This document discusses the selection, care, and hatching of eggs. It outlines important criteria for selecting fertile eggs for hatching, including avoiding eggs that are cracked, dirty, or too large/small. It recommends storing eggs at 55°F and 75% humidity for up to 7 days. Hatching can be done naturally by parent birds or artificially using an incubator, which provides optimal temperature and humidity over the 21 day incubation period. Proper turning of the eggs is important for development. Incubation problems like sticky, mushy, or dehydrated chicks can occur if temperature and humidity levels are not properly maintained.
1) The document provides instructions for hatching eggs, including setting up an incubator, placing eggs in the incubator small-end down, maintaining proper temperature and humidity levels, turning the eggs regularly, and setting up a brooder box when hatching begins.
2) It also gives safety instructions for handling chicks, such as washing hands and supervising children, as well as cleaning and storage procedures after hatching.
3) Additionally, it suggests educational activities about eggs and oviparous animals to make the hatching experience more meaningful.
Chickens lay eggs that can hatch into more chickens. For an egg to be fertile and develop into a chick, it must first be laid by a hen that has mated with a rooster. The fertile egg needs to be kept warm, either under a brooding hen or in an incubator, for 21 days in order for the chick inside to fully develop and hatch. Over those 21 days, the chick grows from a tiny embryo into a fully formed baby chicken that eventually pips and breaks out of the shell.
Incubation method, types of incubators and seasonal hatching (1)Dr Muhammad Umar Aziz
There are two types of incubation: natural incubation where a hen sits on eggs, and artificial incubation using machines. Proper incubation requires maintaining egg temperatures around 100°F and humidity between 60-80% over the 21 day period. Artificial incubators precisely control temperature, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning to replicate the natural broody hen environment and allow for successful embryonic development and hatching. Temperature and humidity are the most important factors to regulate.
This document lists various hatching issues observed in eggs and chicks and possible causes for each issue. Some common causes mentioned include bacterial contamination, improper incubation temperatures or humidity levels, disease or stress in breeder flocks, inadequate ventilation or turning of eggs, and issues with the incubator itself. The document provides detailed potential reasons for a wide range of problems that can occur at different stages of incubation and hatching.
Incubation is the process by which certain oviparous (egg-laying) animals hatch their eggs; it also refers to the development of the embryo within the egg. Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds in contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding.[1] The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production
Hatchability is influenced by many factors including fertility, embryo metabolism, incubation temperature and humidity, oxygen requirements, egg handling and nutrition. Maintaining optimal temperatures of 99.5°F from days 1-19 and 89-99°F on days 20-21 is important as is humidity between 50-60%. Proper egg selection, storage, turning and nutrition can also impact hatchability. Genetics, diseases and other environmental stresses like high altitude can affect fertility and embryonic development.
The document discusses the incubation process of chickens from eggs to hatching. It describes natural incubation using broody hens and artificial incubation using incubators. The stages of embryonic development over the 21 day period are outlined in detail, including candling eggs to check development. Proper management of temperature, humidity, ventilation and egg turning in the incubator are emphasized as important factors for hatchability. Reasons for poor hatches such as temperature fluctuations or lack of turning are also reviewed.
This document discusses the selection, care, and hatching of eggs. It outlines important criteria for selecting fertile eggs for hatching, including avoiding eggs that are cracked, dirty, or too large/small. It recommends storing eggs at 55°F and 75% humidity for up to 7 days. Hatching can be done naturally by parent birds or artificially using an incubator, which provides optimal temperature and humidity over the 21 day incubation period. Proper turning of the eggs is important for development. Incubation problems like sticky, mushy, or dehydrated chicks can occur if temperature and humidity levels are not properly maintained.
1) The document provides instructions for hatching eggs, including setting up an incubator, placing eggs in the incubator small-end down, maintaining proper temperature and humidity levels, turning the eggs regularly, and setting up a brooder box when hatching begins.
2) It also gives safety instructions for handling chicks, such as washing hands and supervising children, as well as cleaning and storage procedures after hatching.
3) Additionally, it suggests educational activities about eggs and oviparous animals to make the hatching experience more meaningful.
Chickens lay eggs that can hatch into more chickens. For an egg to be fertile and develop into a chick, it must first be laid by a hen that has mated with a rooster. The fertile egg needs to be kept warm, either under a brooding hen or in an incubator, for 21 days in order for the chick inside to fully develop and hatch. Over those 21 days, the chick grows from a tiny embryo into a fully formed baby chicken that eventually pips and breaks out of the shell.
