A tremendous resource that has students learn the types of animals used, such as oxen, and the provides a variety of games for them to play and learn more. Excellent for all grade levels from National Hall of Fame Teacher.
This document provides instructions and links for a third grade language arts web quest where students compare and contrast alligators and crocodiles. Students are directed to use the links to research how alligators and crocodiles differ in appearance, diet, size, habitat and parenting behaviors. They then complete a Venn diagram and write a report explaining the similarities and differences between alligators and crocodiles based on their findings.
La Ley de Convivencia Escolar de Colombia establece un sistema nacional para promover la convivencia pacífica, la ciudadanía y los derechos humanos en las escuelas. Define el acoso escolar, ciberacoso y roles de comités a niveles nacional, municipal y escolar. Asigna responsabilidades a entidades gubernamentales, escuelas, directores y docentes para implementar estrategias que fomenten una sana convivencia entre estudiantes.
Sheep: Sustainable and Organic ProductionGardening
This document summarizes information about sustainable sheep production from the ATTRA publication "Sheep: Sustainable and Organic Production". It discusses selecting suitable sheep breeds, feeding sheep through grazing, and marketing sheep and wool products in a sustainable manner. The full publication provides more detailed information on topics such as health management, facilities, and organic certification.
An Illustrated Guide to Sheep and Goat Production (Hmong language version)Gardening
This document provides an illustrated guide to sheep and goat production. It covers selection of stock, feeding and pasture management, breeding, young stock care, health issues, equipment needs, handling techniques, and marketing options. The guide emphasizes the importance of starting with healthy animals, providing a diverse, high-quality diet and rotational grazing, maintaining animal health, and determining the best market outlets.
This document provides an overview of sustainable goat production. It discusses selecting healthy goats, feeding ruminants, raising goats on pasture through both continuous and controlled grazing, and related ATTRA publications on topics like dairy goats, meat goats, grazing, and predator control. The document is from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service and provides fundamental information on feeding, reproduction, health, and includes an extensive resource list for goat producers.
This document provides an overview of ratite production, focusing on ostriches, emus, and rheas. It discusses the history and characteristics of each bird species. Key considerations for producers include regulations, production practices like housing and feeding, and marketing options. While ratite farming can be profitable, it also carries risks given the limited and variable meat and hide markets. Extensive research is strongly advised before pursuing ratite production as a business.
This document discusses various forms of animal abuse and advocates to prevent cruelty. It provides statistics on animal research and extinction. It also mentions efforts by some companies to use cage-free eggs. The document explores the differences between animal rights and welfare perspectives. It then discusses specific examples of abuse such as cats being hung as warnings and signs of neglect in animals. Throughout it provides links to websites with further information on recognizing and stopping animal abuse.
This document provides instructions and links for a third grade language arts web quest where students compare and contrast alligators and crocodiles. Students are directed to use the links to research how alligators and crocodiles differ in appearance, diet, size, habitat and parenting behaviors. They then complete a Venn diagram and write a report explaining the similarities and differences between alligators and crocodiles based on their findings.
La Ley de Convivencia Escolar de Colombia establece un sistema nacional para promover la convivencia pacífica, la ciudadanía y los derechos humanos en las escuelas. Define el acoso escolar, ciberacoso y roles de comités a niveles nacional, municipal y escolar. Asigna responsabilidades a entidades gubernamentales, escuelas, directores y docentes para implementar estrategias que fomenten una sana convivencia entre estudiantes.
Sheep: Sustainable and Organic ProductionGardening
This document summarizes information about sustainable sheep production from the ATTRA publication "Sheep: Sustainable and Organic Production". It discusses selecting suitable sheep breeds, feeding sheep through grazing, and marketing sheep and wool products in a sustainable manner. The full publication provides more detailed information on topics such as health management, facilities, and organic certification.
An Illustrated Guide to Sheep and Goat Production (Hmong language version)Gardening
This document provides an illustrated guide to sheep and goat production. It covers selection of stock, feeding and pasture management, breeding, young stock care, health issues, equipment needs, handling techniques, and marketing options. The guide emphasizes the importance of starting with healthy animals, providing a diverse, high-quality diet and rotational grazing, maintaining animal health, and determining the best market outlets.
This document provides an overview of sustainable goat production. It discusses selecting healthy goats, feeding ruminants, raising goats on pasture through both continuous and controlled grazing, and related ATTRA publications on topics like dairy goats, meat goats, grazing, and predator control. The document is from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service and provides fundamental information on feeding, reproduction, health, and includes an extensive resource list for goat producers.
This document provides an overview of ratite production, focusing on ostriches, emus, and rheas. It discusses the history and characteristics of each bird species. Key considerations for producers include regulations, production practices like housing and feeding, and marketing options. While ratite farming can be profitable, it also carries risks given the limited and variable meat and hide markets. Extensive research is strongly advised before pursuing ratite production as a business.
This document discusses various forms of animal abuse and advocates to prevent cruelty. It provides statistics on animal research and extinction. It also mentions efforts by some companies to use cage-free eggs. The document explores the differences between animal rights and welfare perspectives. It then discusses specific examples of abuse such as cats being hung as warnings and signs of neglect in animals. Throughout it provides links to websites with further information on recognizing and stopping animal abuse.
Factory farming involves raising large numbers of animals for food in inhumane conditions. Animals are overcrowded and have painful procedures like beak cutting and tail docking. They are given antibiotics, creating health risks. Their waste pollutes the environment. Circus animals spend most of their lives chained and travel constantly in cages. Marine parks keep whales in small tanks instead of their natural large ranges, shortening their lifespans. Animal welfare activists want to improve treatment, while animal rights activists want to ban all use of animals for food, entertainment, and research.
Millions of animals are used in research and farming each year in the US. While some major companies have committed to more humane treatment of animals like cage-free eggs, the animal welfare movement still advocates to limit cruel treatment and prevent unnecessary animal suffering. Recognizing and reporting signs of animal abuse and neglect can help prevent further harm.
This document provides background information on a study that investigated how social enrichment and nocturnal enclosure types affected stereotypical behaviors and interactions in a herd of nine African elephants at Knysna Elephant Park in South Africa. The study observed the elephants for nine weeks after their enclosure was changed from individual pens at night to a larger shared enclosure overnight. Results indicated a significant reduction in both stereotypical behaviors and social interactions among the elephants when they were housed in the larger shared nocturnal enclosure, demonstrating the importance of enclosure type and social environment on elephant welfare. This study contributes to the limited research on how nighttime husbandry practices can influence stereotypical behaviors in captive elephants.
John W. Gardner Essays. Online assignment writing service.Christy Velasquez
The passage compares and contrasts two architectural styles from ancient Greece: the Doric and Corinthian orders. The Doric order is characterized by plain, sturdy columns with no base and a simple capital. In contrast, the Corinthian order features more ornate columns with a sculpted capital consisting of acanthus leaves and scrolls. While both influenced architecture for centuries, they represent distinct styles from that era.
This document summarizes a webinar on selecting replacement ewes and culling underperforming ewes from the flock. The presenter discusses various criteria for selecting replacement ewes, including individual performance records, pedigree information, estimated breeding values, and visual appraisal. Traits like reproductive soundness, conformation, and health are important to evaluate. The main reasons for culling ewes include age, failure to lamb, udder/mastitis issues, parasites, and other health problems. Culling is necessary to improve the overall productivity and health of the flock over time.
This document provides an overview of animal breeding and genetics concepts. It discusses what animal breeding is, defines a breed, and covers the two fundamental questions faced by animal breeders: what is the best animal and how do you breed animals to improve future generations. Key methods discussed include selection, mating, identification, recording, and estimating breeding values. A brief history of animal breeding is also provided.
This document discusses animals and their characteristics. It begins by asking questions about the reader's favorite animal. It then provides information about different types of animals - mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles. Examples are given of different animals and their traits. The document asks the reader to match animals with their names and group animals. It presents true/false statements about animals and asks the reader to identify which are true. Comparative adjectives and superlatives used to describe animals are discussed. The document concludes by assigning the reader homework and suggesting extra activities related to designing a zoo.
