating Officer, after obtaining prior approval of the
Approving Authority, shall have power to conduct or cause to be
conducted any inquiry or investigation in respect of any person,
place, property, assets, documents, books of account or other
documents, in respect of any other relevant matters.
41
42. NOTICE AND ATTACHMENT OF PROPERTY
INVOLVED IN BENAMI TRANSACTION (SEC- 24)
• Where the Initiating Officer, on the basis of material in his possession, has reason to
believe that any person is a benamidar in respect of a property, he may, after
recording reasons in writing, issue a notice to the person to show cause within such
time as may be specified in the notice why the property should not be treated
as benami property. [Sec- 24(1)]
• Where a notice specifies any property as being held by a benamidar, a copy of the
notice shall also be issued to the beneficial owner if his identity is known. [Sec-24(2)]
42
43. NOTICE AND ATTACHMENT OF PROPERTY
INVOLVED IN BENAMI TRANSACTION….
• Where the Initiating Officer is of the opinion that the person in possession of
the property held benami may alienate the property during the period
specified in the notice, he may, with the previous approval of the Approving
Authority, by order in writing, attach provisionally the property in the
manner as may be prescribed, for a period not exceeding 90 days from the
date of issue of notice. [Sec-24(3)] (See Rule- 5)
CONTD…
43
44. PROVISIONAL ATTACHMENT
(RULE- 5)
For the purposes of sec- 24(3), the Initiating
Officer shall provisionally attach any property in
the manner provided in the IInd Schedule of
Income-tax Act, 1961.
44
45. NOTICE AND ATTACHMENT OF PROPERTY
INVOLVED IN BENAMI TRANSACTION….
• The Initiating Officer, after making such inquires and calling for such reports or evidence as he deems fit
and taking into account all relevant materials, shall, within a period of 90 days from the date of issue of
notice — pass an order continuing the provisional attachment of the property with the prior approval of
the Approving Authority, till the passing of the order by the Adjudicating Authority u/s 26(3) or revoke
the provisional attachment of the property with the prior approval of the Approving Authority, where the
provisional attachment has been made under sub-section (3); or pass an order provisionally
attaching the property with the prior approval of the Approving Authority, till the passing of the order by
the Adjudicating Authority u/s 26(3) or decide not to attach the property as specified in the notice, with
the prior approval of the Approving Authority, where provisional attachment has not been made
under sub-section (3). [Sec-24(4)]
CONTD…
45
46. NOTICE AND ATTACHMENT OF PROPERTY
INVOLVED IN BENAMI TRANSACTION….
•Where the Initiating Officer passes an order continuing the
provisional attachment of the property or passes an order
provisionally attaching the property, he shall, within 15 days from
the date of the attachment, draw up a statement of the case and
refer it to the Adjudicating Authority. [Sec-24(5)]
CONTD…
46
47. MANNER OF SERVICE OF NOTICE (SEC- 25)
• A notice u/s 24(1) may be served on the person named therein either by post or as if it were a summons
issued by a Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
• Any notice referred above may be addressed—
o In case of an Individual, to such individual
o In the case of a Firm, to the managing partner or the manager of the firm
o In the case of a HUF, to Karta or any member of such family
o In the case of a Company, to the principal officer thereof
o In the case of any other Association or Body of Individuals, to the principal officer or any member thereof
o In the case of any Other person (not being an individual), to the person who manages or controls his affairs.
47
48. ADJUDICATION OF BENAMI PROPERTY
(SEC- 26)
• On receipt of a reference u/s 24(5), the Adjudicating Authority shall issue notice, to
furnish such documents, particulars or evidence as is considered necessary on a date
to be specified therein, on the following persons — [Sec-26(1)]
o the person specified as a benamidar therein;
o any person referred to as the beneficial owner therein or identified as such;
o any interested party, including a banking company;
o any person who has made a claim in respect of the property.
48
49. ADJUDICATION OF BENAMI PROPERTY….
Provided that the Adjudicating Authority shall issue notice within a period of 30 days from
the date on which a reference has been received.
Provided further that the notice shall provide a period of not less than thirty days to the
person to whom the notice is issued to furnish the information sought.
• Where the property is held jointly by more than one person, the Adjudicating Authority
shall make all endeavours to serve notice to all persons holding the property Provided
that where the notice is served on any one of the persons, the service of notice shall not be
invalid on the ground that the said notice was not served to all the persons holding the
property. [Sec-26(2)]
CONTD…
49
50. ADJUDICATION OF BENAMI PROPERTY….
• The Adjudicating Authority shall, after considering the reply, if any, to the notice issued under
sub-section (1); making or causing to be made such inquiries and calling for such reports or
evidence as it deems fit; and taking into account all relevant materials, provide an opportunity of
being heard to the person specified as a benamidar therein, the Initiating Officer, and any other
person who claims to be the owner of the property, and, thereafter, pass an order holding the
property not to be a benami property and revoking the attachment order; or holding the property
to be a benami property and confirming the attachment order, in all other cases. [Sec-26(3)]
• Where the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that some part of the properties in respect of which
reference has been made to him is benami property, but is not able to specifically identify such
part, he shall record a finding to the best of his judgment as to which part of the properties is
held benami. [Sec-26(4)]
CONTD…
50
51. ADJUDICATION OF BENAMI PROPERTY….
• Where in the course of proceedings before it, the Adjudicating Authority has reason to
believe that a property, other than a property referred to it by the Initiating Officer is
benami property, it shall provisionally attach the property and the property shall be
deemed to be a property referred to it on the date of receipt of the reference u/s 24(5).