Incubation method, types of incubators and seasonal hatching (1)Dr Muhammad Umar Aziz
There are two types of incubation: natural incubation where a hen sits on eggs, and artificial incubation using machines. Proper incubation requires maintaining egg temperatures around 100°F and humidity between 60-80% over the 21 day period. Artificial incubators precisely control temperature, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning to replicate the natural broody hen environment and allow for successful embryonic development and hatching. Temperature and humidity are the most important factors to regulate.
This document lists various hatching issues observed in eggs and chicks and possible causes for each issue. Some common causes mentioned include bacterial contamination, improper incubation temperatures or humidity levels, disease or stress in breeder flocks, inadequate ventilation or turning of eggs, and issues with the incubator itself. The document provides detailed potential reasons for a wide range of problems that can occur at different stages of incubation and hatching.
Incubation is the process by which certain oviparous (egg-laying) animals hatch their eggs; it also refers to the development of the embryo within the egg. Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds in contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding.[1] The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production
Hatchability is influenced by many factors including fertility, embryo metabolism, incubation temperature and humidity, oxygen requirements, egg handling and nutrition. Maintaining optimal temperatures of 99.5°F from days 1-19 and 89-99°F on days 20-21 is important as is humidity between 50-60%. Proper egg selection, storage, turning and nutrition can also impact hatchability. Genetics, diseases and other environmental stresses like high altitude can affect fertility and embryonic development.
The document discusses the incubation process of chickens from eggs to hatching. It describes natural incubation using broody hens and artificial incubation using incubators. The stages of embryonic development over the 21 day period are outlined in detail, including candling eggs to check development. Proper management of temperature, humidity, ventilation and egg turning in the incubator are emphasized as important factors for hatchability. Reasons for poor hatches such as temperature fluctuations or lack of turning are also reviewed.
This document provides information on the rearing management of layers from 8-20 weeks of age until 72 weeks of age. It discusses housing, feeding, lighting, ventilation, and health management practices during rearing and laying periods. The goal is to reach 1500g body weight by 20 weeks and peak production of 300 eggs per hen from 28-29 weeks until 40-50 weeks of age when production starts to decline. Culling of non-productive hens is recommended on a weekly basis.
The document provides information on pre-hatching egg handling and storage. It discusses collecting eggs from farms and transporting them to hatcheries at least twice a week. Optimum conditions during storage involve controlling temperature and humidity to avoid fluctuations that could damage eggs. Eggs should be stored at lower temperatures for longer periods. Prolonged storage can decrease hatchability and affect chick quality by adding time to incubation and depressing hatch rates by up to 1.5% per day. The document also outlines sanitizing and fumigating eggs to kill bacteria using recommended chemicals and procedures.
The document discusses the various types of equipment used in hatcheries, including different types of incubators for eggs (kerosene, hot water, forced draft in sizes from small to large), setters and hatchers, generators, air conditioners, egg candlers, trays, fumigation chambers, trolleys, sexing equipment, chick boxes, trucks, and controllers for climate and incubation temperature. Equipment is used at various stages of incubation and hatching for eggs to successfully incubate and hatch chicks.
This document discusses factors that affect hatchability of eggs, including selection of hatching eggs, incubation temperature and humidity, ventilation, and turning of eggs. The optimal incubation temperature is 37.5-39°C, humidity should allow for 11-12% egg weight loss, and eggs are typically turned 4 times daily for the first 18 days then placed horizontally without turning for the last 3 days prior to hatching. Proper temperature, humidity, ventilation and egg handling are essential for high hatchability.
This document discusses the basic requirements for hatching chicks in a hatchery. It defines key terms like embryo, hatchling, and germinal disk. It explains that hatcheries provide the proper conditions for eggs to develop, including temperature control and humidity levels. Large commercial hatcheries use automated incubators with separate sections for development (setter) and hatching (hatcher). Precise temperature, humidity, ventilation, egg positioning and regular turning are required for optimal hatch rates. Deviations from best practices can lead to delays, deformities or high mortality rates in chicks.
The document discusses incubation requirements for hatching chicken eggs, including temperature, humidity, egg turning, and air flow. It describes natural incubation using broody hens and the signs of broodiness in hens. Broody hens need a dark, dry nesting area and good food/water while incubating eggs. The document also discusses artificial incubation using still air incubators, which are inexpensive but can have temperature and humidity regulation issues, and forced air incubators, which are more expensive but provide better hatchability and an automatic egg turning system.