This document summarizes Temple Grandin's book "Improving Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach". The book aims to provide practical information to help implement effective programs that improve farm animal welfare. It discusses using measurements to enhance welfare and productivity. It also covers improving livestock handling to reduce stress, addressing painful procedures, and auditing facilities to enhance welfare during transport and slaughter. The book emphasizes improving stockmanship, animal behavior understanding, and achieving practical welfare changes.
This document provides a summary of resources for small ruminant (sheep and goat) producers. It lists general reference books, websites, ATTRA publications, and other resources covering topics such as production, forages, animal health, marketing, and organic certification. Resources are grouped into the following categories: general sheep and goat information; books specific to sheep; books specific to goats; forage resources; animal health information; marketing and business guides; and organic certification standards. The document recommends starting with ATTRA publications and websites like www.sheepandgoat.com which provide extensive free information on small ruminant production.
The core ethical teachings of Judaism are based on the Torah and emphasize justice, equality, compassion, and helping those in need. Judaism teaches that there is one God and influences other Abrahamic faiths like Christianity and Islam. Key principles include loving your neighbor, not oppressing strangers, giving charity to the poor, and remembering the Israelites' experience as slaves in Egypt.
Famous Jewish People in Ancienct Times and Celebrationsreach
The document summarizes important figures and concepts in Judaism. It discusses the patriarch Abraham and how he was known for refusing to worship idols and receiving God's promises. It describes Moses as receiving the Torah which contains 613 commandments that guide Jewish life. Naomi is mentioned as Ruth's mother-in-law who accompanied her back to Bethlehem. Ruth is noted for her kindness and becoming the great-grandmother of King David, who united Israel and introduced the Ark of the Covenant. The document also discusses Yohanan ben Zaccai founding a new center of Jewish law after the destruction of Jerusalem.
Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai were important religious leaders who helped establish Judaism. They served as ancestors, prophets, and founders who spread the Jewish faith and listened to God's commands. Ruth stood out for her loyalty to Naomi when she chose to return to Judah instead of going back to Moab like Naomi's other daughter-in-law.
The document discusses several Enlightenment thinkers and their influence on democratic ideas and government. It describes John Locke's beliefs in natural rights and consent of the governed. It outlines Baron de Montesquieu's concept of separation of powers and checks and balances. It also discusses Jean-Jacques Rousseau's social contract theory and Thomas Hobbes' view of self-interest and the need for government. Additional figures mentioned include Voltaire, Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and George Washington.
Japan is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean that developed a unique culture influenced by, but distinct from, China and Korea. The early Japanese society consisted of indigenous Ainu people and Yamato people who lived in farming villages ruled by clans and followed the traditional Shinto religion. Over time, Japanese culture was further shaped by adopting Chinese writing system, Confucian ideals of family and social structure, and Buddhism. The Heian period saw the growth of elegant art and literature at the imperial court. Later, a military-led feudal system emerged with samurai warriors serving powerful shoguns and daimyo lords. This period was extended by Japan's self-imposed isolation from the 1630s onward
The document summarizes different forms of government in ancient Greece including oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy. It notes that in an oligarchy, aristocrats compete for power but keep each other in check. Oligarchies provided some benefits to wealthy women but not the poor. Tyrannies emerged from oligarchies when one aristocrat gained popularity by promising reforms to help the poor. While tyrants were disliked by other aristocrats, they often improved conditions for common citizens. The document also discusses the transition from tyranny to oligarchy to democracy in various Greek city-states between 1000 BC to 100 BC.
The document discusses Greek mythology, including the main 12 Olympian gods like Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. It explains how some gods' names relate to planets and days of the week. Several constellations are described that were influenced by Greek myths, such as Cassiopeia and Orion. Examples are given of references to Greek mythology in modern works like Wonder Woman and The Matrix. Common phrases derived from myths are also outlined, such as Achilles' heel and Pandora's box.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization. It describes the geography of Greece, the development of early city-states and colonies, and key aspects of politics and daily life in Athens and Sparta. It notes that Athens developed the world's first direct democracy in the 6th century BC, while Sparta emphasized strict military training. The document also discusses Greek mythology, literature, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta that weakened Greece and allowed its conquest by Macedonians.
Hammurabi's Code was the first complete system of written law, established around 1772 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia by King Hammurabi of Babylon. It laid out legal codes and corresponding punishments, with harsher penalties for lower social classes, and often violent punishments including death or removal of body parts. The Code was displayed publicly in Babylon so that all citizens could see and learn the laws. It influenced the development of later legal systems and codes.
Early civilizations developed along major river valleys, where surplus food allowed for other occupations. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China saw advances in irrigation, farming tools, and trade. Egyptian society stratified into social classes led by pharaohs and nobles. Hammurabi established one of the first legal codes, influencing modern law. Egyptians excelled at architecture, art, and trade under Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the Great. The Kush civilization in Nubia influenced and was influenced by Egypt over centuries.
The document discusses the artistic styles of ancient Roman paintings from 500 BC to 79 AD. It describes four periods: the Incrustation Style from 200 to 60 BC, the Architectural Style from 40 to 30 BC, the Ornate Style from 20 BC to 20 AD, and the Intricate Style from 20 AD to 79 AD. Panel paintings were considered prestigious art and depicted individuals frontally on wood panels with monochrome backgrounds. Mural paintings adorned walls and progressed from imitating colored marble to using perspective illusions and architectural motifs.
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Factory farming involves raising large numbers of animals for food in inhumane conditions. Animals are overcrowded and have painful procedures like beak cutting and tail docking. They are given antibiotics, creating health risks. Their waste pollutes the environment. Circus animals spend most of their lives chained and travel constantly in cages. Marine parks keep whales in small tanks instead of their natural large ranges, shortening their lifespans. Animal welfare activists want to improve treatment, while animal rights activists want to ban all use of animals for food, entertainment, and research.
Millions of animals are used in research and farming each year in the US. While some major companies have committed to more humane treatment of animals like cage-free eggs, the animal welfare movement still advocates to limit cruel treatment and prevent unnecessary animal suffering. Recognizing and reporting signs of animal abuse and neglect can help prevent further harm.
This document provides background information on a study that investigated how social enrichment and nocturnal enclosure types affected stereotypical behaviors and interactions in a herd of nine African elephants at Knysna Elephant Park in South Africa. The study observed the elephants for nine weeks after their enclosure was changed from individual pens at night to a larger shared enclosure overnight. Results indicated a significant reduction in both stereotypical behaviors and social interactions among the elephants when they were housed in the larger shared nocturnal enclosure, demonstrating the importance of enclosure type and social environment on elephant welfare. This study contributes to the limited research on how nighttime husbandry practices can influence stereotypical behaviors in captive elephants.
John W. Gardner Essays. Online assignment writing service.Christy Velasquez
The passage compares and contrasts two architectural styles from ancient Greece: the Doric and Corinthian orders. The Doric order is characterized by plain, sturdy columns with no base and a simple capital. In contrast, the Corinthian order features more ornate columns with a sculpted capital consisting of acanthus leaves and scrolls. While both influenced architecture for centuries, they represent distinct styles from that era.
This document summarizes a webinar on selecting replacement ewes and culling underperforming ewes from the flock. The presenter discusses various criteria for selecting replacement ewes, including individual performance records, pedigree information, estimated breeding values, and visual appraisal. Traits like reproductive soundness, conformation, and health are important to evaluate. The main reasons for culling ewes include age, failure to lamb, udder/mastitis issues, parasites, and other health problems. Culling is necessary to improve the overall productivity and health of the flock over time.
This document provides an overview of animal breeding and genetics concepts. It discusses what animal breeding is, defines a breed, and covers the two fundamental questions faced by animal breeders: what is the best animal and how do you breed animals to improve future generations. Key methods discussed include selection, mating, identification, recording, and estimating breeding values. A brief history of animal breeding is also provided.