[Sec-26(5)]
• The Adjudicating Authority may, at any stage of the proceedings, either on the
application of any party, or suo motu, strike out the name of any party improperly
joined or add the name of any person whose presence before the Adjudicating
Authority may be necessary to enable him to adjudicate upon and settle all the
questions involved in the reference. [Sec-26(6)]
CONTD…
51
52. ADJUDICATION OF BENAMI PROPERTY….
• No order under sub-sec. (3) shall be passed after the expiry of one year
from the end of the month in which the reference u/s 24(5) was
received. [Sec-26(7)]
• The benamidar or any other person who claims to be the owner of the
property may either appear in person or take the assistance of an
authorised representative of his choice to present his case. [Sec-26(8)]
CONTD…
52
53. ADJUDICATION OF BENAMI PROPERTY….
Explanation to sec- 26(8) —
Authorised representative means a person authorised in writing, being—
• a person related to the benamidar or such other person in any manner, or a person regularly employed
by the benamidar or such other person as the case may be; or
• any officer of a scheduled bank with which the benamidar or such other person maintains an account or
has other regular dealings; or
• any legal practitioner who is entitled to practice in any civil court in India; or
• any person who has passed any accountancy examination recognised in this behalf by the Board; or
• any person who has acquired such educational qualifications as the Board may prescribe for this
purpose.
CONTD…
53
54. CONFISCATION AND VESTING OF BENAMI
PROPERTY (SEC- 27)
• Where an order is passed in respect of any property u/s 26(3) holding such
property to be a benami property, the Adjudicating Authority shall, after giving an
opportunity of being heard to the person concerned, make an order confiscating the
property held to be a benami property; Provided that where an appeal has been
filed against the order of the Adjudicating Authority, the confiscation of property
shall be made subject to the order passed by the Appellate Tribunal u/s 46;
Provided further that the confiscation of the property shall be made in accordance
with such procedure as may be prescribed. [Sec-27(1)] (See Rule-6)
54
55. CONFISCATION AND VESTING OF
BENAMI PROPERTY….
• Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to a property held or acquired by a person from the benamidar
for adequate consideration, prior to the issue of notice u/s 24(1) without his having knowledge of the
benami transaction. [Sec-27(2)]
• Where an order of confiscation has been made under sub-section (1), all the rights and title in such
property shall vest absolutely in the Central Government free of all encumbrances and no
compensation shall be payable in respect of such confiscation. [Sec-27(3)]
• Any right of any third person created in such property with a view to defeat the purposes of this Act
shall be null and void. [Sec-27(4)]
• Where no order of confiscation is made upon the proceedings under this Act attaining finality, no
claim shall lie against the Government. [Sec-27(5)]
CONTD…
55
56. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY UNDER
SECOND PROVISO TO SECTION 27 (1)
(RULE- 6)
• Where an order of confiscation of property u/s 27(1) has been made, the Adjudicating
Authority shall send a copy of the order to the Authorised Officer.
• Where an order referred to in sub-rule (1) has been received by the Authorised Officer
in respect of any immovable property, he shall,—
o forthwith issue notice to the authority of the Central Government or a State
Government, as case may be, having jurisdication for the purposes of registration of
such immovable property, intimating about the confiscation of the property;
56
57. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY UNDER SECOND
PROVISO TO SECTION 27 (1) (RULE- 6)….
o arrange to place copy of the notice at some conspicuous part of the immovable property for
the benefit of general public mentioning clearly therein, in English and in vernacular
language, that the property has been confiscated under the Act and vests absolutely in the
Central Government;
o arrange to make a proclamation for the confiscation of immovable property at some place on
or near such property by beat of drum or other customary mode.
• Where an order referred to in sub-rule (1) has been received by the Authorised Officer in
respect of any movable property, he shall,—
o forthwith issue a notice to the authority or person having the custody of such movable
property informing him about the confiscation of such property; or
CONTD…
57
58. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY UNDER SECOND
PROVISO TO SECTION 27 (1) (RULE- 6)….
o sell the property, if the property is liable to speedy and natural decay or the expenses
for maintenance is likely to exceed its value, with the leave of the concerned
Adjudicating Authority, and deposit the sale proceeds in the nearest Government
Treasury or branch of the State Bank of India or its subsidiaries or in any
nationalised bank in fixed deposit and retain the receipt thereof:
Provided that where the owner of the property furnishes the fixed deposit receipt of
State Bank of India or its subsidiaries or a nationalised bank equivalent to the value of
property in the name of Administrator, the authorised officer may accept and retain
such fixed deposit receipt as security:
CONTD…
58
59. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY UNDER SECOND
PROVISO TO SECTION 27 (1) (RULE- 6)….
Provided further that where the movable property is a mode of conveyance of any
description, the authorised officer, after obtaining its valuation report from the
Motor Licensing Authority or any other authority, as the case may be, may accept
and retain the fixed deposit receipt of State Bank of India or its subsidiaries or a
nationalised bank, equivalent to the value of the movable property as security in the
name of Administrator;
•cause to deposit the property consisting of cash, Government or other securities or
bullion or jewellery or other valuables in a locker in the name of the Administrator
or in the form of fixed deposit, as the case may be, in State Bank of India or its
subsidiaries or in any nationalised bank and retain the receipt thereof;
CONTD…
59
60. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY UNDER SECOND
PROVISO TO SECTION 27 (1) (RULE- 6)….
•cause to get the property in the form of shares, debentures, units of Mutual
Fund or instruments to be transferred in favour of Administrator;
•issue a direction to the bank or financial institution, as the case may be, to
transfer and credit the money to the account of the Administrator, where the
property is in the form of money lying in a bank or a financial institution.
Explanation- For the purposes of this rule, an "Authorised Officer" means
an Income Tax Officer who is authorised by the Adjudicating Authority in this
behalf.