This document discusses different types of eggs laid by various animals. It begins by explaining that birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians, and some insects lay eggs, while very few mammals do. The eggs have protective coverings and contain nutrients to support embryo development. Some embryos have a temporary egg tooth to help break out of the shell. The document then discusses egg shapes, sizes, colors, and how these relate to different animals' nesting environments. It also describes the internal structures and components of eggs, such as the yolk, albumen, and membranes that provide nourishment for growth. The process of incubation and what is required for successful development is also summarized.
Incubation refers to the process of hatching eggs through maintaining constant temperature and humidity levels over a period of time. There are two types of incubation - natural incubation under a broody hen, and artificial incubation using an incubator. Successful incubation requires maintaining optimal temperature, humidity, ventilation, and turning of the eggs on a regular basis. Temperature is the most critical factor and must be kept within a specific range depending on the species. Humidity and ventilation are also important for gas exchange and preventing embryonic death. Eggs must be turned regularly to allow for proper embryonic development. Strict adherence to incubation requirements is necessary for high hatchability and healthy chicks.
This document discusses the key operations involved in running a hatchery. It describes securing hatching eggs from sources like breeder hens, flock owners, and other hatcheries. Important hatchery operations include handling and storing eggs, setting eggs, filtering air in incubators, processing hatched chicks, and sanitation procedures. Key steps involve cooling, grading, and setting eggs, hatching chicks, sorting chicks, and delivering them to farms. Maintaining cleanliness and proper documentation of all processes is also emphasized.
The document describes key stages in embryonic development of chickens before and during incubation. It outlines the formation and appearance of major organs and structures over the first 21 days of development, including the formation of the heart, legs, wings, beak, egg tooth, feathers, and hardening of scales and claws. By the 20th day, the yolk sac is completely drawn into the body cavity and the embryo occupies most of the egg, and by the 21st day, hatching of the chick occurs.
This document provides information on proper incubation factors for bird eggs, including temperature, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning. It lists the ideal values for these factors for different bird species. Maintaining proper temperature and humidity is essential for hatching success, as improper control can interfere with embryo growth and development. Factors like ventilation, turning, and sanitation must also be controlled correctly.
The document discusses various abnormalities that can occur in hatching chicks and their potential causes and corrective measures. Some abnormalities addressed include crippled or disabled chicks, crooked toes, spraddle legs, closed eyes, missing eyes, sticky chicks, chicks that can't stand, rough or unhealed navels, dehydrated chicks, soft or mushy chicks, chicks that are too small or too large, crossed beaks, chicks with labored breathing, exposed brains, wry necks, and chick death after pipping. The causes generally relate to improper incubation temperatures, humidity levels, egg handling and turning, nutrition of breeders, and disease. The corrective measures
Incubation is the act of bringing an egg to hatching. It refers to the process by which certain oviparous ( egg-laying) animals (birds) hatch their egg. It also refers to the development of an embryo within the egg under favourable environmental condition. Incubating chicken eggs is a 21- days process and demands favourable conditions of principal affecting factors like temperature, humidity etc., Incubation may be of two different types: 1. Natural Incubation 2. Artificial Incubation
Hatching eggs is a vital step in the poultry industry. The process of hatching eggs is known as incubation. Egg-laying birds incubate their eggs by sitting on them till they are ready for hatching. Hatching refers to the development of the embryo within the egg under favorable environmental conditions.
Care must be taken when selecting and storing eggs for hatching. Eggs should be collected 4-5 times daily from healthy parent flocks, keeping nest and floor eggs separate. Dirty, cracked, or misshapen eggs should be discarded. Eggs and equipment should be fumigated with a formalin and potassium permanganate mixture at 21.1°C to kill bacteria without harming embryos. Eggs should be stored at 15.6°C with 70-80% relative humidity, pointed end down at a 30-45° angle and turned daily, as storage can decrease hatchability over time due to changes in the albumen and yolk. Proper storage temperature depends on number of storage days,
The document provides guidance on buying new goats and discusses important considerations for quarantine, health testing, and disease prevention. Key points include:
- Establish a biosecurity plan and quarantine new goats separately for at least 30 days, checking for parasites and diseases.
- Test new goats for CAE, Johne's disease, and other illnesses before integration and only source goats from accredited herds with testing histories.