This document discusses animals and their characteristics. It begins by asking questions about the reader's favorite animal. It then provides information about different types of animals - mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles. Examples are given of different animals and their traits. The document asks the reader to match animals with their names and group animals. It presents true/false statements about animals and asks the reader to identify which are true. Comparative adjectives and superlatives used to describe animals are discussed. The document concludes by assigning the reader homework and suggesting extra activities related to designing a zoo.
This document summarizes Temple Grandin's book "Improving Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach". The book aims to provide practical information to help implement effective programs that improve farm animal welfare. It discusses using measurements to enhance welfare and productivity. It also covers improving livestock handling to reduce stress, addressing painful procedures, and auditing facilities to enhance welfare during transport and slaughter. The book emphasizes improving stockmanship, animal behavior understanding, and achieving practical welfare changes.
This document provides a summary of resources for small ruminant (sheep and goat) producers. It lists general reference books, websites, ATTRA publications, and other resources covering topics such as production, forages, animal health, marketing, and organic certification. Resources are grouped into the following categories: general sheep and goat information; books specific to sheep; books specific to goats; forage resources; animal health information; marketing and business guides; and organic certification standards. The document recommends starting with ATTRA publications and websites like www.sheepandgoat.com which provide extensive free information on small ruminant production.
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The core ethical teachings of Judaism are based on the Torah and emphasize justice, equality, compassion, and helping those in need. Judaism teaches that there is one God and influences other Abrahamic faiths like Christianity and Islam. Key principles include loving your neighbor, not oppressing strangers, giving charity to the poor, and remembering the Israelites' experience as slaves in Egypt.
Famous Jewish People in Ancienct Times and Celebrationsreach
The document summarizes important figures and concepts in Judaism. It discusses the patriarch Abraham and how he was known for refusing to worship idols and receiving God's promises. It describes Moses as receiving the Torah which contains 613 commandments that guide Jewish life. Naomi is mentioned as Ruth's mother-in-law who accompanied her back to Bethlehem. Ruth is noted for her kindness and becoming the great-grandmother of King David, who united Israel and introduced the Ark of the Covenant. The document also discusses Yohanan ben Zaccai founding a new center of Jewish law after the destruction of Jerusalem.
Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai were important religious leaders who helped establish Judaism. They served as ancestors, prophets, and founders who spread the Jewish faith and listened to God's commands. Ruth stood out for her loyalty to Naomi when she chose to return to Judah instead of going back to Moab like Naomi's other daughter-in-law.
The document discusses several Enlightenment thinkers and their influence on democratic ideas and government. It describes John Locke's beliefs in natural rights and consent of the governed. It outlines Baron de Montesquieu's concept of separation of powers and checks and balances. It also discusses Jean-Jacques Rousseau's social contract theory and Thomas Hobbes' view of self-interest and the need for government. Additional figures mentioned include Voltaire, Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and George Washington.
Japan is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean that developed a unique culture influenced by, but distinct from, China and Korea. The early Japanese society consisted of indigenous Ainu people and Yamato people who lived in farming villages ruled by clans and followed the traditional Shinto religion. Over time, Japanese culture was further shaped by adopting Chinese writing system, Confucian ideals of family and social structure, and Buddhism. The Heian period saw the growth of elegant art and literature at the imperial court. Later, a military-led feudal system emerged with samurai warriors serving powerful shoguns and daimyo lords. This period was extended by Japan's self-imposed isolation from the 1630s onward
The document summarizes different forms of government in ancient Greece including oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy. It notes that in an oligarchy, aristocrats compete for power but keep each other in check. Oligarchies provided some benefits to wealthy women but not the poor. Tyrannies emerged from oligarchies when one aristocrat gained popularity by promising reforms to help the poor. While tyrants were disliked by other aristocrats, they often improved conditions for common citizens. The document also discusses the transition from tyranny to oligarchy to democracy in various Greek city-states between 1000 BC to 100 BC.
The document discusses Greek mythology, including the main 12 Olympian gods like Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. It explains how some gods' names relate to planets and days of the week. Several constellations are described that were influenced by Greek myths, such as Cassiopeia and Orion. Examples are given of references to Greek mythology in modern works like Wonder Woman and The Matrix. Common phrases derived from myths are also outlined, such as Achilles' heel and Pandora's box.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization. It describes the geography of Greece, the development of early city-states and colonies, and key aspects of politics and daily life in Athens and Sparta. It notes that Athens developed the world's first direct democracy in the 6th century BC, while Sparta emphasized strict military training. The document also discusses Greek mythology, literature, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta that weakened Greece and allowed its conquest by Macedonians.
Hammurabi's Code was the first complete system of written law, established around 1772 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia by King Hammurabi of Babylon. It laid out legal codes and corresponding punishments, with harsher penalties for lower social classes, and often violent punishments including death or removal of body parts. The Code was displayed publicly in Babylon so that all citizens could see and learn the laws. It influenced the development of later legal systems and codes.
Early civilizations developed along major river valleys, where surplus food allowed for other occupations. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China saw advances in irrigation, farming tools, and trade. Egyptian society stratified into social classes led by pharaohs and nobles. Hammurabi established one of the first legal codes, influencing modern law. Egyptians excelled at architecture, art, and trade under Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the Great. The Kush civilization in Nubia influenced and was influenced by Egypt over centuries.
The document discusses the artistic styles of ancient Roman paintings from 500 BC to 79 AD. It describes four periods: the Incrustation Style from 200 to 60 BC, the Architectural Style from 40 to 30 BC, the Ornate Style from 20 BC to 20 AD, and the Intricate Style from 20 AD to 79 AD. Panel paintings were considered prestigious art and depicted individuals frontally on wood panels with monochrome backgrounds. Mural paintings adorned walls and progressed from imitating colored marble to using perspective illusions and architectural motifs.
This document discusses Confucianism and Taoism. It provides background on Confucius, who was born in 551 BC in China and founded Ruism. His teachings emphasized strong family loyalty, respect of elders, and self-cultivation. Taoism was originated by Laozi in 604 BC and teaches achieving balance and harmony through "do-nothingness." Its symbol is the yin-yang symbol representing balance between opposing forces.
The document discusses the ancient Hebrews, who lived as semi-nomadic herders and farmers in Mesopotamia and Canaan. They believed in one God and that Abraham founded their religion of Judaism. Due to a famine, many Hebrews migrated to Egypt where they were enslaved. Moses led them out of Egypt through the parted Red Sea to the promised land of Canaan, in obedience to God's command. In 1000 BC, King David united the Hebrews and built a temple dedicated to God. The Hebrews believed God made a covenant promising them the land of Canaan if they remained faithful and obeyed religious laws like the Ten Commandments.
Buddhism originated in India around 490-480 BC when Siddhartha Gautama founded it. It spread from India to other countries like Sri Lanka, China, and Japan through trade routes. Buddhism declined in India as Islam and Hinduism rose, while it grew popular in China as people sought to escape suffering during a period of war. A fusion of Buddhism and the local Shinto religion formed Zen Buddhism in Japan.
Alexander the Great spread Greek culture far and wide through his vast empire, reaching as far as India and Egypt. This established the Hellenistic Period, during which Greek cities were founded in Asia and Africa. Greek influence could be seen in the architecture, art, and alphabets adopted by these conquered lands in the centuries that followed.
The Aztec Empire originated in Mexico in the 15th century, establishing their first capital of Tenochtitlan. The Inca Empire began in Peru around the same time, establishing Cuzco as their capital. Both empires grew powerful through conquest, with the Aztec Empire reaching its height under Moctezuma and the Inca Empire under Pachacuti. However, both empires fell in the 16th century with the arrival of Spanish conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro, who took the leaders hostage and exploited divisions to conquer the much larger empires.
Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BC and was founded by Confucius. It influenced Chinese society by promoting ethics, social responsibility, and ancestor worship. During the Song dynasty, Neo-Confucianism emerged, attempting to merge Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas. The Song military was weak because Confucianism did not value the military, while the Mongol empire led by Kublai Khan was very powerful militarily. Under Mongol rule and after, Neo-Confucianism continued to be influential.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. This presentation was done by Mr. Haskvitz’s Middle School
social studies classes Walnut, California. Some rights reserved—
contact information at http://www.reacheverychild.com
3. Objective
Learn about:
• animal functions, advantages, and how they
cooperate with each other on the trails
• the advantages, disadvantages, and functions of
the 3 major ox yokes in relation to the oxen used on
the trails
• yoking, harnessing, and shoeing trail animals and
being alert of animal discomfort and injuries
• the reactions of the people on the trail by ownership
of the animals
• Health and injury care for horses on the trail
• Ox, draft horse, and work and draft mule breeds
and crossbreeds (used on the trails and modern
breeds)
4. • Advertiser
Create authentic ads on at least 5 beasts of burden. Give an explanation of their functions, advantages, and
how they cooperate with one another. Interesting facts that will help persuade the buyer may also be added. Include a colored
picture and give the name of the store in which the animal can be purchased as well as any special offers it may offer.
Remember to include a price.
• Yoke adviser
Design a company’s brochure describing the 3 major ox yokes. Include their functions, advantages,
disadvantages, and any additional information or facts that may help someone looking for a yoke. Include a picture for each,
a website readers can go on for more information, and an email address for any questions or comments. (The website and
email address is made up).
• Carpenter/Blacksmith
Create a manual with instructions on how to construct a yoke, horseshoes, tacks, halters, hitches, straps, and
bells as well as harnessing it to the animal. Include diagrams and information on how to be aware of animal discomfort as
well as other injurious factors.
• Animal interactions manager
Make reviews of the pros and cons of owning a beast of burden as a person on the Oregon and California trails.
Model it on the online reviews of products (ex: name of person, star ratings, how many people found it helpful, etc.) Use trail
diaries to help.
• Veterinarian
In letter format, make a collection of letters from horse owners (written to you) regarding its health and injuries
(diseases, diet, medicine, poisonous plants, sore shoulders, etc.). Include the question the owner is asking and reply with an
answer, such as the cure or prevention to the problem mentioned, and some suggestions to make the work more efficient. Make
up a name for the owners who are writing to you.
• Breeds Expert
Create a fact book about ox, draft horse, and mule breeds and common crossbreeds. Give a brief explanation for
each breed and include a picture. For oxen and draft horses, bullet facts about their color, weight ranges, uses, and behavior. For
mule, explain the different kinds of mule and their functions.
Jobs
5. In a group of six, each player takes
a job: advertiser, yoke adviser,
carpenter/blacksmith, animal
interactions manager, veterinarian, or
breeds expert. For each job, there is a
task to be completed. To complete the
task, the players can use the links
provided on the next page.
Directions
6. Cow Power
http://motherearthnews.com/library/1998_August_September/Cow_Power
This site supplies you with insights of the real farm power of cows. The complaints of the farmers, types of equipment used to harness and
control the cows, yoking of the animals, and substitutions of cows for oxen are all provided in the site. The benefits of owning an ox and the characteristics of
cows and oxen in contrast can be learned in this site. The ability of cooperation of the animals is also included.
Yokes and Harnessing
http://www.taws.org/TAWS2004/TAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf
This site provides the three major ox yokes. Harnessing techniques are also shown to reinforce the background you have for yoking.
Caution tips are given for yoking. The relationship between the oxen’s body and how well a yoke may be able to fit on it is given as well. The ability for one
who puts on a yoke to understand the discomfort an animal being yoked is feeling and tips for him/her to know whether a yoke is inappropriate for the animal
is supplied.
Donkeys, Mules, Horses, and Ox
http://www.gaianar.com/
This site has information on the differences and similarities of donkeys and mules. Basic information about the animals is also provided,
along with averages of their lengths and sizes. The many uses of the donkey in comparison and contrast to the mule are described in detail. Donkeys and
mules, usually thought of as the same animal with various names, are actually different animals.
Categories of horses are shown in charts and have numerous facts about them. The uses each type of horse is used for are also provided. The
averages for horses are given and the pros and cons of the horses are shown.
Ox and buffalo, two other beasts of burdens with astounding characteristics that are usually not assumed, have many uses to the people
traveling west. To the travelers, these strong and bulky animals are an important part of their journey westward. The abilities of these animals cannot be
measured.
(click on DOMESTIC ANIMALS and then the animals mentioned above)
Diary Links
http://www.isu.edu/%7Etrinmich/00.n.dairies.html
http://www.octa-trails.org/TheLearningCenter/TrailStories/FuelingJourney.asp
These two links provide diaries of the owners of the beasts of burdens on the trail. The original travelers write the hardships and dangers the
people went through. Vivid detail and anguish is expressed through these diaries, along with their discoveries.
Mule, Horse, and Ox (in detail)
http://ruralheritage.com/
(Click: Mule Paddock, Ox Paddock, Horse Paddock, Tack Room, Village Smithy, Equipment Shed, Vet Clinic, Sale Barn)
This site provides a number of information regarding mules, oxen, and draft horses. It includes their definition, functions, advantages
over the other, health and feet care, hoof care and parts, and curing sores. The anatomy, breeds, behavior problems, housing, and sale is also provided on this
site. It also includes information on harnessing, tacks, shoeing, hitches, and halters, as well as straps and bells that can be attached to the animal’s harness.
Links
7. Rubric
Completeness: how complete was it? Did they follow the directions in their task?
Advertiser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Adviser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Carpenter 1 2 3 4 5
Animal Interactions Manager 1 2 3 4 5
Veterinarian 1 2 3 4 5
Breeds Expert 1 2 3 4 5
Total /30
Accuracy: how informative were they? Is it detailed?
Advertiser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Adviser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Carpenter 1 2 3 4 5
Animal Interactions Manager 1 2 3 4 5
Veterinarian 1 2 3 4 5
Breeds Expert 1 2 3 4 5
Total /30
Neatness: was it neat? Organized?
Advertiser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Adviser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Carpenter 1 2 3 4 5
Animal Interactions Manager 1 2 3 4 5
Veterinarian 1 2 3 4 5
Breeds Expert 1 2 3 4 5
Total /30
Creativity: how creative were they? Did they color it?
Advertiser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Adviser 1 2 3 4 5
Yoke Carpenter 1 2 3 4 5
Animal Interactions Manager 1 2 3 4 5
Veterinarian 1 2 3 4 5
Breeds Expert 1 2 3 4 5
Total /30
…………….
Grand Total
/120
Other
Beasts of Burden Worksheet /10
3 Major Yokes Worksheet /10
Ox Hoof Worksheet /12
Test /49
Total /81
Comments:
8. 3 Major Ox Yokes
Complete the table: List the advantages and disadvantages of the head yoke, neck yoke, and withers yoke.
Head Yoke Neck Yoke Withers Yoke
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
9. Answer Key
Head Yoke Neck Yoke Withers Yoke
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
Best animal control Discomfort on
uneven terrain
Comfort on uneven
terrain
Less animal control Simple and flexible Animals are hard to
control during
training
Best for controlling
carts or wagons on
hilly terrain
Animals have to
have rugged horns
Animal flexibility
and
maneuverability in
the field of forest
Animals can fight
each other and pull
away from each
other in the yoke
Does not interfere
with movement and
comfort of animal
Break more easily
than other yokes
For short heavy hauls
the ox can more easily
lift and start the load
The yoke is more
complicated to
make and fit
Yoking time is fast Sore necks and
bruised shoulders
can easily develop
if not fitted properly
Easily constructed
with minimal hand
tools
Cannot be
improved or
designed to widen
surface area on
hump or top of
neck as animal
grows
No sore necks Yoking time is slow No need for horns Appropriate
materials or a
flexible wood is
necessary for bows
Staves are easily
and quickly
repaired
Frequently made
with narrow pole
Can be used to
eliminate problems
like sore necks,
animals fighting each
other holding their
heads in the correct
position when in the
neck yoke
Nova Scotian
yokes are so
precisely fitted the
yokes cannot often
be used on another
team
One yoke can be
used on many
teams and different
bows can be used
to allow the same
yoke to be used as
animals grow
Difficult to control
animals pulling
wagons, carts, or
sleds on hilly
terrain
Can be used on
many different
teams without
special equipment
or adjustments
10. Matching
Directions: Match each description with the corresponding word.