CONTD…
60
61. MANAGEMENT OF PROPERTIES
CONFISCATED (SEC- 28)
• The Administrator shall have the power to receive and manage the property, in relation to
which an order of confiscation u/s 27(1) has been made, in such manner and subject to such
conditions, as may be prescribed. (See Rule- 7 & 8)
• The Central Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, notify as many of
its officers as it thinks fit, to perform the functions of Administrators.
• The Administrator shall also take such measures, as the Central Government may direct, to
dispose of the property which is vested in the Central Government u/s 27(3), in such
manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed. (See Rule- 9)
61
62. RECEIPT OF CONFISCATED PROPERTY
UNDER SUB-SECTION (1) OF SECTION 28
(RULE- 7)
The Administrator shall, at the time of receiving the
confiscated property, ensure proper identification of
such property with reference to its particulars
mentioned in the order made u/s 27(1).
62
63. •Where the property confiscated is of such a nature that its removal from the
place of attachment is impracticable or its removal involves expenditure out of
proportion to the value of the property, the Administrator shall arrange for the
proper maintenance and custody of the property at the place of its attachment.
•If the property confiscated consists of cash, Government or other securities,
bullion, jewellery or other valuables, the Administrator shall cause to deposit
them for safe custody in the nearest Government Treasury or a branch of the
Reserve Bank of India or the State Bank of India or its subsidiaries or in any
authorised bank.
MANAGEMENT OF CONFISCATED PROPERTY
U/S 28(1) (RULE- 8)
63
64. •The Administrator shall maintain a register containing the details in Form
No. 1 annexed to these rules for recording entries in respect of moveable
property, such as cash, Government or other securities, bullion, jewellery or
other valuables.
•The Administrator shall obtain a receipt from the Treasury or the bank, as the
case may be, against the deposit of moveable properties stated in sub-rule (2).
•The Administrator shall maintain a register containing the details in Form
No. 2 annexed to these rules for recording entries in respect of property other
than the properties referred to in sub-rule (2).
MANAGEMENT OF CONFISCATED
PROPERTY U/S 28(1) (RULE- 8)….
CONTD…
64
65. DISPOSAL OF CONFISCATED PROPERTY
U/S 28(3) (RULE- 9)
•Where the Central Government directs that the
property vested in it u/s 27(3) be disposed of, then, the
administrator shall arrange to dispose of the property
in the manner provided in the Second Schedule to the
Income-tax Act, 1961.
65
66. POSSESSION OF THE PROPERTY (SEC- 29)
• Where an order of confiscation in respect of a property u/s 27(1), has been made, the
Administrator shall proceed to take the possession of the property.
• The Administrator shall, by notice in writing, order within 7 days of the date of the service of
notice to any person, who may be in possession of the benami property, to surrender or deliver
possession thereof to the Administrator or any other person duly authorised in writing by him
in this behalf;
• In the event of non-compliance of the order, or if in his opinion, taking over of immediate
possession is warranted, for the purpose of forcibly taking over possession, requisition the
service of any police officer to assist him and it shall be the duty of the officer to comply with
the requisition.
66
67. APPELLATE TRIBUNAL
• Appeals against the adjudicating authority’s decision can be taken to the Appellate
Tribunal at New Delhi, which will be established by the Central Government and will
consist of one Chairperson and two other members of which one shall be Judicial member
and other shall be an Administrative member. The Chairperson can also constitute the
benches of Appellate Tribunal.
• The person to be appointed as Chairperson to the Appellate Tribunal must be a sitting or
retired judge of a High Court.
• A Judicial member must have been a member of Indian Legal Service and have held the
post of Additional Secretary or equivalent in that service and the administrative member
must have been a member of Indian Revenue Service and have held the post of Chief CIT
or equivalent post.
67
68. APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
• Any vacancy caused to the office of the Chairperson or any other Member shall be
filled up within a period of 3 months from the date on which such vacancy occurs.
• The Chairperson and Members of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office for a term of
5 years or till 65 years of age, whichever is earlier from the date on which they enter
upon their office and shall not be eligible for re-appointment.
• The Central Government shall provide the Appellate Tribunal with such officers and
employees who discharge their functions under the general superintendence of the
Chairperson.
CONTD…
68
69. APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
• The Central Government may remove the chairperson or other members if he has been
adjudged as an insolvent; or has been convicted of an offence, involving moral
turpitude; or has become physically or mentally incapable; or has acquired such
financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions; or has abused
his position as to render his continuance in office, is prejudicial to the public interest by
passing an order after an inquiry made by Chief Justice of the High Court. Opportunity
of being heard must be provided. (Sec-35)
• The act or proceeding of the Appellate Tribunal shall not be invalid due to any vacancy
in, or any defect in the constitution of the Tribunal or in the appointment of a person
acting as a Member of the Authority; or any irregularity in the procedure of the
Authority not affecting the merits of the case. (Sec-36)
CONTD…
69
70. APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
• The Chairperson or any other Member may resign his office by providing notice in writing
to the Central Government, Provided that he shall continue to hold office until the expiry
of 3 months from the date of receipt of the notice or a person is duly appointed enters
upon his office or the expiry of his term of office, whichever is earlier, unless he is
permitted by the Central Government to relinquish his office sooner. (Sec-37)
• In case of any vacancy in the office of the Chairperson due to his death, resignation or
otherwise, the senior most Member shall act as the Chairperson until the date on which a
new Chairperson enters upon his office. In case of absence, illness or any other cause, the
Chairperson is unable to discharge his functions, the senior most Member shall discharge
the functions of the Chairperson until the date on which the Chairperson resumes his
duties.(Sec-38)
CONTD…
70
71. APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
• The Chairperson may make provision as to the distribution of the
business of the Appellate Tribunal amongst the Benches and also
provide for the matters which may be dealt with by each Bench.