- Monitor pregnant does closely for pregnancy toxaemia and treat immediately if ketones are detected to prevent mortality.
- Be aware of barber's pole worm risks due to changing climate conditions and prepare safe pastures and treatment plans.
Entropion is a condition where an eyelid turns inward, causing irritation, pain, infection, and tearing of the eye. Left untreated, it can damage the cornea within 1-2 days and potentially cause blindness. It can affect both eyes and either the upper or lower eyelids. It is often present at birth and may be genetic. Treatment options range from manually rolling the eyelid outward several times a day for mild cases, to using superglue or injections administered by a veterinarian for more severe cases. All newborn kids should be checked for entropion in the first day or two after birth.
Egg candling is a very important process of incubation because it helps to see what happens inside the eggs through a light generated from a candler. This action will assist us candle the eggs to see whether the embryos are developing or not; from that we will discard not developing eggs, or the eggs having bad signs.
Hatching eggs is a vital step in the poultry industry. The process of hatching eggs is known as incubation. Egg-laying birds incubate their eggs by sitting on them till they are ready for hatching.
Hatching refers to the development of the embryo within the egg under favorable environmental conditions. Multiple factors are involved in hatching eggs. It is vital to consider all of them for successfully hatching eggs.
This document provides information on the rearing management of layers from 8-20 weeks of age until 72 weeks of age. It discusses housing, feeding, lighting, ventilation, and health management practices during rearing and laying periods. The goal is to reach 1500g body weight by 20 weeks and peak production of 300 eggs per hen from 28-29 weeks until 40-50 weeks of age when production starts to decline. Culling of non-productive hens is recommended on a weekly basis.
The document provides information on pre-hatching egg handling and storage. It discusses collecting eggs from farms and transporting them to hatcheries at least twice a week. Optimum conditions during storage involve controlling temperature and humidity to avoid fluctuations that could damage eggs. Eggs should be stored at lower temperatures for longer periods. Prolonged storage can decrease hatchability and affect chick quality by adding time to incubation and depressing hatch rates by up to 1.5% per day. The document also outlines sanitizing and fumigating eggs to kill bacteria using recommended chemicals and procedures.
The document discusses the various types of equipment used in hatcheries, including different types of incubators for eggs (kerosene, hot water, forced draft in sizes from small to large), setters and hatchers, generators, air conditioners, egg candlers, trays, fumigation chambers, trolleys, sexing equipment, chick boxes, trucks, and controllers for climate and incubation temperature. Equipment is used at various stages of incubation and hatching for eggs to successfully incubate and hatch chicks.
This document discusses factors that affect hatchability of eggs, including selection of hatching eggs, incubation temperature and humidity, ventilation, and turning of eggs. The optimal incubation temperature is 37.5-39°C, humidity should allow for 11-12% egg weight loss, and eggs are typically turned 4 times daily for the first 18 days then placed horizontally without turning for the last 3 days prior to hatching. Proper temperature, humidity, ventilation and egg handling are essential for high hatchability.
This document discusses the basic requirements for hatching chicks in a hatchery. It defines key terms like embryo, hatchling, and germinal disk. It explains that hatcheries provide the proper conditions for eggs to develop, including temperature control and humidity levels. Large commercial hatcheries use automated incubators with separate sections for development (setter) and hatching (hatcher). Precise temperature, humidity, ventilation, egg positioning and regular turning are required for optimal hatch rates. Deviations from best practices can lead to delays, deformities or high mortality rates in chicks.
The document discusses incubation requirements for hatching chicken eggs, including temperature, humidity, egg turning, and air flow. It describes natural incubation using broody hens and the signs of broodiness in hens. Broody hens need a dark, dry nesting area and good food/water while incubating eggs. The document also discusses artificial incubation using still air incubators, which are inexpensive but can have temperature and humidity regulation issues, and forced air incubators, which are more expensive but provide better hatchability and an automatic egg turning system.
This document discusses different types of eggs laid by various animals. It begins by explaining that birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians, and some insects lay eggs, while very few mammals do. The eggs have protective coverings and contain nutrients to support embryo development. Some embryos have a temporary egg tooth to help break out of the shell. The document then discusses egg shapes, sizes, colors, and how these relate to different animals' nesting environments. It also describes the internal structures and components of eggs, such as the yolk, albumen, and membranes that provide nourishment for growth. The process of incubation and what is required for successful development is also summarized.
