Barthes' Enigma Code, Binary Oppositions and Equilibrium
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The document discusses Roland Barthes' theory of enigma codes in narratives. It identifies five codes - proairetic (actions), hermeneutic (puzzles), connotative (character), cultural/referential (knowledge), and symbolic (themes). The hermeneutic code focuses on posing and solving enigmas to intrigue audiences. Techniques for using enigma codes include thematizing mysteries, positioning clues, formulating and promising answers, using fraud/truth, equivocation, blocking answers, and partial or full disclosure. The document also briefly discusses Tzvetan Todorov and Claude Levi-Strauss' narrative theories of equilibrium/disequilibrium and binary oppositions.
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Roland Barthes described five codes that are woven into narratives: the hermeneutic code refers to unexplained elements that create mystery for the reader; the proairetic code builds tension by indicating future events; the semantic code provides additional meaning beyond denotation; the symbolic code organizes meanings into broader themes through opposition; and the cultural code references established foundations of truth. Barthes noted that the hermeneutic and proairetic codes work together to develop story tensions and keep readers engaged. The document then provides an example of Katy Perry's "Wide Awake" music video, explaining how it uses puzzling imagery and occurrences to first establish mysteries and then provide resolutions, demonstrating Barthes' herm
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Barthes' narrative code theory proposes that narratives are composed of a series of codes that keep audiences engaged. These include the Enigma code which establishes mysteries, the Action code which suggests more events are yet to occur, the Semic code involving signs with additional meanings, the Symbolic code using symbolism like opposites, and the Cultural code referring to cultural contexts that provide meaning. Together, these codes draw audiences in by raising questions and implying there is more to understand or be revealed.
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- Roland Barthes said narratives are told through codes that control how information is provided, such as an enigma code to set up and resolve mysteries or an action code that advances the plot through action.
Media theories
Structuralism states that culture can be understood as a system of signs and that structuralists believe everything has rules that must be followed. Structuralist film theory emphasizes how films convey meaning through codes and conventions similar to how languages construct meaning. Todorov's theory of narrative consists of equilibrium, disequilibrium, and new equilibrium as different stages of a story. Freud's theory includes the id, ego, and superego and the Oedipus complex. Propp identified eight character types that are commonly repeated in stories.
Media theories
The document provides information about several theorists and their approaches to analyzing narratives, including Vladimir Propp, Tzvetan Todorov, Roland Barthes, and Claude Levi-Strauss. Propp analyzed folk tales and identified common character archetypes. Todorov proposed narratives follow five fundamental stages: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, new equilibrium. Barthes described texts as having multiple meanings accessed through different codes. Levi-Strauss found narratives are structured around conflicts between binary opposites. The document discusses how these theories can be applied to modern narratives like films.
Media theories
The document provides information about several theorists and their approaches to analyzing narratives, including Vladimir Propp, Tzvetan Todorov, Roland Barthes, and Claude Levi-Strauss. Propp analyzed folk tales and identified common character archetypes. Todorov proposed narratives follow five fundamental stages: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, new equilibrium. Barthes described texts as having multiple meanings accessed through different codes. Levi-Strauss found narratives are structured around conflicts between binary opposites. The document discusses how these theories can be applied to modern narratives like films.
Narrative therory.
The document discusses several narrative theories proposed by thinkers such as Todorov, Propp, Levi-Strauss, Barthes, Field, and Kubrick. Todorov suggested narratives follow an equilibrium-disruption-resolution structure. Propp identified character roles and narrative functions. Levi-Strauss saw narratives as relying on binary oppositions. Barthes identified codes that control information for audiences. Field outlined a three-act structure. Kubrick saw films constructed from six to eight fundamental story sequences. The document concludes by stating the documentary will likely use binary oppositions to show technological differences between age groups.
Narrative Investigation
Narrative explores how stories are told across different media like speech, writing, film, etc. Conventions are used to tell the story in a recognizable way for the intended audience. Several theorists developed theories about narrative structures. Tzvetan Todorov suggested stories begin with equilibrium, are disrupted by an event, then problems are solved restoring order. Roland Barthes identified 5 narrative codes that engage audiences: action, enigma, symbolic, semic, and cultural. Claude Levi-Strauss examined how stories unconsciously reflect a culture's values and myths. Vladmir Propp classified character roles like hero, villain, donor. Barthes' and Todorov's theories align well with conventions of the horror genre,
Narrative theories blog work
Tzvetan Todorov believed that narratives follow a structure of equilibrium, disruption of equilibrium, and reordered equilibrium. Vladimir Propp examined folk tales and found they could be broken down into characters fulfilling eight roles. Chris Vogler's definition of character archetypes and the 12 stages of the hero's journey have been influential in Hollywood. Claude Levi-Strauss observed that narratives are organized around conflicts between binary oppositions such as good vs evil. Roland Barthes suggested narratives work with five codes: the enigma code, action code, semantic code, symbolic code, and cultural code.
Narrative theory
Narrative theory analyzes how media texts communicate meaning about events through stories. Several theorists have contributed concepts to narrative theory, including Propp who identified character archetypes, Todorov who described narratives as moving from equilibrium to disruption to new equilibrium, and Barthes who identified five codes that make up narratives. Levi-Strauss introduced the concept of binary oppositions in stories, such as representing good as civilized and bad as savage. Genre theory categorizes films by type and studies them as members of genres rather than as unique works. Theorists Buckingham and Altman noted that genres are not static but evolve through negotiation, change, and hybridization with other genres over time.