(Sec-41)
• The Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal may transfer any case
pending before one Bench to any other Bench for disposal on the
application of any of the parties and notice to the parties, and after
hearing them, or on his own motion without any notice. (Sec-42)
CONTD…
71
72. APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
• If the Members of a Bench differ in opinion on any point, they shall state the
points on which they differ, and make a reference to the Chairperson who shall
either hear the points himself or refer the case for hearing by other Members
and the points shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority of the
Members of the Appellate Tribunal who have heard the case, including those
who first heard it. (Sec-43)
• The Chairperson, Members and other officers and employees of the Appellate
Tribunal, the Adjudicating Authority, Approving Authority, Initiating Officer,
Administrator and the officers subordinate to all of them shall be deemed to be
public servants within the meaning of section 21 of the IPC. (Sec-44)
CONTD…
72
73. PROCEDURE AND POWERS OF APPELLATE
TRIBUNAL (SEC- 40)
• The Appellate Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908, but shall be guided by the principles of natural justice and, subject to the other provisions of
this Act, the Appellate Tribunal shall have powers to regulate its own procedure. [Sec- 40(1)]
• The appellate tribunal shall, for the purposes of discharging its functions under this act, have the
same powers as are vested in a civil court under the code of civil procedure, 1908 while trying a suit,
in respect of the following matters :— [sec- 40(2)]
o Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
o Requiring the discovery and production of documents;
o Receiving evidence on affidavits;
73
74. PROCEDURE AND POWERS OF
APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
o Subject to the provisions of sections 123 and 124 of the Indian evidence act, 1872, requisitioning
any public record or document or copy of such record or document from any office;
o Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;
o Reviewing its decisions;
o Dismissing a representation for default or deciding it ex parte;
o Setting aside any order of dismissal of any representation for default or any order passed by it
ex parte; and
o Any other matter, which may be, prescribed by the central government.
CONTD…
74
75. PROCEDURE AND POWERS OF
APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
•An order made by the Appellate Tribunal under this Act shall be executable by it as a decree of
civil court and, for this purpose, the Appellate Tribunal shall have all the powers of a civil court.
[sec- 40(3)]
•Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3), the appellate tribunal may transmit any
order made by it to a civil court having jurisdiction and the civil court shall execute the order as if
it were a decree made by that court. [sec- 40(4)]
•All proceedings before the Appellate Tribunal shall be deemed to be judicial proceedings within
the meaning of sections 193 and 228 of the Indian Penal Code and the Appellate Tribunal shall be
deemed to be a civil court for the purposes of sections 345 and 346 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973. [sec- 40(5)]
CONTD…
75
76. BAR OF JURISDICTION OF CIVIL
COURTS (SEC- 45)
• No civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding
in respect of any matter which any of the authorities, an Adjudicating
Authority or the Appellate Tribunal is empowered by or under this Act
to determine, and no injunction shall be granted by any court or other
forum in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any
power conferred by or under this Act.
76
77. APPEALS TO APPELLATE TRIBUNAL
(SEC- 46)
• Any person, including the Initiating Officer, aggrieved by an order of the Adjudicating
Authority may prefer an appeal in such form and along with such fees, as may be prescribed,
to the Appellate Tribunal against the order passed by the Adjudicating Authority u/s 26(3),
within a period of 45 days from the date of the order. [Sec- 46(1)] (See Rule-10)
• The Appellate Tribunal may entertain any appeal after the said period of 45 days, if it is
satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal in time.
[Sec- 46(2)]
• The Appellate Tribunal may pass such orders as it thinks fit, after giving the parties to the
appeal an opportunity of being heard. [Sec- 46(3)]
77
78. APPEALS TO APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
• An Appellate Tribunal while deciding the appeal shall have the power— [Sec-
46(4)]
oto determine a case finally, where the evidence on record is sufficient;
oto take additional evidence or to require any evidence to be taken by the
Adjudicating Authority, where the Adjudicating Authority has refused to
admit evidence, which ought to have been admitted;
oto require any document to be produced or any witness to be examined for
the purposes of proceeding before it;
CONTD…
78
79. APPEALS TO APPELLATE TRIBUNAL….
oto frame issues which appear to the Appellate Tribunal essential for
adjudication of the case and refer them to the Adjudicating Authority
for determination;
oto pass final order and affirm, vary or reverse an order of adjudication
passed by the Adjudicating Authority and pass such other order or orders
as may be necessary to meet the ends of justice.
• The Appellate Tribunal may hear and finally decide the appeal within a
period of one year from the last date of the month in which the appeal is
filed. [Sec- 46(5)]
CONTD…
79
80. • An appeal to the Appellate Tribunal u/s 46(1) of the Act shall be filed in Form No. 3 annexed to
these rules.
• At the time of filing, every appeal shall be accompanied by a fee of Rs.10,000.
• The appeal shall set forth concisely and under distinct head the grounds of objection to the order
appealed against and such grounds shall be numbered consecutively; and shall specify the address
of service at which notice or other processes of the Appellate Tribunal may be served on the
appellant and the date on which the order appealed against was served on the appellant.
• Where the appeal is preferred after the expiry of the period of 45 days referred to in u/s 46(1) , it
shall be accompanied by a petition, in quadruplicate, duly verified and supported by the
documents, if any, relied upon by the appellant, showing cause as to how the appellant had been
prevented from preferring the appeal within the period of 45 days.