Incubation refers to the process of hatching eggs through maintaining constant temperature and humidity levels over a period of time. There are two types of incubation - natural incubation under a broody hen, and artificial incubation using an incubator. Successful incubation requires maintaining optimal temperature, humidity, ventilation, and turning of the eggs on a regular basis. Temperature is the most critical factor and must be kept within a specific range depending on the species. Humidity and ventilation are also important for gas exchange and preventing embryonic death. Eggs must be turned regularly to allow for proper embryonic development. Strict adherence to incubation requirements is necessary for high hatchability and healthy chicks.
This document discusses the key operations involved in running a hatchery. It describes securing hatching eggs from sources like breeder hens, flock owners, and other hatcheries. Important hatchery operations include handling and storing eggs, setting eggs, filtering air in incubators, processing hatched chicks, and sanitation procedures. Key steps involve cooling, grading, and setting eggs, hatching chicks, sorting chicks, and delivering them to farms. Maintaining cleanliness and proper documentation of all processes is also emphasized.
The document describes key stages in embryonic development of chickens before and during incubation. It outlines the formation and appearance of major organs and structures over the first 21 days of development, including the formation of the heart, legs, wings, beak, egg tooth, feathers, and hardening of scales and claws. By the 20th day, the yolk sac is completely drawn into the body cavity and the embryo occupies most of the egg, and by the 21st day, hatching of the chick occurs.
This document provides information on proper incubation factors for bird eggs, including temperature, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning. It lists the ideal values for these factors for different bird species. Maintaining proper temperature and humidity is essential for hatching success, as improper control can interfere with embryo growth and development. Factors like ventilation, turning, and sanitation must also be controlled correctly.
The document discusses various abnormalities that can occur in hatching chicks and their potential causes and corrective measures. Some abnormalities addressed include crippled or disabled chicks, crooked toes, spraddle legs, closed eyes, missing eyes, sticky chicks, chicks that can't stand, rough or unhealed navels, dehydrated chicks, soft or mushy chicks, chicks that are too small or too large, crossed beaks, chicks with labored breathing, exposed brains, wry necks, and chick death after pipping. The causes generally relate to improper incubation temperatures, humidity levels, egg handling and turning, nutrition of breeders, and disease. The corrective measures
Incubation is the act of bringing an egg to hatching. It refers to the process by which certain oviparous ( egg-laying) animals (birds) hatch their egg. It also refers to the development of an embryo within the egg under favourable environmental condition. Incubating chicken eggs is a 21- days process and demands favourable conditions of principal affecting factors like temperature, humidity etc., Incubation may be of two different types: 1. Natural Incubation 2. Artificial Incubation
Hatching eggs is a vital step in the poultry industry. The process of hatching eggs is known as incubation. Egg-laying birds incubate their eggs by sitting on them till they are ready for hatching. Hatching refers to the development of the embryo within the egg under favorable environmental conditions.
Care must be taken when selecting and storing eggs for hatching. Eggs should be collected 4-5 times daily from healthy parent flocks, keeping nest and floor eggs separate. Dirty, cracked, or misshapen eggs should be discarded. Eggs and equipment should be fumigated with a formalin and potassium permanganate mixture at 21.1°C to kill bacteria without harming embryos. Eggs should be stored at 15.6°C with 70-80% relative humidity, pointed end down at a 30-45° angle and turned daily, as storage can decrease hatchability over time due to changes in the albumen and yolk. Proper storage temperature depends on number of storage days,
The document provides guidance on buying new goats and discusses important considerations for quarantine, health testing, and disease prevention. Key points include:
- Establish a biosecurity plan and quarantine new goats separately for at least 30 days, checking for parasites and diseases.
- Test new goats for CAE, Johne's disease, and other illnesses before integration and only source goats from accredited herds with testing histories.
- Monitor pregnant does closely for pregnancy toxaemia and treat immediately if ketones are detected to prevent mortality.
- Be aware of barber's pole worm risks due to changing climate conditions and prepare safe pastures and treatment plans.
Entropion is a condition where an eyelid turns inward, causing irritation, pain, infection, and tearing of the eye. Left untreated, it can damage the cornea within 1-2 days and potentially cause blindness. It can affect both eyes and either the upper or lower eyelids. It is often present at birth and may be genetic. Treatment options range from manually rolling the eyelid outward several times a day for mild cases, to using superglue or injections administered by a veterinarian for more severe cases. All newborn kids should be checked for entropion in the first day or two after birth.