A. Some would say that these animals provide the best farm
draft-power.
B. These are used to keep control of cows and capture the
power of oxen.
C. Known for its temperamental tempers and have the ability to
climb steep hills.
D. A domestic animal with a friendly and docile characteristic and
can handle hostile environments and do not require special
feed.
E. A horse suitable for smaller people and is 75% of the regular
riding horse.
F. A horse used for war.
G. The regular horse used for riding.
H. Used to pull wagon trains or stagecoaches.
I. Are not usually ridden but are used to pull large objects
______ oxen
riding horses
______donkey
______draft horse
______ pygmy horse
______yokes and harnesses
______war horse
______cows
Answers:
I;G;C;H;E;B;F;A
12. Answer Key
Claw Bones & Tendons
Cross Section of Claw
Coronary Band
Wall
Bulb
Coronary Band
Coronary Cushion
Wall
Coffin Bone
Lamellae
Sole Bulb
Digital Cushion
Coffin Joint
13. 1. For what reason have cattle been yoked for thousands of years?
2. Why do cattle work in pairs?
3. How do cattle differ from equines in their anatomy and physiology?
4. What is the reason that cattle are not likely to make good mates with horses in
a yoke?
5. Who suffers more when the donkey and ox are yoked together?
6. What are the anatomical differences of the oxen?
7. What provided cattle and sheep good protein?
8. How did the beasts of burden, such as cattle, sheep, or horses relate to lack of
feed?
9. What are the differences between the personalities of the donkey and mule?
10. How do you determine an Undead mule from a live mule?
11. Why can riding horses manage well in most temperate climates?
12. How much taller does a war horse stand than a regular riding horse? What
are the physical differences?
13. What are the pros and cons of the war horse?
14. What are draft horses used for? How are they usually sold?
Test
14. 15. List the similarities and differences between the oxen and the other beasts of
burden such as horses, mules, or donkeys.
16. What animal was most often used to pull the wagons of pioneers?
17. What complaints did pioneers show for these animals?
18. Which yoke works best on humped cattle? Why?
19. What is the most popular design of head yokes?
20. What is a “good” yoke or harnessing system for oxen?
21. What should you do before giving up on a yoke if the animals breakdown?
22. Why is it difficult for oxen to use a horse collar and the driving harness?
23. What is the neck yoke designed to do? What part of the neck yoke allows it to
do so?
24. What signs will an animal give if the yoke is uncomfortable?
25. What are the consequences for ignoring the animal’s comfort?
26. What is the best wood and log to make an ox yoke?
27. Why should all corners and edges be beveled or rounded?
28. What is an ox?
29. What was a disadvantage of the steer, compared to an ox?
30. What is an ox called in Australia or other places?
Test (continued)
15. 31. What are the average weight and appearance of an ox in contrast with a bull?
32. Name the different pure breeds of oxen.
33. Name the four common oxen crossbreeds.
34. What is a draft horse?
35. What is a mule?
36. Name five common classes of mule and their characteristics.
37. Name at least two advantages of draft animals.
38. What are the problems for fitting a mule or donkey halter?
39. Describe the head or face of a horse, donkey, and mule.
40. What should be used when working a horse with sore shoulders?
41. What are some of the standard rules when trimming draft horse hooves?
42. What are the common causes of chipping and cracking of the hoof wall between the
nail holes and shoe?
43. How do horseshoes benefit a horse?
44. What other things should you do besides trimming the hoof if a foal has knock-
knees?
45. Name three materials involved in shoeing.
46. Name the three styles of horseshoe.
47. Name the three common nail heads.
48. What are reasons why mule kick?
49. What can you do if a mule kicks when you trim or shoe it?
Test (continued)
16. 1. They easily adapt to training without complicated bridles, nose rings, bits, reins and harnesses. Trying to
adapt a harnessing system required for another species often shows ignorance toward the cattle being worked.
2. They are herd animals that are calmed and more easily controlled by the presence of another animal. Single
cattle can be worked, but it takes more effort in training and more complicated yokes to accomplish any task of
transport or plowing.
3. Cattle hold their heads lower, have more prominent and loosely attached shoulders, walk slower, and are more
deliberate and more tolerant in difficult environments. They are also thicker skinned, less likely to become lame,
and more likely to stand their ground, rather than run in fright.
4. Donkeys are more like cattle in their nature, but are still anatomically very different than cattle in the way
they are put together. Simply watching donkeys and cattle yoked together portrays the reasons you cannot expect
equines to wear yokes.
5. Donkeys and an ox yoked together can be forced to work, but the donkeys suffer miserably.
6. An ox has shoulders that protrude at a low angle from his body. These shoulders are highly mobile and more
loosely attached than those of a horse or donkey.
7. sagebrush; burned, sprayed or disked under to make way for grass species like crested wheat grass
8. Thousands of cattle, horses and oxen traveled the same route during the growing season for years on end.
9. While donkeys can be temperamental, mules are friendly and docile.
10. Undead mule is one of the fiercest of the Undead monsters, while live mules are harmless and good-natured.
11. Riding horses have good stamina and can manage in temperate climates.
12. They stand about a foot taller than a normal horse, and are strong enough to wear armor as well as an armored
rider. This is a faster, tougher, stouter version of the simple riding horse.
13. Warhorses handle mountains somewhat better than riding horses, but overheat quickly in the desert. They
also must be fed high quality grains and plenty of water. Simple grazing will not do.
14. This type of mount is often used serially to pull large objects such as a stagecoach or wagon train. These
animals are usually sold in pairs and are trained to function in groups.
Answer Key
17. 15. Oxen are less intelligent than horses but are also less skittish. Like mules, they can get by on grazing
alone. Their speed and carrying capacity are somewhere between that of a horse and a giant snail. They
are hardy and handle most climates. Like draft horses, they are often sold in pairs. They also make good
use in agricultural settings.
16. Oxen
17. "We had to risk our lives in roping them. After being kicked across the pen some half-dozen times and run over
as often, we at last succeeded in leading them out. It was laughable."
"What perverse brutes these mules are. The beasts! How I hate `em."
18. Withers yoke; the hitch point pulls the yoke up high on the withers.
19. the style that lies on the back of the head and ties to the horns
20. One that minimizes breakdowns of the animal and equipment. The system chosen must be comfortable for the
animal.
21. evaluate the comfort, design, and appropriateness of the yoking system
22. The horse collar on an ox must be lifted and pushed forward with each shoulder with every step it takes,
especially while doing heavy work such as logging or plowing. The driving harness squeezes the shoulders of the ox
under a heavy load when it needs them to move and maneuver with.
23. It captures the power of the ox through the use of its neck and shoulders. The dropped hitch point allows it to do
so.
24. throw their heads up and down, twist their heads back and forth, being reluctant to pull, not holding head up, or
straining in the yoke even under light work
25. The ox may have wounds, bruising and scar tissue development, and an unwillingness to work when poorly
fitted or improperly made yokes are used.
26. The best woods are hardwoods that are difficult to split and numerous softwoods but the strength is limited. The
best log is one that is free of knots and two to three times the diameter needed.
27. It will protect the yoke from weather, give it a smooth attractive appearance, and prevent any rapid moisture
escape and cracking.
28. An ox, to early American farmers who used the beast, was a mature castrated male belonging to the
domestic cattle family, or genus Bos, most likely trained to work, and at the end of its life inevitably used for
meat.
29. A steer may not be trained like an ox to work.
30. Bullock
Answer Key (continued)
18. 31. Most oxen weigh about the same as a mature bull of the same breed, but the ox grows taller and leaner in the neck
and chest.