APPEALS TO THE APPELLATE TRIBUNAL
(RULE- 10)
80
81. RECTIFICATION OF MISTAKES (SEC- 47)
• The Appellate Tribunal or the Adjudicating Authority may, in order to rectify
any mistake apparent on the face of the record, amend any order made by it
under section 26 and section 46 respectively, within a period of one year from
the end of the month in which the order was passed. [Sec- 47(1)]
• No amendment shall be made under sub-section (1), if the amendment is likely
to affect any person prejudicially, unless he has been given notice of intention
to do so and has been given an opportunity of being heard. [Sec- 47(2)]
81
82. RIGHT TO REPRESENTATION
(SEC- 48)
• A person preferring an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal under this Act may
either appear in person or take the assistance of an authorised representative
of his choice to present his case before the Appellate Tribunal.
• The Central Government may authorise one or more of its officers to act as
presenting officers on its behalf, and every person so authorised may present
the case with respect to any appeal before the Appellate Tribunal.
82
83. RIGHT TO REPRESENTATION ….
Explanation to sec- 48 —
Authorised representative means a person authorised in writing, being—
• a person related to the appellant in any manner or a person regularly employed by the appellant; or
• any officer of a scheduled bank with which the appellant maintains an account or has other regular
dealings; or
• any legal practitioner who is entitled to practice in any civil court in India; or
• any person who has passed any accountancy examination recognised in this behalf by the Board; or
• any person who has acquired such educational qualifications as the Board may prescribe for this
purpose.
CONTD…
83
84. APPEAL TO HIGH COURT (SEC- 49)
• Any party aggrieved by any decision or order of the Appellate Tribunal may file an appeal to
the High Court within a period of 60 days from the date of communication of the decision
or order of the Appellate Tribunal to him on any question of law arising out of such order.
• The High Court may entertain any appeal after the said period of 60 days, if it is satisfied
that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the appeal within the
specified period.
• Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of law is involved in any case,
it shall formulate that question. The appeal shall be heard only on the question so
formulated, and the respondents shall, at the hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that
the case does not involve such question.
84
85. APPEAL TO HIGH COURT….
• Nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to take away or abridge the
power of the court to hear, for reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any
other substantial question of law not formulated by it, if it is satisfied that the
case involves such question.
• The High Court shall decide the question of law so formulated and deliver the
judgment thereon containing the grounds on which any decision is founded
and may award any cost as it deems fit.
CONTD…
85
86. APPEAL TO HIGH COURT….
• The High Court may determine any issue which—
ohas not been determined by the Appellate Tribunal; or
ohas been wrongly determined by the Appellate Tribunal, by reason of a
decision on such question of law as is referred to in sub-section (1).
• Save as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908, relating to appeals to the High Court shall, as far as may be,
apply in the case of appeals under this section.
CONTD…
86
87. SPECIAL COURTS (SEC- 50)
• The Central Government, in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High
Court, shall, for trial of an offence punishable under this Act, by notification,
designate one or more Courts of Session as Special Court or Special Courts
for such area or areas or for such case or class or group of cases as may be
specified in the notification. [Sec- 50(1)]
• While trying an offence under this Act, a Special Court shall also try an
offence other than an offence referred to in sub-section (1), with which the
accused may, under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, be charged at the
same trial. [Sec- 50(2)]
87
88. SPECIAL COURTS….
• The Special Court shall not take cognizance of any offence punishable under
this Act except upon a complaint in writing made by the authority; or any
officer of the Central Government or State Government authorised in
writing by that Government by a general or special order made in this
behalf. [Sec- 50(3)]
• Every trial under this section shall be conducted as expeditiously as possible
and every endeavour shall be made by the Special Court to conclude the trial
within 6 months from the date of filing of the complaint. [Sec- 50(4)]
CONTD…
88
89. APPLICATION OF CODE OF CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE, 1973 TO PROCEEDINGS BEFORE
SPECIAL COURT (SEC- 51)
• Save as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973, shall apply to the proceedings before a Special
Court and the persons conducting the prosecution before the Special Court,
shall be deemed to be Public Prosecutors Provided that the Central
Government may also appoint for any case or class or group of cases, a
Special Public Prosecutor.
89
90. APPLICATION OF CODE OF CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE, 1973 TO PROCEEDINGS BEFORE
SPECIAL COURT….
• A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a Public Prosecutor or a
Special Public Prosecutor unless, the Public Prosecutor has been in practice
as an advocate for not less than 7 years, and the Special Public Prosecutor has
been in practice as an advocate for not less than 10 years in any court.
• Every person appointed as a Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor
under this section shall be deemed to be a Public Prosecutor within the
meaning of clause (u) of section 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
and the provisions of that Code shall have effect accordingly.
CONTD…
90
91. APPEAL AND REVISION
(SEC- 52)
The High Court may exercise, so far as may be applicable, all the
powers conferred by Chapter XXIX or Chapter XXX of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973, on a High Court, as if a Special Court
within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the High Court were a
Court of Session trying cases within the local limits of the jurisdiction
of the High Court.
91
92. PENALTY FOR BENAMI
TRANSACTION (SEC- 53)
• Where any person enters into a benami transaction in order to defeat the provisions of
any law or to avoid payment of statutory dues or to avoid payment to creditors, the
beneficial owner, benamidar and any other person who abets or induces any person to
enter into the benami transaction, shall be guilty of the offence of benami transaction.
[Sec- 53(1)]
• Whoever is found guilty of the offence of benami transaction referred to in sub-section
(1) shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less
than 1 year, but which may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to fine which may
extend to 25% of the fair market value of the property. [Sec- 53(2)]
92
93. PENALTY FOR FALSE
INFORMATION (SEC- 54)
Any person who is required to furnish information under this Act
knowingly gives false information to any authority or furnishes any
false document in any proceeding under this Act, shall be punishable
with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 6
months but which may extend to 5 years and shall also be liable to
fine which may extend to 10% of the fair market value of the property.
