Will be useful for Junior Engineering

1. KARPAGAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE – 641 105.
BEDSHEET SENSOR FOR MONITORING PATIENTS
Prepared By:
Mrs.M.Aiswarya

2. ABSTRACT
• Continuous patient monitoring during hospitalization is necessary to identify patterns of indicative risks or
pathogens, whose early diagnosis and treatment is likely to lead to a reduction in morbidity and mortality and,
consequently, a reduction in both the duration and cost of hospitalization.
• All of them are designed to fulfil a predefined purpose, whether that is to monitor the patient's vital signs
continuously, in a non-obtrusive manner, or prevent a patient from falling off their bed or prevent the development
of pressure.
• We present a sensor that is able to detect urinary incontinence as well as bed occupancy by patients and can be
positioned underneath the bed sheet for easy usage. Thus, it can be applied fast and reliable to use by nursing staff or
caretakers.
• Within this work, the electronic monitoring and alert system is presented and characterized by sensory data obtained
during a variety of different tests. Due to its low-power consumption and, apart from cleaning, maintenance free
operation, the presented sensor is an ideal tool to employ in various scenarios.

3. INTRODUCTION
• In modern healthcare, continuous monitoring of patients plays a vital role in ensuring timely interventions and
improving patient outcomes.
• Detecting early signs of risks or conditions such as urinary incontinence can significantly impact morbidity
and mortality rates, leading to more efficient hospital stays and reduced costs.
• To address this need, we propose a novel sensor designed to monitor bed occupancy and urinary incontinence
seamlessly. Placed discreetly beneath the bed sheet, this sensor offers ease of use for both patients and
caregivers, providing real-time data for prompt action.
• In this paper, we present the development and evaluation of this sensor, highlighting its low-power
consumption and maintenance-free operation, making it an ideal solution for various healthcare settings.

4. LITERATURE SURVEY
Sl.
No. Title Author(s) Year Description
1
"Review on Wearable
Sensor Technology
Platforms for
Rehabilitation
Applications"
K. Bonato 2020
This review provides an overview of wearable sensor technology
platforms specifically tailored for rehabilitation applications,
discussing their design, challenges, and potential impact on patient
care.
2
"Recent Advances in
Smart Textiles for
Healthcare and
Biomedical
Monitoring"
S. Lee, D. Wen, M.
Chung
2021
The paper highlights recent advances in smart textiles for healthcare
and biomedical monitoring, discussing their functionalities, materials,
and integration with sensor technologies.
3
"Advances in Flexible
and Stretchable
Electronics for
Wearable Healthcare
Devices"
A. Tricoli, C. Petti, E.
A. Botterman, J. A.
Rogers
2022
This paper discusses advances in flexible and stretchable electronics
specifically for wearable healthcare devices, exploring novel
materials, fabrication techniques, and applications.
4
"IoT-based Patient
Monitoring Systems: A
Review"
H. N. Hassan, A. Al-
Dhelaan, S. M.
Kamruzzaman
2023
The review focuses on Internet of Things (IoT)-based patient
monitoring systems, discussing their architecture, sensors,
communication protocols, and potential challenges and solutions.

5. EXISTING SYSTEM
• Existing system of health monitoring system utilizes an optical camera for capturing the image and
extracting the data.
• Furthermore, they also utilized the fusion of oximeter sensors and cameras for monitoring the
health of COVID-19 patients. Apart from this, camera to recognize the gesture of the patients.
• They utilized trained ML classifiers to enable smart wards and health monitoring systems.
• Furthermore, there are various solutions based on image processing that continuously capture the
images of the patient and utilize the same for monitoring the health of the patient.
• These solutions are costly and are not much effective at night because of occlusion.

6. DISADVANTAGES
• It is very difficult to monitor the health of the patient at night, as the systems and wearable devices
present in the market are manual and require the input of the patients to start health monitoring.
• It is not possible to give continuous manual input at night, and it becomes difficult to monitor the
health of the patients.

7. PROPOSED SYSTEM
• We design a sensor that monitors the amount of bending or deflection on the surface while the patient moves.
• The resistance of the sensor varies with the bending of the sensor surface, which is directly proportional to the
amount of the bend. This is because with the bend, the voltage and current change, consequently resistances change.
• The resistance of the sensor increases with the increase in the bend on the surface of the sensor, and deflection varies
with the movement of the patient. We utilize the concept that the uneasiness in the condition of the patient results in
more movements.
• MEMS sensor is implemented to monitor the fall detection of the patient, providing an alert during the deviation of
the normal sensor values.
• Wet sensor is used to detect the urinary incontinence by the patients and alerts the nurse or caretaker with the help of
buzzer.
• These sensor values about the condition of the patients are further sent to the caregiver via IOT can be monitored
using Blynk app.