32. American Milking Devon, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss , Charolais, Chianina, Dexter, Dutch Belted, Guernsey, Horned
Hereford , Holstein, Jersey, Lineback ,Milking Shorthorn , Scotch Highland, Texas Longhorn , Zebu (Brahman)
33. Chianina-Holstein , Devon-Holstein, Hereford-Holstein, Shorthorn-Holstein
34. a horse of any size trained to pull a load
35. A mule is the hybrid that results from mating a female horse (mare) with a male donkey (jack). The horse's breed
is used to designate the mule's breed. A mule inherits its size and strength from the horse, and its surefootedness and
supreme sense of self-preservation from the donkey.
36. (any three) Miniature mules: sometimes called "pony mules" because they are bred from pony mares, stand 40" to
48" at the withers. They are teamed for pulling small wagons and used as trick mules by rodeo clowns; Saddle mules:
usually 54" or greater in height. They are used primarily for riding; Pack mules: strong, sturdy, and usually short
legged. They weigh 1,000 pounds or more, making them capable of carrying a good deal of weight. They have no height
limit, but packers prefer short mules to tall ones because they are easier to load; Work mules: may be any weight, but
they usually range between 900 and 1,300 pounds. They are strongly built and are used to pull wagons and farm
equipment, and to do odd jobs around the farm, homestead, and garden. Soundness and working ability are all-
important for this animal. Less important are age, looks, conformation, and color—although they are most often a
dark color, such as bay, brown, or black; Draft mules: large and heavy but refined animals standing 60" high or
more, weighing 1,200 pounds or more, and coming in all colors depending largely on the color of the dam
37. (any two) Draft animals tread lightly on the land and do minuscule damage. They help plant and harvest
their own "fuel," making you less dependent on fossil fuels. They cost less than mechanized equipment, they
don't depreciate as rapidly, and they don't break down as often. They work well in hilly terrain that defies a
tractor. They can work soil that's wet enough to bog down machinery. They let you easily work without human
helpers—a properly trained team will follow voice commands. Their slower pace gives you plenty of time to think
while you work, making you less likely to get hurt in an accident. They offer companionship.
Answer Key (continued)
19. 38. When a halter is at the proper length, the noseband is too tight. When a noseband fits, the halter hangs off the
end of the nose even when buckled at the last hole.
39. Horse: long, relatively rectangular face; Donkey: deeper through the jaw, shorter in overall length, eye sockets are
D-shaped, which accounts for the prominent brow ridges and the characteristic "sad" or "patient expression; Mule:
combination of the boxy shape of horse’s head but with deeper jaw, head is slightly larger than a horse of the same
size
40. A vinyl-sided collar pad
41. The angle of the hoof depends and should match the angle of the horse’s shoulder and pastern. Toes should be
kept as short as possible. The toe or quarters should have no flares. The frog should always touch the ground. The
toe and edges may be rolled if necessary to prevent chipping.
42. Failing to shoe the horse on a timely schedule, failing to drive the nails high enough to get into good hoof wall,
and diet
43. It helps the horse stand structurally, improves the horse’s manner of movement, and controls interference
problems.
44. Exercise the foal twice daily by hand walking for 15-30 minutes. Massage the legs, top to bottom, for 10
minutes each leg. Ice-bag the knees for 15 minutes using one cup of isopropyl alcohol and three cups of water.
Options include using a knee brace, completing a surgery, epiphysial stapling, and casting.
45. (any three) horseshoe nails or frost nails, borium, calks, clinches, and clips
46. Scotched, rockered toe, and rolled toe
47. City, regular, and race
48. They are afraid, trying to defend themselves, just plain malicious, hurt and fighting the pain, or the possibility
of pain, or remembering a time when pain was inflicted
49. Have a vet administer medication to help it overcome its phobia, use a twitch to calm the animal while it is in
place, a pull on an attached stud chain to possibly change its ill ways, hobbles to tie up the legs, stocks to restrain it,
and desensitizing (having the animal get used to the fear stimulus so that he/she no longer takes notice)
Answer Key (continued)
20. Picture ThisPicture This
Hors
e
Mule Donke
y
The general skull shape of long-eared equines is the problem for fitting
halters and nosebands on a mule and donkey.
Horse
Mule
Donkey
Perfect!Perfect! Loose Small/Tight
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/tack_room/longhalter.htm
• Halters and Nosebands
21. Claw Bones & Tendons
Coronary Band
Wall
Bulb
Cross Section of Claw
Coronary Band
Coronary
Cushion
Wall
Lamellae
Coffin Bone Sole Bulb
Digital
Cushion
Coffin Joint
Coronary Band: area at top of hoof that is usually soft and
shiny and may be pink
Wall: consists of tough horn, in a shape of a tube, that is
smooth and shiny with faint ridges parallel to the coronary
band.
Bulb: back part of hoof that is continuous with coronary band,
made up of soft, rubbery horn
• Ox Hoof
Coronary Cushion: mass of elastic tissue and veins under
coronary band, pumps blood through foot back into body
when ox exercises
Lamellae: hundreds of tiny ridges attached to coffin bone
by strong fibers and covered by lower part of inside wall
Coffin Bone: triangular bone at end of digit (toe)
Sole: bottom of hoof that is rounded inward, thicker towards
heel and sloping away from outside wall
Digital Cushion: area within bulb, functions as elastic
shock absorber and may work as pump to force blood back up
limb as ox walks
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/ox_paddock/oxhoof.htm
22. • Ox Pure Breeds
American Milking Devon
Ayrshire
Brown Swiss
Charolais
Chianina
Dexter Dutch Belted Guernsey
Horned Hereford
Holtstein Jersey
Lineback
Milking Shorthorn
Scotch Highland Texas Longhorn Zebu (Brahman)
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/ox_paddock/oxbreeds1.htm#devon
(and following pages)
24. American Milking Devon: In early American and English agricultural books, the Devon has been frequently cited as one of the
best breeds for draft purposes. They are not recommended for beginning teamsters because of its livelier temperament than
other oxen. When trained, they make fine work animals. The Devon is red and is quick as well as being alert.
Ayrshire: It is easily recognized by its long horns and tends to be more active than many of the other breeds and may be
challenging. They carry more flesh and muscle than other dairy breeds, and their size makes them a good choice as an all-
around farm or woods team. The Ayrshire is red and white.
Brown Swiss: It tends to be calm, forgiving, and easy going yet slow in motion. This makes them a great choice for the novice
teamster. They grow faster and larger than many other breeds which may be a disadvantage for young teamsters or those
with limited facilities and small transport trailers. Their color ranges from a light to dark brown.
Charolais: It is a large, white beef breed with heavy muscling and a rugged frame. It is used often for draft purposes. They are
white, moderately alert, and active.
Chianina: They are among the world’st largest breeds of cattle. The true Italian Chianina is white with a black nose. Others
are polled, black or dark-colored, smaller in stature, and thicker in muscle than the original. They are alert and excitable.
When crossed with other breeds, the animal loses the horns, stature, and athletic build which are desired by ox teamsters.
Dexter: It is an Irish breed which has gained popularity with hobby farmers in the U.S. It is one of the smallest recognized
breeds. Because of its size, it makes it easy to feed and care for. These rugged animals are quick and alert. When untrained
while young or handled regularly, they can be helpful. The Dexter is usually black but may come as dark red or dun.
Dutch Belted: They are easily recognized by the white belt around their bellies. Their horns, short hair, and dairy character
distinguish it from the Belted Galloway. It is easy to work for being moderately docile but is quite rare.
Guernsey: They are not often used as draft animals, but their calm easy-going attitude makes them ideal for beginning
teamsters. Their good size makes them fine animals for the small farm or homestead. It is a lean dairy breed and is
recommended to choose rugged calves for strong feet and straight legs. They are brown or fawn with white patches.
Horned Hereford: It is favored by Nova Scotian ox teamsters who prefer the head yoke over the neck yoke. It is generally
calm, easy going, and tends to carry more flesh than dual-purpose or dairy breeds. The earlier the cattle is handled and
trained to the yoke the better. They are dark red with a white face.
Holstein: It is the most popular dairy breed in the U.S. which makes it easy for teamsters to find in most areas. They have an
agreeable disposition of being calm and get quite large. They are usually black and white but are sometimes red and white.