93
94. PREVIOUS SANCTION (SEC- 55)
No prosecution shall be instituted against any person in respect of any offence under sections
3, 53 or section 54 without the previous sanction of the Board.
REPEAL OF PROVISIONS OF CERTAIN ACTS
(SEC- 56)
• Sections 81, 82 and 94 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, section 66 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 and section 281A of the Income-tax Act, 1961, are hereby repealed. [Sec-
56(1)]
• For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that nothing in sub-section (1) shall affect
the continued operation of section 281A of the Income-tax Act, 1961 in the State of Jammu
and Kashmir. [Sec- 56(2)]
94
95. CERTAIN TRANSFERS TO BE
NULL AND VOID (SEC- 57)
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Transfer of the Property Act,
1882 or any other law for the time being in force, where, after the issue of a
notice u/s 24, any property referred to in the said notice is transferred by any
mode whatsoever, the transfer shall, for the purposes of the proceedings
under this Act, be ignored and if the property is subsequently confiscated by
the Central Government u/s 27, then, the transfer of the property shall be
deemed to be null and void.
95
96. EXEMPTION (SEC- 58)
•The Central Government may, by notification, exempt any
property relating to charitable or religious trusts from the
operation of this Act. [Sec- 58(1)]
•Every notification issued under sub-section (1) shall be
laid before each House of Parliament. [Sec- 58(2)]
96
97. POWER OF CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT TO ISSUE
DIRECTIONS, ETC. (SEC- 59)
• The Central Government may, from time to time, issue such orders,
instructions or directions to the authorities or require any person to
furnish information as it may deem fit for the proper administration of
this Act and such authorities and all other persons employed in
execution of this Act shall observe and follow the orders, instructions
and directions of the Central Government. [Sec- 59(1)]
97
98. POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO
ISSUE DIRECTIONS, ETC….
• The Central Government may have regard to any one or more of the criteria,
namely— territorial area; classes of persons; classes of cases; and any other
criterion that may be specified by the Central Government in issuing the
directions or orders referred to in sub-section (1). [Sec- 59(2)]
• No orders, instructions or directions under sub-section (1) shall be issued so
as to require any authority to decide a particular case in a particular manner;
or interfere with the discretion of the Adjudicating Authority in the discharge
of its functions. [Sec- 59(3)]
CONTD…
98
99. APPLICATION OF OTHER LAWS
NOT BARRED (SEC- 60)
The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and not, save as hereinafter
expressly provided, in derogation of any other law for the time being in force.
OFFENCES TO BE NON-
COGNIZABLE (SEC- 61)
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, an
offence under this Act shall be non-cognizable.
99
100. OFFENCES BY COMPANIES
(SEC- 62)
• Where a person committing contravention of any of the provisions of this Act
or of any rule, direction or order made thereunder is a company, every person
who, at the time the contravention was committed, was in charge of, and was
responsible to, the company, for the conduct of the business of the company as
well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the contravention and shall
be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. [Sec- 62(1)]
• Nothing contained in sub-section (1), shall render any person liable to
punishment if he proves that the contravention took place without his
knowledge. [Sec- 62(2)]
100
101. OFFENCES BY COMPANIES….
• Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where a
contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or of any rule, direction or
order made thereunder has been committed by a company and it is proved
that the contravention has taken place with the consent or connivance of, or
is attributable to any neglect on the part of any director, manager, secretary
or other officer of the company, the director, manager, secretary or other
officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of the contravention and shall be
liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.[Sec- 62(3)]
CONTD…
101
102. EXPLANATION TO SEC- 62
• "Company" means a body corporate, and includes—
oA firm; and
oAn association of persons or a body of individuals whether incorporated or not;
and
• "Director", in relation to—
oA firm, means a partner in the firm;
oAny association of persons or a body of individuals, means any member
controlling the affairs thereof.
102
103. NOTICE, ETC., NOT TO BE
INVALID ON CERTAIN GROUNDS
(SEC- 63)
No notice, summons, order, document or other proceeding, furnished or
made or issued or taken or purported to have been furnished or made or
issued or taken in pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act shall be
invalid, or shall be deemed to be invalid merely by reason of any mistake,
defect or omission in the notice, summons, order, document or other
proceeding if the notice, summons, order, document or other proceeding
is in substance and effect in conformity with or according to the intent and
purpose of this Act.
103
104. PROTECTION OF ACTION TAKEN
IN GOOD FAITH (SEC- 64)
No prosecution, suit or other proceeding shall lie against
the Government or any officer of the Government or the
Appellant Tribunal or the Adjudicating Authority
established under this Act, for anything done or intended to
be done in good faith under this Act.
104
105. TRANSFER OF PENDING CASES
(SEC- 65)
• Every suit or proceeding in respect of a benami transaction pending in
any Court (other than a High Court) or Tribunal or before any forum
on the date of the commencement of this Act shall stand transferred to
the Adjudicating Authority or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may
be, having jurisdiction in the matter. [Sec- 65(1)]
105
106. TRANSFER OF PENDING CASES….
• Where any suit, or other proceeding stands transferred to the Adjudicating Authority or the
Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1),— [Sec- 65(2)]
o the court, Tribunal or other forum shall, as soon as may be, after the transfer, forward the
records of the suit, or other proceeding to the Adjudicating Authority or the Appellate
Tribunal, as the case may be;
o the Adjudicating Authority may, on receipt of the records, proceed to deal with the suit,
or other proceeding, so far as may be, in the same manner as in the case of a reference
made u/s 24(5), from the stage which was reached before the transfer or from any earlier
stage or de novo as the Adjudicating Authority may deem fit.