8. PROPOSED BLOCK
Alert system
Step down
Transformer
Bridge Rectifier Filter Circuit Voltage Regulator
ESP 32
MEMS Sensor ADC
Flex Sensor ADC
SPI
Buzzer
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
Wet Sensor ADC
IOT

9. ADVANTAGES
• It can be applied fast and reliable to use by nursing staff or caretakers.
• It can specially be implemented for the bedridden patients.
• Automatic monitoring, low-power consumption and, apart from cleaning, maintenance free
operation.

10. POWER SUPPLY UNIT
• An AC powered linear power supply usually
uses a transformer to convert the voltage from
the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a
lower voltage.
• If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used.
A capacitor is used to smooth the pulsating
current from the rectifier.
• Some small periodic deviations from smooth
direct current will remain, which is known as
ripple.
• These pulsations occur at a frequency related
to the AC power frequency (for example, a
multiple of 50 or 60 Hz).

11. MEMS SENSOR
When tilt is applied to the sensor, the suspended mass
creates a difference in electric potential and the
difference is measured as a change in capacitance.
Specifications:
• Operating voltage : 0-5V
• Can operate on LOW voltages
• Power rating : 0.5Watt (continuous), 1 Watt (peak)
• Life: 1 million
• Operating temperature: -45ºC to +80ºC

12. FLEX SENSOR
It measures the amount of deflection or bending. This
sensor is stuck to the surface, and resistance of sensor
element is varied by bending the surface.
Specifications:
• Operating voltage of FLEX SENSOR: 0-5V
• Can operate on LOW voltages
• Power rating : 0.5Watt (continuous), 1 Watt (peak)
• Life: 1 million
• Operating temperature: -45ºC to +80ºC
• Flat Resistance: 25K Ω
• Resistance Tolerance: ±30%
• Bend Resistance Range: 45K to 125K

13. ESP32 CONTROLLER
ESP32 is a low-cost System on Chip (SoC)
Microcontroller from Espressif Systems, the
developers of the famous ESP8266 SoC. It is a
successor to ESP8266 SoC and comes in both single-
core and dual-core variations of the Tensilica's 32-bit
Xtensa LX6 Microprocessor with integrated Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth.
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Memory: 320 KiB RAM, 448 KiB ROM
• Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
• Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE
• CPU: Xtensa dual-core (or single-core) 32-bit LX6
microprocessor, operating at 160 or 240 MHz and
performing at up to 600 DMIPS
• Ultra low power (ULP) co-processor

14. BUZZER
Buzzer is used for alarming purposes.
Specification
•Color is black.
•The frequency range is 3,300Hz.
•Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C.
•Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC.
•The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm.
•The supply current is below 15mA.

15. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
ARDUINO IDE
• Arduino IDE(Integrated Development Environment) is the software for ATMEGA
328. It is used for writing code, compiling the code to check if any errors are there
and uploading the code to the ATMEGA 328. It is a open source platform.
EMBEDDED C
• Embedded C language is used to develop microcontroller-based applications.
• Embedded C is an extension to the C programming language including different
features such as addressing I/O, fixed-point arithmetic, multiple-memory addressing,
etc. In embedded C language, specific compilers are used.
15

16. BLYNK APP
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware
remotely, it can display sensor data, it can store data, vizualize it and do
many other cool things.
Features
 Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices
 Connection to the cloud using:
o WiFi
o Bluetooth and BLE
o Ethernet
o USB (Serial)
o GSM
 Set of easy-to-use Widgets
 Direct pin manipulation with no code writing

17. CONCLUSION
• In this work, we abstained from categorizing the movements done by the patients. However, we
only focused on the healthcare issues faced by the patients to categorize the data.
• We categorized intentional movements made by the patient. Furthermore, we also detected the
position of the individual on the sheet, which further prevents the fall from the bed by generating
alarms. By leveraging these advancements, the bedsheet sensor provides real-time data to
healthcare professionals, enabling timely interventions and improving patient outcomes.
• Its low-power consumption and maintenance-free operation make it a practical and reliable tool for
various healthcare settings, promising to enhance patient care while reducing the burden on
caregivers.

18. REFERENCES
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19. THANK YOU!