Egg candling is a very important process of incubation because it helps to see what happens inside the eggs through a light generated from a candler. This action will assist us candle the eggs to see whether the embryos are developing or not; from that we will discard not developing eggs, or the eggs having bad signs.
Hatching eggs is a vital step in the poultry industry. The process of hatching eggs is known as incubation. Egg-laying birds incubate their eggs by sitting on them till they are ready for hatching.
Hatching refers to the development of the embryo within the egg under favorable environmental conditions. Multiple factors are involved in hatching eggs. It is vital to consider all of them for successfully hatching eggs.
This document provides instructions for rearing Battus philenor butterflies from egg to adult. It details how to care for newly emerged butterflies, feed them sugar water, get them to mate and lay eggs. Instructions are given for collecting and storing eggs, feeding hatched caterpillars, and housing caterpillars as they grow. The document also covers how to care for pupae and emerging adult butterflies. Maintaining clean rearing containers is emphasized. The goal is to clearly outline the full life cycle and rearing process to successfully breed these butterflies.
Waxworms have 13 segments including a head, thorax, and abdomen, and produce silk from glands under their heads. As larvae, they eat a medium containing glycerin, sugar, water, and baby cereal. They progress through stages from egg to larva to pupa to adult moth over 6 weeks if warm, longer if cooler, with the cycle repeating as moths lay eggs.
The emu is the second-largest living bird by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius.
Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs, and can reach up to 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) in height. Emus can travel great distances, and when necessary can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph); they forage for a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without eating. They drink infrequently, but take in copious amounts of water when the opportunity arises. They are long lived up to 30years.
Care of the Sow During Farrowing and Lactation.docxmichaelhobayan2
This document provides guidance on caring for sows during farrowing and lactation. It discusses preparing sows and facilities prior to farrowing through cleaning and feeding regimens. During farrowing, the document outlines signs that farrowing is imminent, the birthing process, assisting difficult births, and environmental requirements for sows and piglets. The overall goal is to provide optimal care and conditions to produce healthy litters and prepare sows for their next reproduction cycle.
This document discusses the incubation process of chicken eggs. It covers selecting eggs suitable for hatching based on size, shell quality, and cleanliness. Eggs should be stored at 55°F and 75% humidity for up to 7 days. Incubation can be natural, done by a broody hen for 21 days, or artificial using an incubator. An incubator provides optimal temperature of 37.2-38.3°C and 60% humidity for development. It also ensures eggs are turned regularly to prevent adhesion and allow nutrient access. Proper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and turning are critical for embryo growth and a successful hatch.
Introduction about quail
Advantages of quail farming
Housing
Feeding
Egg and meat production
Nutrient content in egg and meat
Incubation and hatching
Chicks management
Quail diseases and its management
Centers for parent quails and interesting facts about quail etc.,
The document provides an overview of quail production and management. It discusses the different breeds of quails found in the Philippines that are used for meat, egg, and pet production. The Japanese quail breeds are recommended for egg production. Selection of stock, housing, lighting, and layer management are also covered. Proper cultural management practices like providing fresh water, light stimulation for egg production, regular culling of unproductive birds, and daily removal of waste are important to maximize production efficiency in a quail business.
The document discusses the rearing management of egg strain layers from 8-20 weeks of age. It covers important aspects like housing, feeding, lighting, ventilation, and disease control during this critical growth period. Poor management can negatively impact future egg production performance and quality. Key points discussed include providing adequate space, restricting feed intake to control weight gain, adjusting light hours to regulate sexual maturity, maintaining proper temperatures and ventilation, and implementing biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks.
This document provides information and guidance for keeping chickens and maintaining egg production. It discusses the egg and the hen, housing requirements, common health issues, vices to avoid, feeding practices, and troubleshooting production issues. Tips are provided for rearing chicks and pullets, replacing flocks annually for optimal production, and maintaining hen health and welfare. The document aims to help poultry owners get the most from their flock.
This document discusses the dry period for sows, which is the time between weaning and service. It is important to keep this period short to maximize sow efficiency. A good sow should come back into heat within 3-7 days after weaning. The document outlines management strategies to encourage early heat occurrence, such as monitoring sow health and condition, limiting lactation to 6 weeks, withholding feed at weaning, exposing sows to boars, and checking sows twice daily for signs of heat. Signs of heat include vulva swelling, discharge, restlessness, and allowing mounting. The document also discusses breeding techniques like the haunch pressure test and feeding 3.5-4 kg per day until service.