Jersey: It is a common first team for youngsters but is not often seen in yokes when young. They are curious by nature and
are more headstrong than other breeds. Their small size and light muscling make them unattractive to the teamster looking for
rugged, working cattle. They are easier to match than some other breeds and are inexpensive. The Jersey comes in any
shade of brown and is sometimes marked with black or white.
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/ox_paddock/oxbreeds1.htm#devon (and following pages)
25. Lineback: It is considered a dual-purpose breed. It is a rare breed of striking color that is desired by teamsters seeking
easily matched teammates. They are not as easy going as that of some breeds but are appreciated for being
moderately active and excitable.
Milking Shorthorn: It is easy to train especially when raised as calves and has a calm temperament. Many believe that
this breed is hard to beat for good all-around oxen. It is commonly crossed with the Holstein and may be larger and
more angular than animals in the past. They come in red, red and white, white, or roan.
Scotch Highland: It is easily recognized by its uniquely long, shaggy hair and long horns. It is a beef breed that is not
often trained as an ox and is active. They should be handled as calves. The long hair creates a challenge when
worked in warm weather. They come in all black, brown, grey, or white.
Texas Longhorn: Although it is a beef breed, it is leaner and more athletic than many other beef breeds. Their long
horns are impressive but can be a challenge when yoking, housing, and trucking the animals. They are smart and
require a little more effort in training than other breeds, especially when they had run around the pasture and little
handling as calves. It comes in any color or combination and is active and alert.
Zebu: Also called Brahman, they are the most common used cattle used for oxen globally. This active animal comes in
many breeds and colors but is usually gray or grayish brown. American Zebus are much larger than the same breed
seen abroad. Like other beef breeds, they are easier and more enjoyable to train when handled frequently.
Chianina-Holstein: Crossing the Holstein and the Chianina make the largest breeds in the dairy and beef industries.
The cross combines the height, athletic build, temperament, and strong feet and legs of the Chianina with the body,
easy-going attitude, and color of the Holstein. The cross is easier and cheaper to acquire than purebred Chianinas.
Calves born on dairy farms make it easy to acquire them and begin training and matching them up at a young age.
They come in a black or brownish black color and are moderately active.
Devon-Holstein: It is sometimes called the “black-Devon” and is popular for its striking solid black color, moderate
temperament of being quick and alert, and medium size. It combines the athletic ability and temperament of the Devon
with the size and black color of the Holstein.
Hereford-Holstein: It is a common cross in New England and is leaner than the Hereford and more muscular than the
Holstein. Its easy-going temperament makes it desirable among young teamsters. It is black and white with a white
head and face.
Shorthorn-Holstein: It may be almost all black, black and white, or blue roan. This is cross is common in New England
and both pure breeds are often seen in ox teams. They are attractive for its calm temperament, striking color, gentle
nature, and good muscling.
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/ox_paddock/oxbreeds6.htm
26. • Draft Horse Breeds
American Cream Spotted Draft
American Belgian (roan)
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron (gray)
Suffolk
Ardennais
Comtois
Rhinelander
Morgan
Haflinger
Norwegian Fjord Source: http://ruralheritage.com/horse_paddock/breeds5.htm (and following pages)
27. American Cream: It is a rare breed for its unusual color that has a compact build, powerful shoulders, and
hindquarters, strong leg and feet, muscular back, and long, powerful neck. This horse appeals to people who need a
powerful yet not large draft animal. It is not energetic and bold to be intimidating to the novice horse handler. They are
calm, trustworthy and determined, commonly used for medium draft work, driving, carriage service, and riding.
Spotted: It comes in a flashy brown and white or black and white color. It sometimes has feathering on its legs. It is
used for logging, plowing, and other farm and ranch work, and riding. It is willing, docile, and quiet, usually used for a
medium to heavy draft work.
Belgian: It has been bred for its ability to efficiently convert feed to flesh and muscle. It has heavy muscling, a deep
chest, wide barrel, powerful hindquarters, and an active boldness, yet is eager and obedient. It is used for heavy draft
and farm work.
Clydesdale: In their home country, Clyde River Valley of Scotland, they are known for their size, power, and snappy
looks. They can pull heavy loads, but also look stylish while doing it. Because of its abilities and appearance, they are
not only called a farm horse, but also a freight horse. A trademark of this breed is the abundant white feathering on its
feet. It is active yet gentle and responsive.
Shire: It is used to draw heavy carts for farm markets and in large teams to plow the expansive fields of the English
Shires, which was the origination of the name of the breed. As the tallest horse breed in the world, it has a long,
muscular but refined back. The legs of a Shire are longer than those of most draft horse breeds and have dense, silky
feathering, and a snappy active way of going. The Shire has great strength and endurance, as well as a docile, kind,
and hardworking temperament.
Percheron: They are compact and muscular, have a crested neck, and have an elegance and active way of going.
Their face is refined with the large, dark eyes of an Arab. Colors may range from black to dapple gray or blue roan,
and some may eventually turn white. In some areas, sorrel is a common color. They have little feathering on the legs
and are used for farming and logging. They are active, energetic, good-natured, and intelligent.
Suffolk: They are the only draft horse originally developed as a plow horse. This agricultural horse is docile, has
power, stamina, health, and longevity. Its short conformation is strong for agriculture. Lack of feathering allows it to
work efficiently in heavy or wet grounds. Short cannon bones and muscular shoulders and forearms give them
excellent “pull” and efficient leverage for their size, as well as bringing them closer to the ground and making them
easier to harness, groom, and trailer than the taller draft horses.
28. Ardennais: They are also known as the Belgian Ardennais or Ardennes; a heavy-boned, yet still agile breed of horse.
They originate from the Ardennes region of France, Belgium, and Luxemborg. One of the earliest heavy breeds, the
Ardennais has a recent strong infusion of Brabant blood for its size and strength. It has a compact and small body,
with a short back, and massive legs usually covered with feathering. Having been developed in a harsh environment,
this breed of horse is easy to handle, naturally hardy and economical to keep. The color of this heavy breed is bay or
roan, sometimes chestnut or black. It is a docile and tolerant breed used for heavy draft, farm work, and logging.
Comtois: It came from the Jura regions of France. Earlier this century, this breed of horse faced the great and
dangerous possibility of becoming extinct. However, its population was revived by crossbreeding mares with small bay
Ardennais stallions, which was a practice stopped in 1925. This active horse has a square head, straight and muscular
neck, wide and deep chest, broad croup, and strong legs. The Comtois has been bred for hardiness, endurance, and
agility in rugged mountain areas. This breed is chestnut or bay, used for medium draft work, farm work, and logging.
Rhineland: Also known as Rhenisch-Deutsches Kaltblut, Rhenish-Belgian, Rhenish-German, or German Coldblood, it
is a rare horse breed that was once quite common in Germany but its population has been limited to 2000. It has a
short and strong neck, with a wide back, deep and broad chest, and short, powerful, lightly feathered legs. This
chestnut, bay, gray roan, strawberry roan, and sometimes brown or black breed is used for heavy draft, agriculture,
and forestry.
Morgan: This little bay stallion has been “improved” to a heavier, larger draft type in the early 1900s and later into a
taller, finer-boned saddle-type horse for show. The Morgan is powerfully built with a wide, muscular chest and
hindquarters, a long, arched, well-muscled neck, a small head with large nostrils, wide eyes and small, alert ears. The
legs are strong with no feathering on the pasterns and the hooves are medium-sized. Powerfully built with a wide,
muscular chest and hindquarters, the Morgan has a long, arched, well-muscled neck, a small head with large nostrils,
wide eyes and small, alert ears. The legs are strong with no feathering on the pasterns and the hooves are medium-
sized. This chestnut, bay, or black breed with white markings on its face and lower legs is used for driving and riding
and is active and good natured.
Quarterhorses: It is merited for its superiorities in western riding and working cattle. Commonly used for light draft, this
breed has been divided into two distinct types: racing Quarterhorses, and the old type of Quarterhorses. For light draft,
the old type of Quarterhorse is preferred, for its muscular build, and docile temper. The Quarterhorse is medium sized
with a compact body, muscular chest, short back with deep heart girth, and powerful hindquarters, giving it strength for
pulling, as well as a quick take-off in a race or when working cattle. It has a broad forehead and large eyes, and there
is no feathering on its feet.