CONTD…
106
107. PROCEEDINGS, ETC., AGAINST
LEGAL REPRESENTATIVE (SEC- 66)
• Where a person dies during the course of any proceeding under this Act, any
proceeding taken against the deceased before his death shall be deemed to have
been taken against the legal representative and may be continued against the
legal representative from the stage at which it stood on the date of the death of the
deceased. [Sec- 66(1)]
• Any proceeding which could have been taken against the deceased if he had
survived may be taken against the legal representative and all the provisions of
this Act, except section 3(2) and the provisions of Chapter VII, shall apply
accordingly. [Sec- 66(2)]
107
108. PROCEEDINGS, ETC., AGAINST
LEGAL REPRESENTATIVE….
• Where any property of a person has been held benami u/s 26(3), then, it
shall be lawful for the legal representative of the person to prefer an appeal
to the Appellate Tribunal, in place of the person and the provisions of
section 46 shall, so far as may be, apply, or continue to apply, to the appeal.
[Sec- 66(3)]
CONTD…
108
109. ACT TO HAVE
OVERRIDING EFFECT
(SEC- 67)
The provisions of this Act shall have effect,
notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith
contained in any other law for the time being in force.
109
110. POWER TO MAKE RULES (SEC- 68)
• The Central Government may make rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act by
notification.
• In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules
may provide for all or any of the following matters :—
o manner of ascertaining the fair market value under clause (16) of section 2;
o the manner of appointing the Chairperson and the Member of the Adjudicating
Authorities u/s 9(2);
o the salaries and allowances payable to the Chairperson and the Members of the
Adjudicating Authority u/s 13(1);
o the powers and functions of the authorities u/s 18(2);
110
111. POWER TO MAKE RULES….
o other powers of the authorities u/s 19(1)(f);
o the form and manner of furnishing any information to the authority u/s 21(2);
o the manner of provisional attachment of property u/s 24(3);
o the procedure for confiscation of benami property under the second proviso to sec
27(1);
o the manner and conditions to receive and manage the property u/s 28(1);
o the manner and conditions of disposal of property vested in the Central
Government u/s 28(3);
CONTD…
111
112. POWER TO MAKE RULES….
o the salaries and allowances payable to and the other terms and conditions of service of
the Chairperson and other Members of the Appellate Tribunal u/s 33(1);
o the manner of prescribing procedure for removal of Chairperson or Member u/s 35(4);
o the salaries and allowances payable to and the other terms and conditions of service of
the officers and employees of the Appellate Tribunal u/s 39(3);
o any power of the Appellate Tribunal u/s 40(2)(i);
o the form in which appeal shall be filed and the fee for filing the appeal u/s 46(1);
o any other matter which is to be, or may be, prescribed, or in respect of which provision
is to be made, by rules.
CONTD…
112
113. LAYING OF RULES AND NOTIFICATIONS
BEFORE PARLIAMENT (SEC- 69)
Every rule made and notification issued under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be
after it is made or issued, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a
total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more
successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the
session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any
modification in the rules or notifications, as the case may be, both Houses agree that
the rules or notifications, as the case may be, should not be made or issued, the rule or
notification, as the case may be, shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form
or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or
annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under
that rule or notification, as the case may be.
113
114. POWER TO REMOVE DIFFICULTIES
(SEC- 70)
• If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Central
Government may, by order, published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions
not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act as may appear to be necessary for
removing the difficulty.
• No order shall be made under this section after the expiry of two years from the
commencement of this Act.
• Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made,
before each House of Parliament.
114
115. TRANSITIONAL PROVISION
(SEC- 71)
The Central Government may, by notification, provide that until the
Adjudicating Authorities are appointed and the Appellate Tribunal is
established under this Act, the Adjudicating Authority appointed under
sub-section (1) of section 6 of the Money-Laundering Act, 2002 and the
Appellate Tribunal established under section 25 of that Act may discharge
the functions of the Adjudicating Authority and Appellate Tribunal,
respectively, under this Act.
115
116. REPEAL AND SAVING (SEC- 72)
•The Benami Transactions (Prohibition of the Right to Recover
Property) Ordinance, 1988 is hereby repealed.
•Notwithstanding such repeal, anything done or any action taken
under the said Ordinance shall be deemed to have been done or
taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act.
116
118. The Supreme Court has held that in the case of benami transactions, the real owner has got
the title, though the property is in the name of the benamidar. The real owner can deal with
the property without reference to the benamidar. A benamidar has no interest at all in the
property standing in his name. The fact that the real owner cannot recover the property sold
by the benamidar unless he shows that the purchaser had actual or constructive notice of
the real title, does not mean that the benamidar has real title to the property. He is merely
an ostensible owner thereof. In view of the analysis, liability to estate duty in respect of
property held benami would arise on the death of the real owner and not on the death of the
benamidar.
Liability to estate duty in respect of property held
benami - Whether arise on the death of real owner and
not on the death of benamidar [CIRCULAR NO. 364,
dated 15-7-1983]
118
119. In a case where the declarant gets the benami asset transferred in his name without payment
of any monetary consideration to the benamidar, whether capital gains would be chargeable
in the hands of benamidar consequent upon such transfer and whether the tax at source @ 1%
would be deducted in such case?
➢ In this case the consideration for acquisition of benami property has already been paid by
the beneficial owner and the fair market value of the property has been declared by the
beneficial owner under the Scheme. Since, the transfer of property from benamidar to
beneficial owner is only to regularize and there will be no involvement of monetary
consideration for transfer of immovable property by the benamidar in the name of the
declarant, the question of capital gains in the hands of benamidar and deduction of tax at
source thereon shall not arise.