This document provides information on general management practices in the poultry industry. It discusses egg production, including the use of hybrid chickens for egg-laying. Primary breeders are discussed, along with hatching, incubation, processing of chicks, and pullet rearing. Brooding management is important for chick health in the first 8 weeks. Proper water and litter management are also essential. Coccidiosis prevention typically involves adding coccidiostats to feed or water.
1. The document describes the process of making balut, a Filipino delicacy consisting of a fertilized developing egg embryo that is boiled and eaten from the shell.
2. The process involves incubating fertilized duck eggs for 17 days on heated rice hull to allow the embryo to develop. On the 13th day, eggs without a visible embryo are removed.
3. On the 17th day, the developed balut containing feathered embryos can be cooked and eaten. For commercial production, an incubator is used instead of rice hull.
Cockatiels make popular pets as they are small, friendly, and easy to care for compared to other parrot species. They can learn to whistle and mimic speech. Cockatiels require a varied diet including seeds, pellets, vegetables, fruits and proteins. Their cage should be at least 20x20x26 inches to allow for perches, toys and movement. Breeding cockatiels requires preparation including a breeding pair over 15 months old, nesting materials, and being ready to hand-feed chicks if needed. Owners should watch for behavioral changes in cockatiels that could indicate illness.
The document describes four experiments involving eggs:
1. Dissolving an egg shell in vinegar to observe the rubbery inner egg.
2. Testing how saltwater affects an egg's buoyancy compared to freshwater.
3. Spinning boiled and raw eggs to see how the yolk affects smooth spinning.
4. Measuring an egg's strength by squeezing it and seeing how many books it can support without breaking.
The document discusses brooding, which is the process of providing supplemental heat to help maintain the body temperature of chicks after they have been removed from the incubator. It describes optimal brooding temperatures, the need for adequate light, ventilation, and space as chicks grow. Proper sanitation, protection from predators, and use of litter or elevated wire/slat floors are also discussed. Guidelines are provided for setting up the brooder, monitoring chick health, adjusting temperatures as they grow, and properly disposing of sick or dead chicks.
The document discusses different types of fish breeding including egg scattering, egg depositing, egg burying, mouth brooding, and nest building. It then focuses on breeding the angel fish, including conditioning the brood fish, selecting a breeding pair, setting up the breeding tank and equipment, breeding procedure such as egg collection and fry rearing, culturing artemia to feed the fry, and treating any diseases. While unable to successfully breed the angel fish within the short time period, the document concludes that valuable knowledge about angel fish breeding was gained through the guidance provided.
The document discusses facts about chickens and eggs. It provides information on clutching (when hens lay eggs successively over a few days), the structure and function of eggs and shells, proper management of egg laying including collecting floor eggs promptly and storing eggs at cool temperatures, and feeding and housing chickens for optimal health and egg production.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
2. How Many Eggs?
On average bearded dragon will have between 16 and 24 eggs in a clutch and
they’ll lay multiple clutches depending upon various factors.
3. If the bearded dragon eggs are infertile then they may only lay one clutch, but
if they’re fertile then expect around 6 batches – they’ll normally stop laying
eggs as soon as they lay infertile eggs and that depends on how much sperm
they’ve stored and how much energy and calcium they have.
How Many Eggs?
4. Nutrition while laying eggs
Whether laying infertile or fertile eggs, the dragon will need plenty of calcium
and energy, if you don’t provide additional calcium supplements, the eggs will
use calcium from the dragons bones.
Also all that digging and egg laying will exhaust the dragon so you’ll want to
feed daily with more insects and vegetation – after all this is what the beardie
will use to create the eggs. You should find that their appetite substantially
increases during this period.
5. Nutrition while laying eggs
If your lizard should stop eating for more than a couple of days, it’s time to see
a vet to get an x-ray and to monitor the condition.
If the dragon doesn’t lay the eggs it can become egg bound, where the eggs
solidify and bind internally with the dragon causing paralysis and even death. So
be sure to keep an eye out for this.
6. Laying eggs
You need around 6 inches at least, 10-12 inches is better, of substrate for the
female to dig a burrow in, the best stuff I found is a mixture in equal parts of
vermiculite (to retain moisture), play sand and topsoil. Add to this some water
to ensure it can hold it’s shape without collapsing and get a big piece of bark to
go over the top.