29. Haflinger: Known in Austria as Edelweiss Ponies, their name comes from the village of Hafling in the Austrian Tyrolean
mountain region near Italy. For farmers of the Alps, it is a small, powerful, economical, and sure-footed tractor. It can
do two-thirds the work of a heavy horse for one-third the feed costs. It looks similar to a small Belgian horse but the two
are unrelated. Powerful for their size, they are used for draft work on many modern Amish farms. They can readily
navigate steep terrain and narrow paths because they evolved in the mountains. They are sturdy enough to carry adults
and easily handled, groomed, and harnessed by children and short adults because of its gentle nature and small size.
The Haflinger comes in a range of chestnut shades, is determined, and hardworking and used for light draft, driving,
riding, packing, and pulling.
Norwegian Fjords: They are close descendents of the ancient wild horses painted on cave walls by early humans.
Having been domesticated for over 4,000 years, this breed is sturdy, powerfully built, strong, and lives long. Because of
the dorsal stripe that runs from the forelock into the tail, the center hair of the mane is often black while the outer hair is
white. The mane is usually trimmed short but is wavy when grown out. This horse has a long, proud, stylish, and
cheerful way of walking. Because of their hardiness, common sense, willingness to work, and easy keeping, Fjords are
used in remote, rugged locations, from Norway to Alaska and areas in the South. They are quick learners, trained
easily, and rarely need retraining even after long periods of inactivity. They are one of the most docile and friendly
“people” horses around. They are dun in various shades of cream, silver, red, and gray. Fjords are usually used for
light draft and logging, riding, driving, and packing.
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/horse_paddock/breeds5.htm (and following pages)
30. • Work and Draft Mule Breeds
Fyord Quarterhorse
Shetland (black)
American Cream
Belgian (sorrel) Percheron (bay) Shire (black)
Suffolk
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/mule_paddock/mule_whatis.htm
31. Head Yoke Neck Yoke Withers Yoke
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
Best animal control Discomfort on
uneven terrain
Comfort on uneven
terrain
Less animal control Simple and flexible Animals are hard to
control during
training
Best for controlling
carts or wagons on hilly
terrain
Animals have to
have rugged horns
Animal flexibility and
maneuverability in
the field of forest
Animals can fight
each other and pull
away from each
other in the yoke
Does not interfere
with movement and
comfort of animal
Break more easily
than other yokes
For short heavy hauls
the ox can more easily
lift and start the load
The yoke is more
complicated to make
and fit
Yoking time is fast Sore necks and
bruised shoulders
can easily develop if
not fitted properly
Easily constructed
with minimal hand
tools
Cannot be improved
or designed to widen
surface area on
hump or top of neck
as animal grows
No sore necks Yoking time is slow No need for horns Appropriate
materials or a
flexible wood is
necessary for bows
Staves are easily
and quickly repaired
Frequently made
with narrow pole
Can be used to
eliminate problems like
sore necks, animals
fighting each other
holding their heads in
the correct position
when in the neck yoke
Nova Scotian yokes
are so precisely
fitted the yokes
cannot often be
used on another
team
One yoke can be
used on many
teams and different
bows can be used to
allow the same yoke
to be used as
animals grow
Difficult to control
animals pulling
wagons, carts, or
sleds on hilly terrain
Can be used on
many different
teams without
special equipment or
adjustments
3 Major Ox Yokes
Source: http://www.taws.org/TAWS2004/TAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf
32. Shoe Good Bad
Glued shoe: glued with tabs
to the outside hoof wall
- Allows to shoe a horse when there is no
way to nail a shoe to the hoof, because the
walls are broken or chipped away, or
because the horse is too young.
- Cost is about $200 over the cost of
four steel shoes
- Do not stay on well in cold or wet
climates because the glue will not hold
Two-piece shoe: steel shoe
with a removable plastic
insert, nail to the hoof with
specially designed nails, and
insert a plastic liner into the
ground side of the steel
shoe
- Adds cushioning to the hoof - Costs about $150 over the cost of
steel shoes
- Hard to shape to hoof
- Cannot be put on hot
- Needs special tools to put on inserts
and special nails to nail the shoe to the
hoof
Aluminum shoe - Lightweight
- Easy to work cold
- Can be worked hot with some practice
- Cost about $40 over four steel shoes
- Wear away and need to be replaced
more often than steel
- Bends readily if the horse is a trailer or
is a stall kicker
Plastic-coated steel or
aluminum shoe
- Adds some cushioning that is kind on
horses used on hard roads
- Four shoes cost about $100 over the
cost of steel shoes
- Difficult to shape to some feet
- Cannot be put on hot
- Too thick for some horses causing the
horse to stumble
Horseshoes
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/village_smithy/horseshoes.htm
33. Shoe Good Bad
Plastic shoe - Provides nice padding that cushions the
hoof from shock, aiding in the recovery of
hoof injuries and diseases that require
cushioning (bruises and soft tissue injuries
of the hoof and leg, or bone and joint
problems)
- Easy to fit to the hoof and can be trimmed
with nippers, knife, or rasp
- Cost about $40 over the cost of four
steel shoes
- Slippery on grass and wet pavement,
but work better with grabs (traction
devices on the ground side of the shoe)
- Does not support the hoof equally, and
the hoof wall will sometimes chip under
the shoe, and mud or stones will collect
between hoof and shoe
- Nails are sometimes difficult to place
- Does not hold up worth a hoot in the
forge so cannot hot shoe
Steel shoe: has been around
for nearly 2,000 years, has a
proven track record, and is
inexpensive
- Easy to modify cold but easier hot
- Can be welded and made into any needed
shape
- Gives good support to the entire hoof wall
- Comfortable
- Can be reset (used more than once) most
of the time
- Nails up nicely
Horseshoes (continued)
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/village_smithy/horseshoes.htm
34. They are great… …maybe not?
• Tread lightly on land and therefore causes less
damage to it
• Help plant and harvest their own “fuel,” making
you less dependent on fossil fuels
• Cost less than mechanized equipment, do not
depreciate as rapidly, and do not break down
often
• Work well in hilly terrain
• Can work soil that is wet
• Let you easily work without human helpers—
properly trained team follows voice commands
• Slow pace—gives you plenty of time to think
while you work, making you less likely to get hurt
in an accident
• Offer companionship
• Require training or needs to adjust to new
owner
• Owner must be trained and never stops learning
• Owner needs patience—must understand the
animal even though it cannot tell the owner
• Must be worked regularly to keep their bodies in
condition and to remind them of their training
• Require health care, veterinary checks, and
vaccinations
• Need frequent hoof trimming and maybe shoes
—shoeing requires the skill of an experienced
professional
• Eats even though there is no work to be done
• Owners have to be with the animal everyday to
feed, exercises, or work them, and to make sure
the animal is okay
• Require land to live on and to work
Draft Animals
Source: http://ruralheritage.com/horse_paddock/horsepower.htm
35. Problem Solution
Becoming Stranded
When horses, mules or oxen came up
missing, the wagon party was left at the
mercy of the elements. If traveling alone,
this could mean death along isolated
stretches of the trail.
• Traveling in a wagon train had its
advantages. Pioneers rarely left a wagon
train party behind. The unfortunate pioneers
could trade or borrow animals from other
wagon large teams.
• If traveling as a lone wagon, the pioneer
would have to search for the missing animal
in hope of locating it before supplies ran out.
Riding a horse to speed the search would
increase the odds of success.
Livestock Theft
Animals were common targets for theft from
unfriendly Native Americans or trail robbers.
Horses were a favorite item. The slower and
larger Oxen were not deemed useful for the
native Americans, thus the least likely to be
stolen.
• Pioneers had to maintain watch when the
animals were resting or grazing. This meant
assigning armed men to keep watch over
the animals each night.
Lost Animals
Source: http://www.sd129.org/goodwin/journ-4.htm#lost%20animal