Narrative theory
This document provides an overview of several narrative theories used in media studies:
- Todorov's theory suggests that most stories follow a pattern of equilibrium, disruption, resolution, repairing damage, and returning to equilibrium.
- Levi-Strauss's binary opposition theory examines how texts reveal their structure through sets of opposing values like good and evil.
- Barthes's enigma code theory proposes that narratives create and resolve questions to engage audiences.
- Propp's character type theory defines seven common character roles in stories, such as heroes, villains, helpers, and princesses.
The document explains these classic narrative theories can be applied to analyze the elements and structures that compose meaningful
Narrative theory
This document provides an overview of several narrative theories used in media studies, including Todorov's theory of equilibrium, Propp's character types, Barthes' enigma code, and Levi-Strauss' binary opposition theory. Todorov's theory suggests that most stories follow a pattern of equilibrium, disruption, resolution, repairing damage, and returning to equilibrium. Propp identified 7 character types that commonly appear in narratives. Barthes' enigma code proposes that narratives create and resolve questions to engage audiences. Levi-Strauss analyzed narrative structures in terms of sets of binary oppositions such as good vs evil.
Narrative theorists
The document discusses several narrative theorists and their theories. Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales and identified common character types like the hero, villain, and donor. Roland Barthes identified narrative codes that structure texts, such as the action code, enigma code, and cultural code. Tzvetan Todorov suggested narratives follow a three-part structure of equilibrium, disruption, and restoration of equilibrium. Claude Levi-Strauss stated that all narratives are organized around binary oppositions like good vs evil. The document provides examples of how these theories can be applied, such as to the film The Incredibles for Propp's characters and Toy Story for Todorov's structure.
4 narrative
This document provides information on narrative theory and concepts that can be used to analyze stories and media texts. It discusses Tzvetan Todorov's concept of narrative as involving equilibrium, disequilibrium, and a new equilibrium. It also covers Claude Levi-Strauss's idea of narratives being driven by constant conflict between binary oppositions. Additionally, Vladimir Propp's characterization of common character types in folk tales, such as heroes, villains, and donors, is summarized. Examples are given of applying these theories to films and exploring their limitations. Students are assigned the task of analyzing one of their media texts using these narrative concepts.
Narrative theory
Narrative theories propose that all stories follow common patterns and structures. Theorists like Tzvetan Todorov, Vladimir Propp, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Roland Barthes identified recurring elements of narratives, such as having a beginning, middle, end with disruption and resolution (Todorov), common character roles and functions (Propp), use of binary oppositions to develop meaning (Levi-Strauss), and codes like enigma and action that control information (Barthes). Narratives are important across fiction and non-fiction as they influence how audiences respond to and understand media texts.
Narrative theories
This document discusses several narrative theories including Barthes' concept of texts having multiple meanings depending on the entry point, Levi-Strauss' idea of binary oppositions revealing structure, Todorov's concept of equilibrium being disrupted and restored, and Propp's identification of stock characters like heroes, villains, and helpers that provide narrative functions in folk tales.
Narrative Theories
Tzvetan Todorov and Vladimir Propp analyzed narrative structures and identified common patterns. Todorov saw narratives as moving from an initial equilibrium, through a disruption, to a new equilibrium. Propp identified common character archetypes that fulfill narrative functions, such as heroes, villains, helpers. Chris Vogler built on this work and defined the 12 stages of the classic hero's journey narrative structure commonly used in Hollywood films. Claude Levi-Strauss analyzed myths and found they explore binary oppositions like good vs evil, order vs chaos, to make sense of the world. Roland Barthes identified five codes that build narrative meaning and tension: the enigma code creates mysteries, the action code builds anticipation, the
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Barthes' Enigma Code, Binary Oppositions and Equilibrium
- 1. Barthes’ Enigma Code 1. Proairetic code (the voice of empirics): The code of actions. Any action initiated must be completed. The cumulative actions constitute the plot events of the text. 2. Hermeneutic code (the voice of truth): The code of enigmas or puzzles 3. Connotative code (the voice of the person): The accumulation of connotations. Semes, sequential thoughts, traits and actions constitute character. 4. Cultural or referential code (the voice of science or knowledge): Though all codes are cultural we reserve this designation for the storehouse of knowledge we use in interpreting everyday experience 5. Symbolic code (voice of symbol) Binary oppositions or themes, The inscription into the text of the antithesis central to the organization of the cultural code. Enigma codes set and solve puzzles in the story Enigma codes portray a mystery to draw an audience in, pose questions, and as such, become intrigued in the piece Thematisation – What in the narrative is enigma? Positioning – Additional confirmation of the enigma Formulation of the enigma Promise of an answer of the enigma Fraud – Mixture of fraud and truth Equivocation Blocking Suspended answer Partial answer Disclosure of the truth The way it goes in the movie
- 2. Horror Movies that use Barthes’ Enigma Codes
- 3. Todorov felt that all stories start with a state of equilibrium, which is then disrupted, setting in motion a chain of events. The resolution a different event. Movies that used Todorov’s theory Equilibrium – State of well being normality between the protagonist Disequilibrium – Well being is disrupted by an outside force New Equilibrium – The outer force is defeated and a new state of well being has been acquired
- 4. Levi Strauss suggested that all narratives had to be driven forward by conflict that was cause by a series of opposing forces, he called this theory ‘binary oppositions’ Examples of binary oppositions: Good Vs Evil Boy Vs Girl Young Vs Old Black Vs White Strong Vs Weak Protagonist Vs Antagonist Action Vs Inaction Ignorance Vs Wisdom Good Looking Vs Ugly Light Vs Dark Sanity Vs Insanity Noise Vs Silence