7. Laying eggs
I also found that in the vivarium, the female will tend to prefer to dig a burrow
in the warm end, normally under the heat lamp.
Although before doing this, she’ll create several test burrows over the course of
a few days, so you’ll need deep substrate for all of the viv – I slope it up
towards the back to give varying height.
8. Laying eggs
After she’s dug her hole, she’ll lay the eggs in under 30 minutes and then spend
a while burying them up again. What you need to do is to carefully remove the
soil again and taking note of the position of the egg, transfer them to the
incubator keeping them in the same position (more on that later).
If she just laid one set of eggs, you may be able to leave them in the tank, but
in a few weeks she is more than likely to dig another burrow for the next clutch
and she’ll always choose the same place when in the vivarium, thus ruining the
eggs if left in there. Generally bearded dragons do not care about their eggs.
9. Infertile Bearded Dragon eggs
These will be yellow and smaller than average. Remove them straight away and
throw them out. This also signifies that that’s the end of the egg laying.
I mention infertile eggs also because lizards will develop eggs anyway
(providing they’re not stressed), even if there is no male present, this works out
in two ways, either they lay the infertile eggs or in some cases the eggs get
reabsorbed into back into the body.
10. Fertile Bearded Dragon eggs
Fertile bearded dragon eggs are white in colour and will start to swell over a
few days, the important things here are heat and moisture. If you notice the egg
beginning to sag, don’t worry just add more moisture carefully and the egg
should swell up again. If you leave it too long then the egg will die off.
Healthy fertile eggs will positively glow and will double their original size as
they swell as the embryo begins to develop.
11. Incubating the eggs
You can buy custom made incubators or create your own. Since you’re likely to
get many batches of eggs you have the opportunity to test different setups.
First of all the heat source – you can use a light bulb or heat mat or an airing
cupboard. Light bulbs are expensive to keep on all day every day for a few
months, so I preferred to try heat mats, however, I found that the direct heat
from the light bulb above the eggs worked better, but I still had low success
rate using either. I also tried creating a water bath to retain the heat and this
seemed to work marginally better than just heating the incubation tub.
12. Incubating the eggs
So far I have had 100% success rate leaving the eggs in the airing cupboard and
this is what I would recommend.
Secondly you need to look at what to keep the eggs in, the small plastic tubs
you get the insects in I found are unsuitable, too many small air holes which
dried out the eggs too quickly. Instead you can get purpose made plastic
hatchling boxes that are of a decent size, cheap, have a lid and enough airholes
to allow the air to circulate without losing too much moisture.
13. Incubating the eggs
Thirdly you need a medium to rest the eggs in and to retain heat and moisture, for this
I found vermiculite to be the best. Add it about an inch deep in the tub and add water
until it’s all damp and you can leave hollows in it.
For each egg create a hollow using your thumb about a centimeter deep and gently
move the egg and rest it in this hollow giving at least half an inch in space between the
eggs.
It is important to ensure that the egg remains in exactly the same position as it was
laid, otherwise turning the eggs could lead to the embryo being malformed or other
complications – such as the tail wrapping round and choking the embryo.
14. Incubating the eggs
So rather than shell out for an expensive incubator I have now had 100%
success rate with just a few plastic tubs, some vermiculite and an airing
cupboard, and this has produced perfectly healthy mail and females, taking
about 2 months to incubate and hatch.
15. Incubating the eggs
Remember to check on the eggs daily and add more water if the it looks dry or
eggs begin to shrink.
Incubation times can be as little as 45 days and can be up to 85 days, in my
airing cupboard it took about 56 days and the ideal mid range is about 82 – 86°
F if it’s hotter then you risk a higher chance of losing eggs.
16. Temperature-Dependent Sex
Determination (TSD)
Interestingly the temperature you incubate the eggs effects the sex of the
dragons rather than the chromosomes at the time of fertilisation. Higher
temperatures lessen the incubation time but are more likely to create males
where as lower temperatures are more likely to produce females but take longer.
17. Hatching
The eggs took between 1 and 3 days to all hatch, the best advice here is to
ensure that they are still in a moist environment to prevent the egg shell from
drying out or sticking to the new born bearded dragon. If there are issues then
carefully help the dragon out of the egg, but adequate moisture should prevent
the need of this.
When they have hatched transfer them in to the vivarium but maintain the
temperate the same as the incubator for the first few days. During hatching if
you’re careful you can move them to the vivarium and leave them to hatch there
as long as they don’t dry out.