[CIRCULAR NO. 27, dated 14-7-2016, CLARIFICATIONS
ON THE INCOME DECLARATION SCHEME, 2016, FAQ-4]
119
120. ➢ The Central Government notifies that, with effect from the 01-11-2016,
the Adjudicating Authority appointed u/s 6(1) of the Prevention of
Money-Laundering Act, 2002 and the Appellate Tribunal established u/s
25 of that act shall discharge the functions of the Adjudicating Authority
and Appellate Tribunal, respectively, under the Prohibition of Benami
Property Transactions Act, 1988 until the Adjudicating Authorities are
appointed and the Appellate Tribunal is established under the Prohibition
of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988.
[NOTIFICATION NO. 97/2016,
dated 25-10-2016]
120
121. ➢ In exercise of the powers conferred u/s 28(2) r.w.s. 59 of the Prohibition of Benami Property
Transactions Act, 1988, and in supersession of the Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue,
Central Board of Direct Taxes, notification no. S.O. 3290(E), dated 25-10-2016, published in the
Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II, Section 3(ii), dated 25-10-2016, except as respects things
done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the Central Government hereby directs that
the Income-tax authorities under section 116 of the Income-Tax Act, 1961 specified in column (2)
of the Schedule, having headquarters at the places specified in the corresponding entry in column
(3), to exercise the powers and perform the functions of the ‘Authority’ under the Prohibition of
Benami Property Transactions Act, 45 of 1988 specified in the corresponding entries in column
(4) in respect of the territorial areas specified in the corresponding entries in column (5) of the
Schedule having jurisdiction vested in them—
[NOTIFICATION NO. SO 1621(E),
dated 18-05-2017]
121
122. S.No.
(1)
INCOME-TAX
AUTHORITY
(2)
HEADQUARTERS
(3)
AUTHORITY UNDER
THE PROHIBITION OF
BENAMI PROPERTY
TRANSACTIONS ACT,
1988
(4)
TERRITORIAL
AREA
(5)
1 (i) Jt. CIT/ Addl.CIT,
Chandigarh
(ii) ACIT/ DCIT,
Chandigarh
(iii) ITO, Chandigarh
Chandigarh (i) Approving Authority
(ii) Initiating Officer
(iii) Administrator
Areas within the
limits of the
States of Haryana
and Himachal
Pradesh and
Union territory of
Chandigarh
2 (i) Jt. CIT/ Addl.CIT,
Ludhiana
(ii) ACIT/ DCIT,
Ludhiana
(iii) ITO, Ludhiana
Ludhiana (i) Approving Authority
(ii) Initiating Officer
(iii) Administrator
Areas within the
limits of the
States of Jammu
and Kashmir and
Punjab
122
123. S.No.
(1)
INCOME-TAX
AUTHORITY
(2)
HEADQUARTERS
(3)
AUTHORITY UNDER
THE PROHIBITION OF
BENAMI PROPERTY
TRANSACTIONS ACT,
1988
(4)
TERRITORIAL
AREA
(5)
3 (i) Jt. CIT/ Addl.CIT, Unit-
1 & 2, Delhi
(ii) ACIT/ DCIT, Unit-1 &
2, Delhi
(iii) ITO, Unit-1 & 2, Delhi
Delhi (i) Approving Authority
(ii) Initiating Officer
(iii) Administrator
Areas within the
limits of the
National Capital
Territory of Delhi
4 (i) Jt. CIT/ Addl.CIT,
Jaipur
(ii) ACIT/ DCIT, Jaipur
(iii) ITO, Jaipur
Jaipur (i) Approving Authority
(ii) Initiating Officer
(iii) Administrator
Areas within the
limits of the State
of
Rajasthan
123
125. CONSTITUTION OF BENAMI
PROPERTY UNITS (BPUS):
• 24 BPUs created across the country under the charge of Principle DIT
(Investigation).
• Each BPU to consist of :-
o Additional/Joint CIT (Benami Prohibition)
o Deputy/Assistant CIT (Benami Prohibition)
o ITO (Benami Prohibition)
o Other Officials/Officers (Benami Prohibition)
125
126. DUTIES & FUNCTIONS OF BPU:
• All functions under the PBPT Act:- Duties & functions of IO/AA and administrator.
• Criminal Prosecution related monitoring and coordination functions under Black
Money Act & Income-tax Act:-
o Building the requisite capacity in matters of criminal proceedings.
o Facilitation in filing of prosecution complaints by the Officers of Investigation Directorates in
terms of overseeing the drafting of complaints & coordination between DDIT/ ADIT
investigating a particular case from which the prosecution has arisen, Prosecution Counsels &
the court for filing the same.
o Coordination between the Courts & the officers regarding to hearing of prosecution cases,
keeping track of dates & nature of hearing and keeping the Officers concerned & Prosecution
Counsels informed.
126
127. DUTIES & FUNCTIONS OF BPU….
o Facilitation of logistics, including arranging relevant case records in advance for reference of
the Officers concerned & others as and when required, and briefings and their production
before the courts, if required, in coordination with Prosecution Counsels.
o Processing of matters relating to payment of the fees of Prosecution Counsels engaged by the
Investigation Directorates.
o Coordination between the Officers concerned and the Standing Counsels/ Other counsels in
all those cases where Writ Petitions have been filed against prosecution complaints of
Investigation Directorates, including with regard to hearing of such cases, keeping track of
dates & nature of hearing and keeping the Officers concerned & Prosecution Counsels
informed.
o Any other related matter assigned by the PDIT (Inv) concerned.
CONTD…
127